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- Bilateral descent is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth. It is a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally through both parents. Families who use this system trace descent through both parents simultaneously and recognize multiple ancestors, but unlike with cognatic descent it is not used to form descent groups. While bilateral descent is increasingly the norm in Western culture, traditionally it is only found among relatively few groups in West Africa, India, Australia, Indonesia, Melanesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Polynesia. Anthropologists believe that a tribal structure based on bilateral descent helps members live in extreme environments because it allows individuals to rely on two sets of families dispersed over a wide area. Historically, North Germanic peoples in Scandinavia the Late Iron Age and Early Middle Ages had a bilateral society, where the descent of both parents were important. Genealogies featuring the legendary danish king Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye gives him the matronymic name Áslaugsson due to his mother Aslaug's connection to Völsungs. Under bilateral descent, every tribe member belongs to two clans, one through the father (a patriclan) and another through the mother (a matriclan). For example, among the Himba, clans are led by the eldest male in the clan. Sons live with their father's clan and when daughters marry they go to live with the clan of their husband. However inheritance of wealth does not follow the patriclan but is determined by the matriclan i.e. a son does not inherit his father's cattle but his maternal uncle's instead. Javanese people, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia, also adopt a bilateral kinship system. The Dimasa Kachari people of Northeast India has a system of dual family clan. The Urapmin people, a small tribe in Papua New Guinea, have a system of kinship classes known as tanum miit. The classes are inherited bilaterally from both parents. Since they also practice strict endogamy, most Urapmin belong to all of the major classes, creating great fluidity and doing little to differentiate individuals. (en)
- Multilineal adalah sistem garis keturunan keluarga di mana keturunan dari pihak ibu dan pihak ayah sama pentingnya secara emosional serta dalam pewarisan harta atau kekayaan. Keluarga akan mengatur warisan yang akan diturunkan secara merata melalui kedua orang tua. Keluarga yang menggunakan sistem ini melacak keturunan melalui kedua orang tua secara bersamaan dan mengenali banyak leluhur, tetapi tidak seperti dengan keturunan , multilineal tidak membentuk kelompok keturunan. Walau tren keturunan multilineal semakin meningkat di negara Barat, secara tradisional itu hanya ditemukan di antara kelompok yang relatif sedikit di Afrika Barat, India, Australia, Indonesia, Melanesia, Malaysia, Filipina, dan Polinesia. Para antropolog percaya bahwa struktur suku yang menganut multilineal membantu mereka hidup di lingkungan yang ekstrem karena memungkinkan individu untuk bergantung pada dua "kelompok keluarga" yang tersebar di wilayah yang luas Multilineal berasal dari dua kata bahasa Latin, yaitu Multi yang berarti banyak, dan linea yang berarti garis. Jadi, Multilineal merupakan kombinasi antara matrilineal dan patrilineal. (in)
- 双系制（そうけいせい）とは、父系制・母系制のいずれでもなく、非単系の出自の辿り方をいう。 (ja)
- Bilaterale afstamming of cognatische afstamming is afstamming waarbij de mannelijke en vrouwelijke lijn als gelijkwaardig worden beschouwd. Dit in tegenstelling tot unilineaire afstamming, waarbij de dochter of zoon lid wordt van de afstammingsgroep van of de vader of de moeder. Dit heeft tot gevolg dat het lidmaatschap van een specifieke groep bij bilaterale afstamming van minder belang is, men maakt deel uit van meerdere, elkaar overlappende verwantschapscategorieën. De categorieën kunnen gebaseerd zijn op personal kindred en descending kindred. (nl)
- Ascendência bilateral é um sistema de linhagem familiar em que os parentes do lado da mãe e do pai são igualmente importantes para os laços emocionais ou para a transferência de propriedade ou riqueza. É um arranjo familiar em que a ascendência e a herança são passadas igualmente pelos dois pais. As famílias que usam esse sistema rastreiam a descida por ambos os pais simultaneamente e reconhecem vários ancestrais, mas, diferentemente da acendência , ela não é usada para formar grupos de ascendentes. Embora a ascendência bilateral seja cada vez mais a norma na cultura ocidental, tradicionalmente é encontrada apenas entre relativamente poucos grupos na África Ocidental, Índia, Austrália, Indonésia, Melanésia, Malásia, Filipinas e Polinésia. Os antropólogos acreditam que uma estrutura tribal baseada em descendência bilateral ajuda os membros a viver em ambientes extremos, pois permite que os indivíduos confiem em dois conjuntos de famílias dispersas em uma área ampla. Sob ascendência bilateral, todo membro da tribo pertence a dois clãs, um pelo pai (um patriclan) e outro pela mãe (um matriclan). Por exemplo, entre os Himba, os clãs são liderados pelo homem mais velho do clã. Os filhos vivem com o clã do pai e, quando as filhas se casam, vão morar com o clã do marido. No entanto, a herança da riqueza não segue a patriclan, mas é determinada pelo matriclan, isto é, um filho não herda o gado do pai, mas o tio materno. O povo javanês, o maior grupo étnico da Indonésia, também adota um sistema de parentesco bilateral. O povo Dimasa Kachari do nordeste da Índia tem um sistema de clã de família dupla. O povo Urapmin, uma pequena tribo na Papua Nova Guiné, possui um sistema de classes de parentesco conhecido como tanum miit. As aulas são herdadas bilateralmente de ambos os pais. Como eles também praticam endogamia estrita, a maioria dos Urapmin pertence a todas as principais classes, criando grande fluidez e fazendo pouco para diferenciar indivíduos. (pt)
- 双系继嗣（英語：Bilateral descent），指的是：亲属关系和血统由父母双方的家庭共同地、平等地延续，无论是男性后代还是女性后代都有继承权。该继承方式原本多见于非洲、印度、澳大利亚、美拉尼西亚、波利尼西亚等地区的土著社会中。人类学者认为双系继嗣有利于成员在极端环境下繁衍，因为这样他便有构成人员来自更广泛领域的其他家族成员可以依靠。 在现代的西方社会里，双系继嗣现象也开始越发普遍。 (zh)
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- 双系制（そうけいせい）とは、父系制・母系制のいずれでもなく、非単系の出自の辿り方をいう。 (ja)
- Bilaterale afstamming of cognatische afstamming is afstamming waarbij de mannelijke en vrouwelijke lijn als gelijkwaardig worden beschouwd. Dit in tegenstelling tot unilineaire afstamming, waarbij de dochter of zoon lid wordt van de afstammingsgroep van of de vader of de moeder. Dit heeft tot gevolg dat het lidmaatschap van een specifieke groep bij bilaterale afstamming van minder belang is, men maakt deel uit van meerdere, elkaar overlappende verwantschapscategorieën. De categorieën kunnen gebaseerd zijn op personal kindred en descending kindred. (nl)
- 双系继嗣（英語：Bilateral descent），指的是：亲属关系和血统由父母双方的家庭共同地、平等地延续，无论是男性后代还是女性后代都有继承权。该继承方式原本多见于非洲、印度、澳大利亚、美拉尼西亚、波利尼西亚等地区的土著社会中。人类学者认为双系继嗣有利于成员在极端环境下繁衍，因为这样他便有构成人员来自更广泛领域的其他家族成员可以依靠。 在现代的西方社会里，双系继嗣现象也开始越发普遍。 (zh)
- Bilateral descent is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth. It is a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally through both parents. Families who use this system trace descent through both parents simultaneously and recognize multiple ancestors, but unlike with cognatic descent it is not used to form descent groups. Javanese people, the largest ethnic group in Indonesia, also adopt a bilateral kinship system. (en)
- Multilineal adalah sistem garis keturunan keluarga di mana keturunan dari pihak ibu dan pihak ayah sama pentingnya secara emosional serta dalam pewarisan harta atau kekayaan. Keluarga akan mengatur warisan yang akan diturunkan secara merata melalui kedua orang tua. Keluarga yang menggunakan sistem ini melacak keturunan melalui kedua orang tua secara bersamaan dan mengenali banyak leluhur, tetapi tidak seperti dengan keturunan , multilineal tidak membentuk kelompok keturunan. (in)
- Ascendência bilateral é um sistema de linhagem familiar em que os parentes do lado da mãe e do pai são igualmente importantes para os laços emocionais ou para a transferência de propriedade ou riqueza. É um arranjo familiar em que a ascendência e a herança são passadas igualmente pelos dois pais. As famílias que usam esse sistema rastreiam a descida por ambos os pais simultaneamente e reconhecem vários ancestrais, mas, diferentemente da acendência , ela não é usada para formar grupos de ascendentes. (pt)
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