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- طائرة فضاء شمل مشروع الطائرة الفضائية التابع لسلاح الجو الأمريكي مجموعة متنوعة من المشاريع من 1958 حتى 1963 لدراسة طائرة فضائية قابلة لإعادة الاستخدام بالكامل.تمت دراسة مجموعة متنوعة من التصميمات خلال فترة حياة المشروع بما في ذلك معظم الجهود المبكرة على محركات دورة الهواء السائل وحتى النفاثة التي تعمل بالطاقة النووية. (ar)
- The US Air Force's Aerospaceplane was a basic research project led by Weldon Worth at the Wright-Patterson AFB concerning the design of future recoverable spaceplanes. The effort was started in 1957 as a result of the USAF official SR-89774 ("SR" stands for "study requirement") for a reusable spaceplane. By 1959 this work was more known as the Recoverable Orbital Launch System (ROLS). It encompassed a variety of concepts, designs and research projects from 1958, but was cancelled as impractical in 1963. Initial propulsion concept was Liquid Air Collection System (LACES), for what is now known as liquid air cycle engine. Further work showed that more performance could be gained by extracting only the oxygen from the liquid air, a system they referred to as Air Collection and Enrichment System (ACES). A contract to develop an ACES testbed was placed with Marquardt and General Dynamics, with Garrett AiResearch building the heat exchanger for cooling the air. The ACES design was fairly complex; the air was first liquified in the heat exchanger cooled by liquid hydrogen fuel, then pumped into a low-pressure tank for short-term storage. From there it was then pumped into a high-pressure tank, where the oxygen was separated and the rest (mostly nitrogen) was dumped overboard. In late 1960 and early 1961 a 125 N demonstrator engine was being operated for up to 5 minutes at a time. In early 1960 Air Force offered a development contract to build a spaceplane with a crew of three that could take off from any runway and fly directly into orbit and return. They wanted the design to be in operation in 1970 for a total development cost of only $5 billion. Boeing, Douglas, Convair, Lockheed, Goodyear, North American, and Republic all responded. Most of these designs ignored the ACES system and instead used a scramjet for power. The scramjet had first been outlined at about the same time as the original LACES design in a NASA paper of 1958, and many companies were highly interested in seeing it develop, perhaps none more than Marquardt, whose ramjet business was dwindling with the introduction of newer jet engines and who had already started work on the scramjet. Both Alexander Kartveli and Antonio Ferri were proponents of the scramjet approach. Ferri eventually successfully demonstrated a scramjet producing net thrust in November 1964, producing 517 pounds-force (2.30 kN), about 80% of his goal. In 1963, the Air Force changed their priorities in SR-651 and focused entirely on development of a variety of high-speed engines. Included were LACES and ACES engines, as well as scramjets, turboramjets and a "normal" (subsonic-combustion) ramjet with an intake suitable for use up to Mach 8. In October 1963, a review suggested that the basic concepts of the aerospaceplane were far too new for development of any real prototype. Moreover, the designs were all extremely sensitive to weight, and any increase (and there always is some) could result in all of the designs not working. The Aerospaceplane program was critiqued for involving "so many clearly infeasible factors" and exposing itself for "so much ridicule", that the project's funding was wound down in 1964. (en)
- 空天飛機（英語：Aerospaceplane）又称“航空航天飛機”，是一種新型及大部份國家在研究及發展階段的航天运输系统，既能夠航空亦能夠執行太空飛行，是集航空器、太空運載工具及航天器於一身的航空航天飞行器，亦可以作為載人航天器，可以重複使用。 空天飛機上同時有飛機發動機和火箭發動機，起飞时也不使用火箭助推器，可以像飛行器一樣從飛機場跑道上起飛，以高超音速在大氣層飛行，直接進入太空，成為航天器，降落時亦可以像飛機一樣在飛機場跑道上降落。空天飛機將會是21世紀世界各國爭奪制空權和的關鍵武器之一。目前美國、俄羅斯、中國、日本及德国都在研究空天飛機，但沒有获得實質成功，多數方案還是要靠拋棄式運載火箭升空，類似老式太空梭觀念。美國曾在90年代研發冒险之星飛行器，但最後關鍵技術無法突破而終止。 2018年兩會期間央視透漏一種中國空天飛機正在研發，其運載火箭被改成一種巨大的飛機型態載具，能水平起飛直入太空並全部回收降落，而其背負的上半部分是一種小型太空梭與神龍曝光相片雷同。 2020年9月4日，中國空天飛機在甘肅酒泉衛星發射中心完成第一次試飛，並取得成功。 (zh)
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- طائرة فضاء شمل مشروع الطائرة الفضائية التابع لسلاح الجو الأمريكي مجموعة متنوعة من المشاريع من 1958 حتى 1963 لدراسة طائرة فضائية قابلة لإعادة الاستخدام بالكامل.تمت دراسة مجموعة متنوعة من التصميمات خلال فترة حياة المشروع بما في ذلك معظم الجهود المبكرة على محركات دورة الهواء السائل وحتى النفاثة التي تعمل بالطاقة النووية. (ar)
- 空天飛機（英語：Aerospaceplane）又称“航空航天飛機”，是一種新型及大部份國家在研究及發展階段的航天运输系统，既能夠航空亦能夠執行太空飛行，是集航空器、太空運載工具及航天器於一身的航空航天飞行器，亦可以作為載人航天器，可以重複使用。 空天飛機上同時有飛機發動機和火箭發動機，起飞时也不使用火箭助推器，可以像飛行器一樣從飛機場跑道上起飛，以高超音速在大氣層飛行，直接進入太空，成為航天器，降落時亦可以像飛機一樣在飛機場跑道上降落。空天飛機將會是21世紀世界各國爭奪制空權和的關鍵武器之一。目前美國、俄羅斯、中國、日本及德国都在研究空天飛機，但沒有获得實質成功，多數方案還是要靠拋棄式運載火箭升空，類似老式太空梭觀念。美國曾在90年代研發冒险之星飛行器，但最後關鍵技術無法突破而終止。 2018年兩會期間央視透漏一種中國空天飛機正在研發，其運載火箭被改成一種巨大的飛機型態載具，能水平起飛直入太空並全部回收降落，而其背負的上半部分是一種小型太空梭與神龍曝光相片雷同。 2020年9月4日，中國空天飛機在甘肅酒泉衛星發射中心完成第一次試飛，並取得成功。 (zh)
- The US Air Force's Aerospaceplane was a basic research project led by Weldon Worth at the Wright-Patterson AFB concerning the design of future recoverable spaceplanes. The effort was started in 1957 as a result of the USAF official SR-89774 ("SR" stands for "study requirement") for a reusable spaceplane. By 1959 this work was more known as the Recoverable Orbital Launch System (ROLS). It encompassed a variety of concepts, designs and research projects from 1958, but was cancelled as impractical in 1963. (en)
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- طائرة فضاء (ar)
- Aerospaceplane (en)
- 空天飞机 (zh)
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