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- The Calles Law (Spanish: Ley Calles), or Law for Reforming the Penal Code (ley de tolerancia de cultos, "law of worship tolerance"), was a statute enacted in Mexico in 1926, under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles, to enforce restrictions against the Catholic Church in Article 130 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Article 130 declared that the church and state are to remain separate. To that end, it required all "churches and religious groupings" to register with the state and placed restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions. Priests and ministers were prohibited from holding public office, canvass on behalf of political parties or candidates, or inherit property from persons other than close blood relatives. President Calles applied existing laws regarding the separation of church and state throughout Mexico and added his own legislation. In June 1926, he signed the "Law for Reforming the Penal Code", which became known unofficially as the "Calles Law." This law provided specific penalties for priests and individuals who violated Article 130 of the 1917 Constitution. For example, wearing clerical garb in public was punishable by a fine of 500 pesos (approximately 250 U.S. dollars at the time, or worth $4,250 in 2010). A priest who criticized the government could be imprisoned up to five years. Some states enacted further measures in the name of church and state separation. Chihuahua, for example, enacted a law permitting only a single priest to serve the entire Catholic congregation of the state. Tabasco, on the other hand, introduced a law whereby all priests were required to be married to exercise their office. To help enforce the law, Calles seized Church properties, expelled foreign priests, and closed monasteries, convents, and religious schools. The Church saw the law as a trap to conform the Church to a tyrannical state. One result of the Calles Law was the Cristero War, a popular uprising of Catholic peasants in regions of central Mexico against the federal Mexican government. Between 1926 and 1934, at least 40 priests were killed during the war. Whereas Mexico had some 4,500 Catholic priests prior to the Cristero War, by 1934 only 334 Catholic priests were licensed by the government to serve Mexico's 15 million people. By 1935, 17 states were left with no priest at all. Under President Lázaro Cárdenas, the Calles Law was repealed in 1938. (en)
- La Ley Calles, oficialmente llamada Ley de Tolerancia de Cultos, fue una ley mexicana expedida el 14 de junio de 1926, cuyo fin era controlar y limitar el culto católico en México. Esta ley fue elaborada durante el mandato del presidente Plutarco Elías Calles, a quien debe su nombre. La promulgación de la ley Calles fue uno de los motivos principales para el inicio de la guerra cristera, la cual pretendía, entre otras cosas, la anulación de esta. (es)
- De Wet-Calles (Spaans: Ley Calles), formeel de Wet ter hervorming van het strafrecht (Spaans: Ley de reforma al Código Penal) was een wet die werd getekend in Mexico op 2 juli 1926 waarbij openbare godsdienstbeoefening sterk werd beperkt. De wet werd genoemd naar president Plutarco Elías Calles en vormde de aanleiding voor het uitbreken van de Cristero-oorlog. In de jaren voorafgaand aan 1926 was het religieuze conflict al op de spits gedreven. Artikelen 3 en 130 van de Mexicaanse grondwet legden zware beperkingen op aan het openlijk uitoefenen van religie. Daar de rooms-katholieke kerk zich volgens Calles niet aan de grondwet hield, probeerde hij de kerk door middel van de Wet-Calles alsnog tot gehoorzaamheid te dwingen. De wet stelde hoge boetes op het niet navolgen van de grondwet. Priesters die buiten de kerk religieuze kleding droegen kregen vijfhonderd peso boete en priesters die de regering bekritiseerden konden voor vijf jaar gevangen worden gezet. Ook dwong dit artikel alle priesters en leden religieuze orden zich te registreren. Als reactie tegen de Wet-Calles schortte de katholieke kerk in Mexico alle erediensten op en stelde het een boycot in tegen de overheid voor alle niet-essentiële producten. Het conflict escaleerde begin augustus, toen in verschillende steden in Jalisco, Zacatecas en Michoacán doden vielen bij gevechten tussen katholieken enerzijds en regeringstroepen gesteund door Calles-trouwe milities anderzijds. Dit vormde het begin voor de Cristero-oorlog, die tot 1929 zou duren. (nl)
- La legge Calles o legge di riforma del codice penale fu una riforma del codice penale del Messico sotto la presidenza di Plutarco Elías Calles, che prevedeva pene severe per le violazioni delle pesanti restrizioni contro il clero e la Chiesa cattolica sancite dalla Costituzione del 1917. Calles applicò le preesistenti leggi anticlericali in tutto il paese e inasprì la legislazione anticlericale con nuovi provvedimenti. Nel giugno del 1926, promulgò la "legge di riforma del codice penale", nota come "legge Calles". Per esempio, indossare l'abito ecclesiastico in pubblico (cioè fuori dagli edifici ecclesiastici) era multato con 500 pesos di ammenda; un sacerdote che avesse criticato il governo poteva essere imprigionato per cinque anni. Alcuni stati posero in atto misure oppressive. Il Chihuahua, ad esempio, approvò una legge che permetteva un solo sacerdote in tutto lo stato. Calles nazionalizzò i beni ecclesiastici, espulse tutti gli ecclesiastici stranieri, chiuse i monasteri, i conventi e le scuole religiose. I sacerdoti furono costretti a sposarsi. Gli effetti della persecuzione della Chiesa furono profondi. Fra il 1926 e il 1934 almeno 40 sacerdoti furono assassinati. Mentre prima della rivolta c'erano in Messico 4.500 sacerdoti, nel 1934 erano rimasti solo 334 sacerdoti autorizzati dal governo per quindici milioni di fedeli: il resto era stato eliminato dall'emigrazione, dalle espulsioni e dagli assassinii. Nel 1935, 17 stati erano completamente privi di sacerdoti. La persecuzione condusse a diffusi sollevamenti e infine all'aperto conflitto da parte del popolo cattolico dei Cristeros (1926-1929). (it)
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- La Ley Calles, oficialmente llamada Ley de Tolerancia de Cultos, fue una ley mexicana expedida el 14 de junio de 1926, cuyo fin era controlar y limitar el culto católico en México. Esta ley fue elaborada durante el mandato del presidente Plutarco Elías Calles, a quien debe su nombre. La promulgación de la ley Calles fue uno de los motivos principales para el inicio de la guerra cristera, la cual pretendía, entre otras cosas, la anulación de esta. (es)
- The Calles Law (Spanish: Ley Calles), or Law for Reforming the Penal Code (ley de tolerancia de cultos, "law of worship tolerance"), was a statute enacted in Mexico in 1926, under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles, to enforce restrictions against the Catholic Church in Article 130 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Article 130 declared that the church and state are to remain separate. To that end, it required all "churches and religious groupings" to register with the state and placed restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions. Priests and ministers were prohibited from holding public office, canvass on behalf of political parties or candidates, or inherit property from persons other than close blood relatives. President Calles applied existing laws regarding the separa (en)
- La legge Calles o legge di riforma del codice penale fu una riforma del codice penale del Messico sotto la presidenza di Plutarco Elías Calles, che prevedeva pene severe per le violazioni delle pesanti restrizioni contro il clero e la Chiesa cattolica sancite dalla Costituzione del 1917. Calles applicò le preesistenti leggi anticlericali in tutto il paese e inasprì la legislazione anticlericale con nuovi provvedimenti. Nel giugno del 1926, promulgò la "legge di riforma del codice penale", nota come "legge Calles". I sacerdoti furono costretti a sposarsi. (it)
- De Wet-Calles (Spaans: Ley Calles), formeel de Wet ter hervorming van het strafrecht (Spaans: Ley de reforma al Código Penal) was een wet die werd getekend in Mexico op 2 juli 1926 waarbij openbare godsdienstbeoefening sterk werd beperkt. De wet werd genoemd naar president Plutarco Elías Calles en vormde de aanleiding voor het uitbreken van de Cristero-oorlog. (nl)
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