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Collaborative virtual environments are used for collaboration and interaction of possibly many participants that may be spread over large distances. Typical examples are distributed simulations, 3D multiplayer games, collaborative engineering software, collaborative learning applications, and others. The applications are usually based on the shared virtual environment. Because of the spreading of participants and the communication latency, some data consistency model have to be used to keep the data consistent.

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  • Collaborative virtual environments are used for collaboration and interaction of possibly many participants that may be spread over large distances. Typical examples are distributed simulations, 3D multiplayer games, collaborative engineering software, collaborative learning applications, and others. The applications are usually based on the shared virtual environment. Because of the spreading of participants and the communication latency, some data consistency model have to be used to keep the data consistent. The consistency model influences deeply the programming model of the application. One classification is introduced in based on several criteria, like centralized/distributed architecture, type of replication, and performance and consistency properties. Four types of consistency models were described, covering the most frequently used types of collaborative virtual environment architecture: * Centralized primariesAll primary replicas of each data item resides on the same computer called server.Advantages: complete server control over the sceneDisadvantages: performance is limited by the server computer * Distributed primariesPrimary replicas are distributed among the computers.Advantages: high performance and scalabilityDisadvantages: difficult programming model, weaker consistencyUsed in: Distributed Interactive Simulation, Repo-3D, * Data ownershipPrimaries are allowed to migrate among the computers. This approach is often called system with transferable data ownership.Advantages: more flexibility compared to Distributed PrimariesDisadvantages: high amount of ownership requests may limit the system performanceUsed in: MASSIVE-3/HIVEK, Blue-c, CIAO, SPLINE * Active replicationActive replication uses peer-to-peer approach while all replicas are equal. Usually, atomic broadcast is used to deliver updates to all of them, thus they are kept synchronized.Advantages: complete scene synchronization (equal scene content on all computers)Disadvantages: the performance is limited by the slowest computer in the systemUsed in: active transactions, Age of Empires, Avango, DIVE (en)
  • Um ambiente virtual colaborativo é onde participantes podem estar fisicamente juntos ou não, o que precisam é colaborar num ambiente que possam se encontrar e interagir de forma tridimensional, compartilhar e manipular em tempo real as informações numa simulação de um mundo real ou imaginário que estejam num espaço virtual comum. Sua propagação aconteceu ao mesmo tempo que apareceu o termo ciberespaço, que foi difundido através do livro “Neuromancer” de William Gibson, publicado em 1984 (RAPOSO, 2011) O conceito popularizado do livro segundo coloca (RAPOSO, 2011) , foi expressiva para desenvolvedores de sistemas de realidade virtual e para acadêmicos, o que originou em como as pessoas enxergam o que é um ambiente virtual colaborativo: "um sistema de realidade virtual distribuído que simula graficamente em tempo real ou imaginário, onde usuários, representados por seus avatares, estão simultaneamente presentes, navegam e interagem com objetos e outros usuários." Pesquisadores diferentes, desassociam a representação gráfica dos ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem e deixam um conceito mais aberto, caracterizam também como espaços compartilhados, mas a forma não precisa ser tridimensional; a for pode ser tridimensional, bidimensional ou texto. Maxwell (2006) define como “o ponto principal destes ambientes está em combinar tecnologia com interação/comunicação de humanos”. Um ambiente virtual colaborativo é um espaço de realidade virtual para que as pessoas se conheçam, interajam, compartilhem, seja com outras pessoas, ou com objetos virtuais, ou com agentes como se estivessem fisicamente no mesmo local. (Oliveira, Shirmohammadi, Georgenas, 1999 ; Snowdown, Churchill, Munro, 2001) (pt)
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  • Collaborative virtual environments are used for collaboration and interaction of possibly many participants that may be spread over large distances. Typical examples are distributed simulations, 3D multiplayer games, collaborative engineering software, collaborative learning applications, and others. The applications are usually based on the shared virtual environment. Because of the spreading of participants and the communication latency, some data consistency model have to be used to keep the data consistent. (en)
  • Um ambiente virtual colaborativo é onde participantes podem estar fisicamente juntos ou não, o que precisam é colaborar num ambiente que possam se encontrar e interagir de forma tridimensional, compartilhar e manipular em tempo real as informações numa simulação de um mundo real ou imaginário que estejam num espaço virtual comum. Sua propagação aconteceu ao mesmo tempo que apareceu o termo ciberespaço, que foi difundido através do livro “Neuromancer” de William Gibson, publicado em 1984 (RAPOSO, 2011) (pt)
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  • Collaborative virtual environment (en)
  • Ambiente virtual colaborativo (pt)
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