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- Barbarous radiates are imitations of the antoninianus, a type of coin issued during the Roman Empire, which are so named due to their crude style and prominent radiant crown worn by the emperor. Barbarous radiates were issued privately primarily during the Crisis of the Third Century (c. 259–274 AD) in the western provinces. They are not generally regarded as forgeries since they were rarely deceptive because they were smaller and cruder than standard issues. They probably functioned as small change. Although earlier numismatists, notably Philip V. Hill, theorized that barbarous radiates were produced long after their prototypes and into the Dark Ages and Saxon period, more recent works argue that they were generally contemporary to their prototypes. According to Hill, in England, although barbarous radiates were clearly produced at several different locations, hoard evidence demonstrate local styles. For example, in northern England there was a greater affinity towards producing barbarous radiates with reverse figures with relief-less outlines, while in southern England bolder, fuller, high relief figures were more common. Similar "schools of art" exist for pieces produced in continental Europe. Due to their unofficial manufacture, barbarous radiates exhibit many peculiarities. Reverse types portray a certain deity or personification, for example Spes, might feature a reverse legend instead for Pietas. On some specimens the devices normally associated with one deity or personification is shown with a different deity or personification. For example, the sceptre, which is normally a device of Pax, is instead shown with Pietas. The result is a generic reverse personification or deity. Legends of barbarous radiates range from correct and exact copies of the prototype, to a jumble of unintelligible, meaningless letters and symbols. Smaller pieces known as minims, which are less than 10 mm in diameter, are often anepigraphic. For very degraded barbarous imitations, there is a tendency to emphasize a particular feature of the prototype, in this case the radiate crown. The most frequently imitated prototypes are of the Gallic emperors the Tetrici (270–273), Tetricus I and his son, Tetricus II. The next most frequent are those of Claudius II (270), especially the posthumous issue with the altar reverse, and Victorinus (268-270). Imitations of Postumus antoniniani are scarce, although imitations of his large bronzes (such as the double sestertius) are relatively common. Other uncommon to rare types in order of frequency are Gallienus, Quintillus, Probus, Aurelian, and Tacitus. (en)
- Un radiato barbaro è un'imitazione dell'antoniniano, un tipo di moneta emessa durante l'Impero romano, così denominato a causa dello stile crudo e della prominente corona radiata indossata dell'imperatore. (it)
- Met barbaarse imitatie wordt een aantal typen munten aangeduid uit Noordwest-Europa, waarvan de afbeelding is afgeleid van Griekse of Romeinse voorbeelden. (nl)
- Варварские подражания — принятое в нумизматической литературе название группы античных монет, которые в античности чеканили варварские королевства (или шире — народы, не испытавшие непосредственного греческого или греко-римского культурного влияния) как подражания греческим, римским и византийским монетам. (ru)
- 粗制拉迪亚特（Barbarous radiates）是安东尼尼安努斯——罗马帝国时期发行的一种硬币的仿制品。 粗制拉迪亚主要在三世纪危机期间发行在西部省份。它们一般不认为是伪造品，因为他们没有太大的问题，可以充当小的改动。 (zh)
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- Un radiato barbaro è un'imitazione dell'antoniniano, un tipo di moneta emessa durante l'Impero romano, così denominato a causa dello stile crudo e della prominente corona radiata indossata dell'imperatore. (it)
- Met barbaarse imitatie wordt een aantal typen munten aangeduid uit Noordwest-Europa, waarvan de afbeelding is afgeleid van Griekse of Romeinse voorbeelden. (nl)
- Варварские подражания — принятое в нумизматической литературе название группы античных монет, которые в античности чеканили варварские королевства (или шире — народы, не испытавшие непосредственного греческого или греко-римского культурного влияния) как подражания греческим, римским и византийским монетам. (ru)
- 粗制拉迪亚特（Barbarous radiates）是安东尼尼安努斯——罗马帝国时期发行的一种硬币的仿制品。 粗制拉迪亚主要在三世纪危机期间发行在西部省份。它们一般不认为是伪造品，因为他们没有太大的问题，可以充当小的改动。 (zh)
- Barbarous radiates are imitations of the antoninianus, a type of coin issued during the Roman Empire, which are so named due to their crude style and prominent radiant crown worn by the emperor. Barbarous radiates were issued privately primarily during the Crisis of the Third Century (c. 259–274 AD) in the western provinces. They are not generally regarded as forgeries since they were rarely deceptive because they were smaller and cruder than standard issues. They probably functioned as small change. (en)
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