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In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the vegetal pole within a blastula. The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself, forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation.

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  • In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the vegetal pole within a blastula. The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself, forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation. The vegetal pole contains large yolky cells that divide very slowly, in contrast with the animal pole above it. In some cases, the vegetal pole is thought to differentiate into the extraembryonic membranes that protect and nourish the developing embryo, such as the placenta in mammals and the chorion in birds. In amphibians, the development of the animal-vegetal axis occurs prior to fertilization. Sperm entry can occur anywhere in the animal hemisphere. The point of sperm entry defines the dorso-ventral axis - cells opposite the region of sperm entry will eventually form the dorsal portion of the body. In the frog Xenopus laevis, the animal pole is heavily pigmented while the vegetal pole remains unpigmented. A pigment pattern provides the oocyte with features of a radially symmetrical body with a distinct polarity. The animal hemisphere is dark brown, and the vegetal hemisphere is only weakly pigmented. The axis of symmetry passes through on one side the animal pole, and on the other side the vegetal pole. The two hemispheres are separated by an unpigmented equatorial belt. Polarity has a major influence on the emergence of the embryonic structures. In fact, the axis polarity serves as one coordinate of geometrical system in which early embryogenesis is organized. (en)
  • 発生生物学において、胚は胞胚内において2つの半球、動物極(animal pole)および植物極(vegetal pole)に分けられる。 動物極はすばやく分裂する小さな細胞から成る。動物極は後に胚自身に分化し、3つの主要な胚葉を形成し、原腸形成に関与している、と考えられる場合もある。 植物極は非常に遅く分裂する大きな卵黄様細胞を含む。植物極は、発生中の胚を保護し栄養分を与えるへと分化すると考えられる場合もある(ほ乳類における胎盤や鳥類における)。 動物-植物軸の発生は受精より前に起きる。精子の侵入は動物半球のどの場所でも起こりうる。精子侵入の地点は背-腹軸を決定する。精子侵入の領域の反対側の細胞は最終的には体の背部を形成する。 アフリカツメガエルXenopus leaviaでは、色素パターンが卵母細胞にはっきりと区別できる極性を持つ放射対称性の特徴を与える。動物半球は暗褐色であり、植物半球は弱く着色しているだけである。対称軸は動物極の一方から植物極の反対側へ貫通する。2つの半球は着色していない赤道帯によって隔てられる。極性は胚構造の出現に大きな影響を与える。実際、軸極性は初期胚発生が組織化される際の幾何学的システムの1つの座標として機能する。 (ja)
  • Polo Animal é a região do ovo embrionário (também denominado por zigoto) onde se localiza o núcleo da célula e o citoplasma e é oposta ao polo vegetativo. Apesar dos ovos de algumas espécies de animais estarem divididos em duas regiões facilmente identificados e que permitem fazer as distinções em polaridades, o surgimento do polo animal não é obrigatório em todos tipos de ovos. (pt)
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  • 発生生物学において、胚は胞胚内において2つの半球、動物極(animal pole)および植物極(vegetal pole)に分けられる。 動物極はすばやく分裂する小さな細胞から成る。動物極は後に胚自身に分化し、3つの主要な胚葉を形成し、原腸形成に関与している、と考えられる場合もある。 植物極は非常に遅く分裂する大きな卵黄様細胞を含む。植物極は、発生中の胚を保護し栄養分を与えるへと分化すると考えられる場合もある(ほ乳類における胎盤や鳥類における)。 動物-植物軸の発生は受精より前に起きる。精子の侵入は動物半球のどの場所でも起こりうる。精子侵入の地点は背-腹軸を決定する。精子侵入の領域の反対側の細胞は最終的には体の背部を形成する。 アフリカツメガエルXenopus leaviaでは、色素パターンが卵母細胞にはっきりと区別できる極性を持つ放射対称性の特徴を与える。動物半球は暗褐色であり、植物半球は弱く着色しているだけである。対称軸は動物極の一方から植物極の反対側へ貫通する。2つの半球は着色していない赤道帯によって隔てられる。極性は胚構造の出現に大きな影響を与える。実際、軸極性は初期胚発生が組織化される際の幾何学的システムの1つの座標として機能する。 (ja)
  • Polo Animal é a região do ovo embrionário (também denominado por zigoto) onde se localiza o núcleo da célula e o citoplasma e é oposta ao polo vegetativo. Apesar dos ovos de algumas espécies de animais estarem divididos em duas regiões facilmente identificados e que permitem fazer as distinções em polaridades, o surgimento do polo animal não é obrigatório em todos tipos de ovos. (pt)
  • In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the vegetal pole within a blastula. The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole below it. In some cases, the animal pole is thought to differentiate into the later embryo itself, forming the three primary germ layers and participating in gastrulation. (en)
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  • 胚発生における極性 (ja)
  • Polarity in embryogenesis (en)
  • Polo animal (pt)
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