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- The Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin is one of the few literary works whose versions are attested in both Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian and the Standard Babylonian of the late Neo-Babylonian period, a literary life of around 1,500 years. It seems to have earlier been titled ṭupšenna pitēma, or "Open the Tablet Box" after its incipit (opening line) and was re-titled Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes, after its subject matter by its last Babylonian editor. It is named after Naram-Sin of Akkad – a prominent monarch of the late 3rd millennium BCE, under whose suzerainty the Akkadian empire reached its zenith - and the Cutheans (or inhabitants of Kutha). The Cuthean Legend is a morality tale told for didactic purposes, rather than an epic grounded in historical events. In this respect it is unlike, for example, similar works like The Great Revolt Against Naram-Sin. The Cuthean Legend follows a traditional tripartite structure: introduction, narrative of events, blessing/cursing formula, common among similar pseudo-autobiographical narû-literature. Naram-Sin is the protagonist and his foes are the Umman Manda (or Ummān-Manda), variously described as Hurrians from Malgium, cave-dwellers and demonic bird-like creatures, depending on which version of the epic is consulted. (en)
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- lines 1-3 (en)
- lines 177-180 (en)
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- ṭupšenna pitēma narâ šitassi
ša anāku Narām-Sîn mār Šarru-kīn
išṭurūma ēzibūšu ana ūmē ṣâti
Open the tablet-box and read out the stela,
Which I, Naram-Sin, 'son' of Sargon,
Have inscribed and left for future days. (en)
- šūt narē a tāmurūma
pūtka tušēṣû
šūt jāši taktarba arkû
litarrabka kāša
You who have read my inscription
and thus have gotten yourself out
you who have blessed me, may a future
Bless you! (en)
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- The Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin is one of the few literary works whose versions are attested in both Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian and the Standard Babylonian of the late Neo-Babylonian period, a literary life of around 1,500 years. It seems to have earlier been titled ṭupšenna pitēma, or "Open the Tablet Box" after its incipit (opening line) and was re-titled Naram-Sin and the Enemy Hordes, after its subject matter by its last Babylonian editor. (en)
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- Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin (en)
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