About: Fustuarium

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In the military of ancient Rome, fustuarium (Greek ξυλοκοπία, xylokopia) or fustuarium supplicium ("the punishment of cudgeling") was a severe form of military discipline in which a soldier was cudgeled to death. Fustuarium was the penalty when a sentry deserted his post and for stealing from one's fellow soldiers in camp. A soldier who committed an act of theft (furtum) against civilians by contrast had his right hand cut off. The fustuarium was also the punishment for falsifying evidence and lying under oath, or for committing the same offence three times.

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  • Fustuari (en llatí fustuarium, en grec antic ξυλοκοπία) anomenat també fusti percutere, era una pena capital, infligida als soldats romans pels delictes militars més greus, segons diu Polibi. Quan un soldat era condemnat el tribú militar el tocava lleugerament amb un bastó, i el soldats de la legió es tiraven damunt d'ell amb pals i pedres i el mataven generalment al mateix lloc. Si podia fugir, perquè se'l deixava escapar, no podia retornar al seu país natal i cap dels seus parents el podia rebre a casa seva. Aquest càstig es va aplicar durant tota l'època romana, tant a la República com a l'Imperi. S'aplicava en cas de deserció, de covardia o per abandonar les insígnies, segons Titus Livi, Ciceró i Tàcit, i també per altres negligències, com ara no passar les consignes, que podien posar amb perill la seguretat de l'exèrcit, segons Polibi. Domici Calví quan era procònsol a Hispània l'any 39 aC va aplicar aquest càstig a un primipilus, cosa inusual i que sembla que retornava a la severitat de l'edat antiga, segons diu Vel·lei Patercul. Aquest càstig era diferent de la vitis, el bastó d'autoritat d'un centurió, que l'usava castigant els caps i les espatlles dels soldats per mantenir la disciplina entre les tropes. Diferent també del fustuarium era l'animadversio fustium, un càstig corporal infligit sota l'Imperi als homes lliures, però només als de categoria inferior. (ca)
  • Das Fustuarium (von lateinisch fustis = Prügel, Stock) bezeichnet eine in der Armee des Römischen Reiches gebräuchliche Hinrichtungsart, mit der Soldaten bestraft wurden, die des Diebstahles, der groben Pflichtvernachlässigung wie dem Wachvergehen im Feldlager oder auch seltener der Päderastie überführt worden waren. Der Centurio berührte den Verurteilten mit seiner Vitis, und ähnlich wie beim Spießrutenlaufen prügelten Soldaten der eigenen Einheit den Kameraden mit Knüppeln meist zu Tode oder steinigten ihn. In seltenen Fällen ermöglichte man dem Soldaten während der Züchtigung die schändliche Flucht aus dem Lager. Einheiten, die des Aufruhrs oder der Feigheit für schuldig befunden wurden, erwartete die sogenannte Dezimation, bei der jeder zehnte Soldat der Einheit durch einen Schwertstreich getötet, zumeist aber mit Knütteln erschlagen wurde. (de)
  • In the military of ancient Rome, fustuarium (Greek ξυλοκοπία, xylokopia) or fustuarium supplicium ("the punishment of cudgeling") was a severe form of military discipline in which a soldier was cudgeled to death. It is described by the Greek historian Polybius in a passage observing that Roman soldiers were motivated to stand fast and maintain their posts by the fear of harsh punishments such as public disgrace, flogging, and death. As a form of discipline imposed on a soldier, fustuarium thus reflected Roman doubts that courage alone was sufficient to ensure the steadfastness of the average soldier—an awareness that Julius Caesar shows in his war commentaries. Fustuarium was the penalty when a sentry deserted his post and for stealing from one's fellow soldiers in camp. A soldier who committed an act of theft (furtum) against civilians by contrast had his right hand cut off. The fustuarium was also the punishment for falsifying evidence and lying under oath, or for committing the same offence three times. It is sometimes thought that homosexuality incurred this punishment, but Polybius refers only to "adult men who have abused their persons". All the behaviors punishable by the fustuarium—desertion, stealing, false witness, sexual misconduct and repeating three times a same offense—thus violate trust (fides) among fellow soldiers, and the cudgeling was administered communally. Fustuarium was inflicted on a single soldier who committed an offense, and thereby differs from decimatio, when a unit that had mutinied or disgraced itself by cowardice was compelled to randomly select every tenth man and stone, club or stab him to death by their own hands. The distinction between fustuarium and decimatio, however, may be illusory and is difficult to discern in passing references by literary sources. Fustuarium is a strikingly archaic form of punishment at odds with Roman legal practice in the historical era; stoning was also alien to the Romans, except in a military setting, perhaps suggesting the conservatism of martial tradition. Fustuarium may have originated as a religious rite of purification by means of which the unit purged itself through something like a scapegoat or pharmakos ritual. Germanicus, for instance, permitted mutinous soldiers to butcher their leaders to clear themselves of their guilt. Fustuarium in combination with decimatio is relatively rare in the historical record. Incidents include Marcus Crassus, punishing forces defeated by Spartacus early in his command of the war; Apronius, deserters against Tacfarinas; and four occasions during the civil wars between 49 and 34 BC. (en)
  • Il fustuarium (dal latino fustis, un mazzo di bastoni) era una forma di esecuzione capitale praticata presso i militi dell'antica Roma mediante bastoni, che fu ripresa successivamente anche da altri eserciti, in forme analoghe. Poiché il lassismo nel servizio di guardia o la diserzione potevano compromettere un intero corpo militare e magari anche lo stato romano, un milite negligente in un servizio cruciale era passibile di venir considerato indegno dell'uniforme, denudato e battuto con bastoni e sassi fino alla sua morte dai propri commilitoni, dei quali aveva tradito la fiducia (vedi punizioni militari romane). La bastonatura era, inoltre, inflitta anche a chi avesse rubato qualcosa nell'accampamento, a chi avesse testimoniato il falso, a quei giovani che fossero stati sorpresi ad abusare del proprio corpo e a chi fosse già stato punito tre volte per le stesse ragioni. Si trattava dell'esercizio collettivo di un provvedimento estremo di imposizione della disciplina contro ciò che veniva considerata una forma passiva di tradimento. Questo tipo di esecuzione venne anche utilizzata per porre in atto provvedimenti di decimazione (esecuzione di un milite ogni dieci), utilizzando però le spade al posto delle mazze. Successivamente il tipo di punizione fu ripreso da altri eserciti nei secoli a venire (vedi: passare sotto le forche caudine). (it)
  • 푸스투아리움(라틴어: Fustuarium 막대, 가지의 뜻) 또는 장살형(杖殺刑)이란 로마 후기에 로마군에서 집행되었던 처형 방법이다. 전체 군기가 느슨해지거나 탈영, 탈주 등이 잇따라 부대 사기에 악영향이 있다고 판단될 때, 부대 사기에 나쁜 영향을 미치는 병사를 뽑아 군인 신분을 부정하는 뜻으로 군복을 벗기고 묶은 뒤에 동료들에 의해 죽을 때까지 매를 맞았다. (ko)
  • Fustuarium (abstração do latim para haste ou vara) foi uma forma de execução romana através de porretadas ou varadas na vítima. Pôde também ser aplicado a cada décimo homem de uma unidade como forma de decimatio, que também foi feito através de espada. (pt)
  • Фустуа́рий (от лат. fustuarium — избиение палками; от fustis — палка) — один из видов казней в римской армии. Был известен и в Республике, но в регулярное применение вошёл при принципате, назначался за серьёзное нарушение караульной службы, воровство в лагере, лжесвидетельство и побег, иногда — за дезертирство в битве. Производился трибуном, который дотрагивался до осуждённого палкой, после чего легионеры забивали его камнями и палками. Если фустуарием каралось целое подразделение, то могли казнить не всех виновных — например, в 271 до н. э. с Кампанийским легионом в Регии в войну с Пирром. Однако с учётом таких факторов, как, например, возраст солдата, срок службы или чин, фустуарий мог быть отменён. (ru)
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  • 푸스투아리움(라틴어: Fustuarium 막대, 가지의 뜻) 또는 장살형(杖殺刑)이란 로마 후기에 로마군에서 집행되었던 처형 방법이다. 전체 군기가 느슨해지거나 탈영, 탈주 등이 잇따라 부대 사기에 악영향이 있다고 판단될 때, 부대 사기에 나쁜 영향을 미치는 병사를 뽑아 군인 신분을 부정하는 뜻으로 군복을 벗기고 묶은 뒤에 동료들에 의해 죽을 때까지 매를 맞았다. (ko)
  • Fustuarium (abstração do latim para haste ou vara) foi uma forma de execução romana através de porretadas ou varadas na vítima. Pôde também ser aplicado a cada décimo homem de uma unidade como forma de decimatio, que também foi feito através de espada. (pt)
  • Фустуа́рий (от лат. fustuarium — избиение палками; от fustis — палка) — один из видов казней в римской армии. Был известен и в Республике, но в регулярное применение вошёл при принципате, назначался за серьёзное нарушение караульной службы, воровство в лагере, лжесвидетельство и побег, иногда — за дезертирство в битве. Производился трибуном, который дотрагивался до осуждённого палкой, после чего легионеры забивали его камнями и палками. Если фустуарием каралось целое подразделение, то могли казнить не всех виновных — например, в 271 до н. э. с Кампанийским легионом в Регии в войну с Пирром. Однако с учётом таких факторов, как, например, возраст солдата, срок службы или чин, фустуарий мог быть отменён. (ru)
  • Fustuari (en llatí fustuarium, en grec antic ξυλοκοπία) anomenat també fusti percutere, era una pena capital, infligida als soldats romans pels delictes militars més greus, segons diu Polibi. Quan un soldat era condemnat el tribú militar el tocava lleugerament amb un bastó, i el soldats de la legió es tiraven damunt d'ell amb pals i pedres i el mataven generalment al mateix lloc. Si podia fugir, perquè se'l deixava escapar, no podia retornar al seu país natal i cap dels seus parents el podia rebre a casa seva. Aquest càstig es va aplicar durant tota l'època romana, tant a la República com a l'Imperi. S'aplicava en cas de deserció, de covardia o per abandonar les insígnies, segons Titus Livi, Ciceró i Tàcit, i també per altres negligències, com ara no passar les consignes, que podien posar (ca)
  • Das Fustuarium (von lateinisch fustis = Prügel, Stock) bezeichnet eine in der Armee des Römischen Reiches gebräuchliche Hinrichtungsart, mit der Soldaten bestraft wurden, die des Diebstahles, der groben Pflichtvernachlässigung wie dem Wachvergehen im Feldlager oder auch seltener der Päderastie überführt worden waren. Der Centurio berührte den Verurteilten mit seiner Vitis, und ähnlich wie beim Spießrutenlaufen prügelten Soldaten der eigenen Einheit den Kameraden mit Knüppeln meist zu Tode oder steinigten ihn. In seltenen Fällen ermöglichte man dem Soldaten während der Züchtigung die schändliche Flucht aus dem Lager. (de)
  • In the military of ancient Rome, fustuarium (Greek ξυλοκοπία, xylokopia) or fustuarium supplicium ("the punishment of cudgeling") was a severe form of military discipline in which a soldier was cudgeled to death. Fustuarium was the penalty when a sentry deserted his post and for stealing from one's fellow soldiers in camp. A soldier who committed an act of theft (furtum) against civilians by contrast had his right hand cut off. The fustuarium was also the punishment for falsifying evidence and lying under oath, or for committing the same offence three times. (en)
  • Il fustuarium (dal latino fustis, un mazzo di bastoni) era una forma di esecuzione capitale praticata presso i militi dell'antica Roma mediante bastoni, che fu ripresa successivamente anche da altri eserciti, in forme analoghe. Si trattava dell'esercizio collettivo di un provvedimento estremo di imposizione della disciplina contro ciò che veniva considerata una forma passiva di tradimento. Questo tipo di esecuzione venne anche utilizzata per porre in atto provvedimenti di decimazione (esecuzione di un milite ogni dieci), utilizzando però le spade al posto delle mazze. (it)
rdfs:label
  • Fustuari (ca)
  • Fustuarium (de)
  • Fustuarium (en)
  • Fustuarium (it)
  • 푸스투아리움 (ko)
  • Fustuarium (pt)
  • Фустуарий (ru)
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