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- The Broadway expedition was a British military expedition that explored the Broadway River (present-day Xi River) in Guangdong province, China, on 13–15 March 1841 during the First Opium War. The river was also called the Inner Passage or Macao Passage as it served as an intricate channel from the Portuguese colony of Macao to the Chinese city of Canton (Guangzhou). The expedition was the first time a European vessel traversed the passage, and was believed by the Chinese to be inaccessible to foreigners due to the shallowness and intricacy of the channel as well as the forts along the banks. The iron steamship Nemesis had a shallow draught of 6 feet (1.8 m), which was a major advantage in navigating the river. Despite being over 600 tons burden, the ship was able to navigate through a river that frequently had less than 6 feet of water and through mud in areas of only 5 feet (1.5 m). Operations began on the morning of 13 March in Macao. Captain James Scott commanded the fleet, which consisted of HMS Samarang and the East India Company steamships Nemesis and Atlanta. A further three boats accompanied the Nemesis; two from the Samarang and one from the Atlanta. On board the Nemesis of Captain William Hall was Plenipotentiary and Chief Superintendent of British Trade Charles Elliot, Deputy Superintendent of Trade Alexander Johnston, and interpreters John Morrison and Robert Thom. A British officer wrote that the interpreters' "knowledge of the language and their good judgment frequently enlisted in our favour the people of the country, who might have offered great annoyance, and they were often able to mitigate the hardships even of war itself." (en)
- L'expédition de la Broadway (Broadway expedition) est une expédition militaire britannique qui a exploré la rivière Broadway (aujourd'hui appelée Xi) au Guangdong en Chine du 13 au 15 mars 1841 durant la première guerre de l'opium. C'est la première fois que des navires européens empruntent ce passage. Après la bataille du Bogue qui leur ouvre l'accès à la rivière des Perles, les Britanniques cherchent à atteindre Canton, la plus grande ville du sud de la Chine, et explorent pour cela la rivière qui est alors également appelée « passage intérieur » ou « passage de Macao » car elle sert de canal tortueux entre la colonie portugaise de Macao et Canton. Les Chinois pensent que son accès est inaccessible aux étrangers en raison de sa faible profondeur et de sa tortuosité ainsi qu'à cause de la menace des forts situés le long des rives. L'exploration britannique est néanmoins permise par le faible tirant d'eau de 1,8 mètre du vapeur Nemesis, malgré son poids de plus de 600 tonnes. Les opérations commencent le matin du 13 mars à Macao. Le capitaine (en) commande la flotte, qui se compose du (en) et des vapeurs Nemesis et Atlanta de la Compagnie britannique des Indes orientales. Trois autres bateaux accompagnaient le Nemesis : deux du Samarang et un de l'Atlanta. À bord du Nemesis se trouvent le capitaine (en), plénipotentiaire et surintendant en chef du commerce britannique, Charles Elliot, surintendant adjoint au commerce, (en), et les interprètes John Morrison et (en). Un officier britannique écrit que « la connaissance de la langue par les interprètes et leur bon jugement enrôlaient souvent en notre faveur les habitants locaux, ce qui aurait pu beaucoup nous agacer, et ils étaient souvent capables d'atténuer les difficultés même de la guerre elle-même ». (fr)
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- *British East India Company
- Qing China
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- 1 corvette
- 2 steamers
- 6 forts
- 15 junks
- 3 other ships
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- 0001-03-13 (xsd:gMonthDay)
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- 3 (xsd:integer)
- 6 (xsd:integer)
- 9 (xsd:integer)
- 105 (xsd:integer)
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- Qing China (en)
- * British East India Company (en)
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- 0001-03-15 (xsd:gMonthDay)
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- Xi River, Guangdong, China (en)
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- 1 (xsd:integer)
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- The Broadway expedition was a British military expedition that explored the Broadway River (present-day Xi River) in Guangdong province, China, on 13–15 March 1841 during the First Opium War. The river was also called the Inner Passage or Macao Passage as it served as an intricate channel from the Portuguese colony of Macao to the Chinese city of Canton (Guangzhou). The expedition was the first time a European vessel traversed the passage, and was believed by the Chinese to be inaccessible to foreigners due to the shallowness and intricacy of the channel as well as the forts along the banks. The iron steamship Nemesis had a shallow draught of 6 feet (1.8 m), which was a major advantage in navigating the river. Despite being over 600 tons burden, the ship was able to navigate through a rive (en)
- L'expédition de la Broadway (Broadway expedition) est une expédition militaire britannique qui a exploré la rivière Broadway (aujourd'hui appelée Xi) au Guangdong en Chine du 13 au 15 mars 1841 durant la première guerre de l'opium. C'est la première fois que des navires européens empruntent ce passage. (fr)
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- Broadway expedition (en)
- Expédition de la Broadway (fr)
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