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The Betterton-Kroll Process is a pyrometallurgical process for refining lead from lead bullion(lead that still contains significant amounts of impurities). Developed by William Justin Kroll in 1922, the Betterton–Kroll process is one of the final steps in conventional lead smelting. After lead, copper, and silver are removed from the lead, significant amounts of bismuth and antimony remain. The Betterton–Kroll process is used to remove these impurities. In the process, calcium and magnesium are added to the molten lead at temperatures around 380 °C. The calcium and magnesium react with the bismuth and antimony in the bullion to form alloys with a higher melting point, which then can be skimmed off of the surface. This process leaves behind lead with less than 0.01 percent bismuth by weight

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  • عملية بترتون-كرول هي عملية صناعية تهدف إلى إزالة شوائب البزموت من الرصاص. (ar)
  • The Betterton-Kroll Process is a pyrometallurgical process for refining lead from lead bullion(lead that still contains significant amounts of impurities). Developed by William Justin Kroll in 1922, the Betterton–Kroll process is one of the final steps in conventional lead smelting. After lead, copper, and silver are removed from the lead, significant amounts of bismuth and antimony remain. The Betterton–Kroll process is used to remove these impurities. In the process, calcium and magnesium are added to the molten lead at temperatures around 380 °C. The calcium and magnesium react with the bismuth and antimony in the bullion to form alloys with a higher melting point, which then can be skimmed off of the surface. This process leaves behind lead with less than 0.01 percent bismuth by weight. The process is crucial to cheap industrial lead smelting and offers significant advantages over more expensive processes like the Betts Electrolytic process and fractional crystallization. (en)
  • Proses Betterton–Kroll adalah sebuah proses industri untuk memisahkan bismut dari timbal. Proses ini dikembangkan oleh dan dipatenkan pada tahun 1922 Proses ini lalu dikembangkan oleh pada tahun 1930-an. Proses ini dilakukan dengan menambahkan kalsium dan magnesium yang ke dalam lelehan timbal-bismuth. Kalsium dan magnesium bereaksi dengan timbal menghasilkan senyawa yang memiliki titik leleh tinggi dan kepadatan yang lebih rendah dari timbal, sehingga mengapung diatas lelehan menjadi terak. Terak ini dipisahkan lalu direaksikan dengan klorin untuk mengembalikan bismut dalam bentuk logam. Suhu yang digunakan dalam proses ini adalah sekitar 380-500 °C . Proses-proses lain yang dipakai untuk memisahkan timbal dengan bismut diantaranya adalah dengan dan oleh . (in)
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  • عملية بترتون-كرول هي عملية صناعية تهدف إلى إزالة شوائب البزموت من الرصاص. (ar)
  • The Betterton-Kroll Process is a pyrometallurgical process for refining lead from lead bullion(lead that still contains significant amounts of impurities). Developed by William Justin Kroll in 1922, the Betterton–Kroll process is one of the final steps in conventional lead smelting. After lead, copper, and silver are removed from the lead, significant amounts of bismuth and antimony remain. The Betterton–Kroll process is used to remove these impurities. In the process, calcium and magnesium are added to the molten lead at temperatures around 380 °C. The calcium and magnesium react with the bismuth and antimony in the bullion to form alloys with a higher melting point, which then can be skimmed off of the surface. This process leaves behind lead with less than 0.01 percent bismuth by weight (en)
  • Proses Betterton–Kroll adalah sebuah proses industri untuk memisahkan bismut dari timbal. Proses ini dikembangkan oleh dan dipatenkan pada tahun 1922 Proses ini lalu dikembangkan oleh pada tahun 1930-an. (in)
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  • عملية بترتون-كرول (ar)
  • Betterton–Kroll process (en)
  • Proses Betterton–Kroll (in)
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