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- The archinephros, or holonephros, is a primitive kidney that has been retained by the larvae of hagfish and some caecilians. A recent author has referred to this structure as "the hypothetical primitive kidney of ancestral vertebrates". In the earliest vertebrates, this structure potentially extended the entire length of the body and consisted of paired segmental structures which drained via a pair of archinephrenic ducts into the cloaca. The entire structure arises from the nephric ridge, which in higher animal embryos gives rise to nephrotomes and the pronephroi at around 4 weeks gestation in humans. The pronephroi are supplanted by mesonephroi and finally by definitive kidneys, the metanephroi, by around 5 weeks gestation. The archinephros is nonfunctional in humans and other mammals. The three types of mature vertebrate kidneys develop from the archinephros: the pronephros from the front section, the mesonephros from the mid-section and the metanephros from the rear section. (en)
- O arquinefro é um rim primitivo que foi retido pelas larvas do peixe-bruxa e alguns cecilianos. Também ocorre em embriões de animais superiores como o tipo mais simples de órgão excretor. O arquinefros não é funcional em humanos e outros mamíferos. Os três tipos de rins de vertebrados maduros se desenvolvem a partir dos arquinefros: os pronefros da seção anterior, os mesonefros da seção mediana e os metanefros da seção posterior. (pt)
- 原肾（英語：archinephros），是原始肾脏，在盲鰻和某些无足目动物幼体体内得以保存下来。亦见于高等动物胚胎中，是最简单的排泄器官。原肾在人类和其它哺乳动物体内没有任何功能。 成熟脊椎动物的三种肾脏是由原肾发育而来的：前段发育为前肾，中段发育为，后段发育为后肾。 (zh)
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- O arquinefro é um rim primitivo que foi retido pelas larvas do peixe-bruxa e alguns cecilianos. Também ocorre em embriões de animais superiores como o tipo mais simples de órgão excretor. O arquinefros não é funcional em humanos e outros mamíferos. Os três tipos de rins de vertebrados maduros se desenvolvem a partir dos arquinefros: os pronefros da seção anterior, os mesonefros da seção mediana e os metanefros da seção posterior. (pt)
- 原肾（英語：archinephros），是原始肾脏，在盲鰻和某些无足目动物幼体体内得以保存下来。亦见于高等动物胚胎中，是最简单的排泄器官。原肾在人类和其它哺乳动物体内没有任何功能。 成熟脊椎动物的三种肾脏是由原肾发育而来的：前段发育为前肾，中段发育为，后段发育为后肾。 (zh)
- The archinephros, or holonephros, is a primitive kidney that has been retained by the larvae of hagfish and some caecilians. A recent author has referred to this structure as "the hypothetical primitive kidney of ancestral vertebrates". In the earliest vertebrates, this structure potentially extended the entire length of the body and consisted of paired segmental structures which drained via a pair of archinephrenic ducts into the cloaca. The entire structure arises from the nephric ridge, which in higher animal embryos gives rise to nephrotomes and the pronephroi at around 4 weeks gestation in humans. The pronephroi are supplanted by mesonephroi and finally by definitive kidneys, the metanephroi, by around 5 weeks gestation. The archinephros is nonfunctional in humans and other mammals. (en)
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- Archinephros (en)
- Arquinefros (pt)
- 原肾 (zh)
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