About: Askeri

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Under the Ottoman Empire, an askeri (Ottoman Turkish: عسكري) was a member of a class of military administrators. This elite class consisted of three main groups: the military, the court officials, and clergy. Though the term askeri itself literally means "of the military", it more broadly encompassed all higher levels of imperial administration. To become a member of this ruling elite, one thus had to hold a political office in the service of the Ottoman Empire, meaning that both Muslims and non-Muslims in those positions could rank as askeri.

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  • Askerî (osmanisch عسكری, von arab. al-ʿaskar, Soldat) bezeichnete in der mittelalterlichen Ständeordnung des Osmanischen Reiches den steuerbefreiten Adelsstand. Zu Askerî zählten alle Personengruppen, die dem Staat direkt dienten, insbesondere Mitglieder der Armee (seyfiye), Hofbeamte (mülkiye), Steuereintreiber und Geistliche. Die Zugehörigkeit zum Stand der Askerî war vom Religionsbekenntnis unabhängig. So bestand beispielsweise im 15. Jahrhundert die Hälfte der Osmanischen Armee in Rumelien aus christlichen Kavalleristen. In manchen Fällen konnten die Askerî ihren privilegierten Status an ihre Nachkommen vererben. Die Privilegien der Askerî waren in Erlässen des Sultans verbrieft, die Rechtsprechung über sie oblag dem Kazasker. Unterhalb der Askerî befand sich der steuerpflichtige Stand der Reâyâ. Ein Wechsel des Standes war anfangs selten. Vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert wurde die Trennung zwischen Askerî und Reâyâ immer unschärfer, und Askerî bäuerlicher Abstammung, die erbliches Vermögen besaßen, waren keine Seltenheit. Im 18. Jahrhundert umfasste die Standesbezeichnung auch Kaufleute und Handwerker. (de)
  • Under the Ottoman Empire, an askeri (Ottoman Turkish: عسكري) was a member of a class of military administrators. This elite class consisted of three main groups: the military, the court officials, and clergy. Though the term askeri itself literally means "of the military", it more broadly encompassed all higher levels of imperial administration. To become a member of this ruling elite, one thus had to hold a political office in the service of the Ottoman Empire, meaning that both Muslims and non-Muslims in those positions could rank as askeri. After Napoleon invaded Ottoman Egypt in 1798, a reform movement in the regime of Sultan Selim III aimed to reduce the numbers of the askeri class, who were the first-class citizens or military class (also called Janissaries). Sultan Selim III was taken prisoner (1807) and murdered (1808) in the course of Janissary revolts. A subsequent sultan, Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839), was patient but remembered the results of the uprising in 1807. In June 1826 he caused a revolt among the Janissaries, kept them all in their barracks and slaughtered thousands of them. The askeris stood in contrast with the reaya, the tax-paying lower class, and with the kul, or slave class, which included the Janissaries. (en)
  • Askerî (Turco ottomano عسکری, dall'arabo al-'askar, soldato) connotava nello stato medievale ottomano la nobiltà esente da tasse. Negli Askeri erano comprese tutte le persone che servivano lo Stato direttamente, in particolare i membri dell'esercito (seyfiye), i funzionari del tribunale (mülkiye), gli esattori delle tasse (kalemiye) e il clero. L'appartenenza alla classe degli Asker era indipendente dalla confessione religiosa. Ad esempio, nel XV secolo, metà dell'esercito ottomano in Rumelia era composta da spahi (cavalieri) cristiani. In alcuni casi gli Askerî potevano trasmettere il loro status privilegiato alla loro prole. I privilegi degli Asker erano evidenziati nei decreti del Sultano, la giurisdizione su di loro apparteneva al Kazasker. Al di sotto degli Askeri c'era la classe tassabile dei Reâyâ. Inizialmente, il passaggio da una classe a un'altra avveniva raramente. Dal XVI al XVIII secolo, la separazione tra Askerî e Reâyâ divenne sempre più confusa, e Askerî di discendenza contadina, che possedevano proprietà ereditarie, non erano rari. Nel XVIII secolo, la definizione della classe comprendeva anche mercanti e artigiani. (it)
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  • Under the Ottoman Empire, an askeri (Ottoman Turkish: عسكري) was a member of a class of military administrators. This elite class consisted of three main groups: the military, the court officials, and clergy. Though the term askeri itself literally means "of the military", it more broadly encompassed all higher levels of imperial administration. To become a member of this ruling elite, one thus had to hold a political office in the service of the Ottoman Empire, meaning that both Muslims and non-Muslims in those positions could rank as askeri. (en)
  • Askerî (osmanisch عسكری, von arab. al-ʿaskar, Soldat) bezeichnete in der mittelalterlichen Ständeordnung des Osmanischen Reiches den steuerbefreiten Adelsstand. Zu Askerî zählten alle Personengruppen, die dem Staat direkt dienten, insbesondere Mitglieder der Armee (seyfiye), Hofbeamte (mülkiye), Steuereintreiber und Geistliche. (de)
  • Askerî (Turco ottomano عسکری, dall'arabo al-'askar, soldato) connotava nello stato medievale ottomano la nobiltà esente da tasse. Negli Askeri erano comprese tutte le persone che servivano lo Stato direttamente, in particolare i membri dell'esercito (seyfiye), i funzionari del tribunale (mülkiye), gli esattori delle tasse (kalemiye) e il clero. (it)
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  • Askerî (de)
  • Askeri (en)
  • Askeri (it)
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