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- Mit Kommenda (italienisch commendare, „anvertrauen“; deutsch Sendegesellschaft) bezeichnete man im Mittelalter eine in der Regel zeitlich begrenzte Gesellschaftsform zur Abwicklung von Seehandelsgeschäften. (de)
- The commenda was a medieval contract which developed in Italy around the 10th century, and was an early form of limited partnership. The commenda was an agreement between an investing partner and a traveling partner to conduct a commercial enterprise, usually overseas. The terms of the partnership varied, and are usually categorized by modern historians as unilateral commenda and bilateral commenda, based on the share of contributions and profits between the partners. The bilateral commenda was known in Venice as colleganza or collegantia. The commenda has been described as a foundational innovation in the history of finance and trade. The commenda was a partnership between an investing partner (called the commendator, or socius stans) and a traveling partner (called the tractator or socius procertans). The investing partner would provide the capital and the traveling partner would execute a commercial enterprise (generally an overseas trade), the initial capital would be returned to the investing partner and the remaining profits would then be split. The commenda was in essence as joint-stock company for the financing of a single expedition. Depending on the contribution of the traveling partner, historians define two types of commenda:
* Unilateral commenda: the investing partner would contribute the capital and a traveling partner none; the profits would be split three fourth for the investing partner and one fourth for the traveling partner. The investing partner bore all liability for loss, while the traveling partner bore none. The Statutes of Marseille of 1253 state protected the traveling partner against lawsuits following shipwreck or capture of the ship. It was called commendatio in Venice.
* Bilateral commenda, the investing partner would put up two thirds of the capital and the traveling partner one third, and the profits would be split evenly. The investing partner bore two thirds of any loss, while the traveling partner bore one third. It was called colleganza or collegantia in Venice and societas in Genoa. Each individual contract was different, and sometimes the investment was a share in a ship. (en)
- La commenda è una tipologia di contratto, di origine medievale, in cui una parte investe il proprio lavoro e l'altra il capitale. È un termine di agglutinazione proveniente dal latino classico commendare che coniuga due termini com ("con", "insieme") e mandare ("raccomandare", "affidare"). Lo studioso John H. Prior ha evidenziato come i principi alla base di tale contratto siano simili a quelli dell'isqa ebraico e della socïetas romana. (it)
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- Mit Kommenda (italienisch commendare, „anvertrauen“; deutsch Sendegesellschaft) bezeichnete man im Mittelalter eine in der Regel zeitlich begrenzte Gesellschaftsform zur Abwicklung von Seehandelsgeschäften. (de)
- La commenda è una tipologia di contratto, di origine medievale, in cui una parte investe il proprio lavoro e l'altra il capitale. È un termine di agglutinazione proveniente dal latino classico commendare che coniuga due termini com ("con", "insieme") e mandare ("raccomandare", "affidare"). Lo studioso John H. Prior ha evidenziato come i principi alla base di tale contratto siano simili a quelli dell'isqa ebraico e della socïetas romana. (it)
- The commenda was a medieval contract which developed in Italy around the 10th century, and was an early form of limited partnership. The commenda was an agreement between an investing partner and a traveling partner to conduct a commercial enterprise, usually overseas. The terms of the partnership varied, and are usually categorized by modern historians as unilateral commenda and bilateral commenda, based on the share of contributions and profits between the partners. The bilateral commenda was known in Venice as colleganza or collegantia. The commenda has been described as a foundational innovation in the history of finance and trade. (en)
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- Kommenda (de)
- Commenda (en)
- Commenda (it)
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