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- The Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition (French: Médaille commémorative de l'expédition de Chine de 1860) was a military award of the Second French Empire to reward soldiers and sailors who participated in the Anglo-French expedition to China during the Second Opium War. It was created by imperial decree on 23 January 1861, by Napoleon III. The British Empire had been engaged in an ongoing conflict with the Qing Dynasty since 1856 over legalizing the opium trade, expanding coolie trade, opening all of China to British merchants, and exempting foreign imports from internal transit duties. Following the 1857 general election in the United Kingdom, the new parliament decided to seek redress from China based on the report about the Arrow Incident submitted by Harry Parkes, British Consul to Guangzhou. The French Empire, the United States, and the Russian Empire received requests from Britain to form an alliance. France joined the British action against China, prompted by the execution of a French missionary, Father August Chapdelaine ("Father Chapdelaine Incident"), by Chinese local authorities in Guangxi province. The conflict concluded with the 1858 Treaty of Tianjin finally ratified by the emperor's brother, Yixin, the Prince Gong, in the Convention of Peking on 18 October 1860. (en)
- La médaille commémorative de l'expédition de Chine est une décoration militaire française du Second Empire. (fr)
- De Herinneringsmedaille aan de Expeditie in China (Frans: Medaille commemorative de l' expedition de Chine de 1860) was een militaire onderscheiding van het Tweede Franse Keizerrijk. In 1860 besloot Napoleon III Keizer der Fransen deze medaille in te stellen om de soldaten en zeelieden die deelnamen aan de Anglo-Franse expeditie naar China, tijdens de Tweede Opiumoorlog te belonen. De medaille werd ingesteld bij Keizerlijk Decreet van 23 januari 1861 en ongeveer 18000 maal uitgereikt. (nl)
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- obverse (en)
- Ribbon of the Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition (en)
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- Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition (en)
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- La médaille commémorative de l'expédition de Chine est une décoration militaire française du Second Empire. (fr)
- De Herinneringsmedaille aan de Expeditie in China (Frans: Medaille commemorative de l' expedition de Chine de 1860) was een militaire onderscheiding van het Tweede Franse Keizerrijk. In 1860 besloot Napoleon III Keizer der Fransen deze medaille in te stellen om de soldaten en zeelieden die deelnamen aan de Anglo-Franse expeditie naar China, tijdens de Tweede Opiumoorlog te belonen. De medaille werd ingesteld bij Keizerlijk Decreet van 23 januari 1861 en ongeveer 18000 maal uitgereikt. (nl)
- The Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition (French: Médaille commémorative de l'expédition de Chine de 1860) was a military award of the Second French Empire to reward soldiers and sailors who participated in the Anglo-French expedition to China during the Second Opium War. It was created by imperial decree on 23 January 1861, by Napoleon III. (en)
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- Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition (en)
- Médaille commémorative de l'expédition de Chine (1860) (fr)
- Herinneringsmedaille aan de Expeditie in China (1860) (nl)
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- Commemorative medal of the 1860 China Expedition (en)
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