. . . . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438"@ru . "Kommunikationsmodell nach Lazarsfeld"@de . . . . "De Two-Step Flowtheorie, of het multistep flow model, is een theorie die stelt dat veel mensen in het vormen van hun mening worden be\u00EFnvloed door opinieleiders die op hun beurt zijn be\u00EFnvloed door de massamedia. De theorie is gebaseerd op een onderzoek uit 1940 over sociale be\u00EFnvloeding door de socioloog Paul Lazarsfeld."@nl . "Das Modell des Zweistufenflusses der Kommunikation (Two-Step-Flow-Modell) nach Paul Lazarsfeld ist ein Kommunikationsmodell und besch\u00E4ftigt sich mit der Verbreitung von Informationen durch Massenmedien. Nach dem urspr\u00FCnglichen Modell informieren Massenmedien in einem ersten Schritt Meinungsf\u00FChrer, die die Informationen durch direkte Kommunikation in einem zweiten Schritt an die Rezipienten weitergeben. Die Information durchl\u00E4uft also zwei Stufen. Der Meinungsf\u00FChrer nimmt die Position eines Multiplikators ein. Nach Lazarsfelds Modell wirken die Medien nicht direkt auf die Masse der Rezipienten (Hypodermic-Needle-Modell), ihre Wirkung wird vielmehr durch die zwischengeschaltete Stufe der Meinungsf\u00FChrer und durch selektive Zuwendung zu Medieninhalten ged\u00E4mpft. Dadurch sind sie kaum in der Lage, Meinungen und Einstellungen zu ver\u00E4ndern, sie verst\u00E4rken vielmehr bestehende Einstellungen und \u00DCberzeugungen. Lazarsfelds Modell wurde als zu schematisch kritisiert, da es au\u00DFer dem von ihm beschriebenen Informationsweg auch andere gibt: So k\u00F6nnen Rezipienten sich direkt informieren oder sich untereinander austauschen und Meinungsf\u00FChrer auch miteinander kommunizieren. Ein weiterer Kritikpunkt betrifft die mangelnde Unterscheidung zwischen Informationsfluss und Beeinflussung. Lazarsfeld ver\u00F6ffentlichte daraufhin ein revidiertes Modell des Two-Step-Flows, das einige der Kritikpunkte ber\u00FCcksichtigt. Heute geht man statt von starren Rollenzuweisungen eher von einem Netzwerk mit flexibler Rollenzuweisung aus. Meinungsf\u00FChrerschaft kann themenabh\u00E4ngig sein, und auch ein sonst passiver Rezipient kann ein \u201ESpezialgebiet\u201C haben, auf dem er Meinungsf\u00FChrerschaft aus\u00FCbt. Dementsprechend geht man von einer bereichsspezifischen Meinungsf\u00FChrerschaft (bspw. in Bezug auf ein bestimmtes Produkt) aus. Die bereichsspezifische Meinungsf\u00FChrerschaft steht in Verbindung mit mehreren Eigenschaften wie Involvement oder Interesse. Insbesondere zeichnet sich der Meinungsf\u00FChrer durch eine hohe Innovativit\u00E4t aus, d. h., er begeistert sich fr\u00FCh f\u00FCr eine innovative Idee oder ein neues Produkt."@de . . . . . . . "\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD"@zh . "18156"^^ . "300545"^^ . "La teoria del flusso a due fasi di comunicazione (Two-step flow of communication) \u00E8 stata elaborata da Lazarsfeld, Berelson e Gaudet (1944). Secondo tale teoria, impiegata con profitto nell'area della comunicazione commerciale, non esiste un flusso costante di informazioni che va dai media ai destinatari finali. All'opposto, esso procederebbe dai media ai cosiddetti opinion leader (gli individui pi\u00F9 sensibili verso certe informazioni, e pi\u00F9 influenti all'interno di un certo gruppo sociale), per poi essere da questi veicolato presso il gruppo sociale di appartenenza o di riferimento."@it . "Th\u00E9orie de la communication \u00E0 double \u00E9tage"@fr . . . . . "Two-Step Flowtheorie"@nl . "\u30B3\u30DF\u30E5\u30CB\u30B1\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u306E2\u6BB5\u968E\u306E\u6D41\u308C\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB (\u82F1: two-step flow of communication model)\u306F\u3001\u6B86\u3069\u306E\u4EBA\u304C\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u306E\u5F71\u97FF\u4E0B\u3067\u610F\u898B\u3092\u5F62\u6210\u3057\u3001\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u306F\u30DE\u30B9\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u306E\u5F71\u97FF\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4E3B\u5F35\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u4EBA\u3005\u306F\u30DE\u30B9\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u304B\u3089\u76F4\u63A5\u5F71\u97FF\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u308B\u3068\u3055\u308C\u305F\u76AE\u4E0B\u6CE8\u5C04\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3084\u9B54\u6CD5\u306E\u5F3E\u4E38\u7406\u8AD6\u306E1\u6BB5\u968E\u30D5\u30ED\u30FC\u3068\u306F\u5BFE\u7167\u7684\u306B\u30012\u6BB5\u968E\u30D5\u30ED\u30FC\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u306B\u3088\u308C\u3070\u3001\u30A2\u30A4\u30C7\u30A2\u306F\u30DE\u30B9\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u304B\u3089\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u3078\u3001\u305D\u3057\u3066\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u304B\u3089\u3088\u308A\u591A\u304F\u306E\u4EBA\u3005\u306B\u6D41\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u306F\u3001\u5B9F\u969B\u306E\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u306E\u5185\u5BB9\u306B\u52A0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u60C5\u5831\u306B\u72EC\u81EA\u306E\u89E3\u91C8\u3092\u4F1D\u3048\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "Two-step flow"@pt . "The two-step flow of communication model says that most people form their opinions under the influence of opinion leaders, who in turn are influenced by the mass media. In contrast to the one-step flow of the hypodermic needle model or magic bullet theory, which holds that people are directly influenced by mass media, according to the two-step flow model, ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. Opinion leaders pass on their own interpretation of information in addition to the actual media content."@en . . . . "Das Modell des Zweistufenflusses der Kommunikation (Two-Step-Flow-Modell) nach Paul Lazarsfeld ist ein Kommunikationsmodell und besch\u00E4ftigt sich mit der Verbreitung von Informationen durch Massenmedien. Nach dem urspr\u00FCnglichen Modell informieren Massenmedien in einem ersten Schritt Meinungsf\u00FChrer, die die Informationen durch direkte Kommunikation in einem zweiten Schritt an die Rezipienten weitergeben."@de . "The two-step flow of communication model says that most people form their opinions under the influence of opinion leaders, who in turn are influenced by the mass media. In contrast to the one-step flow of the hypodermic needle model or magic bullet theory, which holds that people are directly influenced by mass media, according to the two-step flow model, ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. Opinion leaders pass on their own interpretation of information in addition to the actual media content."@en . "\u0414\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0445 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0456 \u043C\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0457 \u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443\u043D\u0456\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0415. \u041A\u0430\u0442\u0446\u043E\u043C \u0442\u0430 \u041F. \u041B\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0444\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0434\u043E\u043C \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C, \u0449\u043E \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0454 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0432\u043F\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043C \u043B\u0456\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0434\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0434\u0443\u043C\u043A\u0438. \u0417\u0433\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E \u0437 \u0434\u0430\u043D\u043E\u044E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0456\u0454\u044E, \u0456\u0434\u0435\u0457 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u0430\u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0434\u043E \u043B\u0456\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0434\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0434\u0443\u043C\u043A\u0438, \u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043D\u0438\u0445 \u2014 \u0434\u043E \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0430\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457."@uk . . "La th\u00E9orie de la communication \u00E0 double \u00E9tage (\u00AB two-step flow theory \u00BB, ou \u00AB two-step flow of communication \u00BB en anglais) est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e par Paul Lazarsfeld et Elihu Katz dans le livre Influence personnelle paru en 1955. Remettant en cause le pouvoir des m\u00E9dias, elle propose une vision dite \u00AB des m\u00E9dias faibles \u00BB. L'analyse porte tant sur l'influence des m\u00E9dias dans le cadre des \u00E9lections pr\u00E9sidentielles que des \u00E9tudes marketing."@fr . . . . . "Two-step flow of communication"@en . "La th\u00E9orie de la communication \u00E0 double \u00E9tage (\u00AB two-step flow theory \u00BB, ou \u00AB two-step flow of communication \u00BB en anglais) est d\u00E9velopp\u00E9e par Paul Lazarsfeld et Elihu Katz dans le livre Influence personnelle paru en 1955. Remettant en cause le pouvoir des m\u00E9dias, elle propose une vision dite \u00AB des m\u00E9dias faibles \u00BB. L'analyse porte tant sur l'influence des m\u00E9dias dans le cadre des \u00E9lections pr\u00E9sidentielles que des \u00E9tudes marketing."@fr . . "Tv\u00E5stegshypotesen \u00E4r en hypotes av sociologerna och Paul Lazarsfeld. Hypotesen inneb\u00E4r att mediers budskap och individers personliga referenser inte enbart avg\u00F6r hur medierna p\u00E5verkar. Opinionsbildare kan fungera som en kanal f\u00F6r grupper i samh\u00E4llet. Opinionsbildaren h\u00E5ller sig uppdaterad om olika h\u00E4ndelser som beskrivs i medier och presenterar sin tolkning f\u00F6r mindre aktiva delar av befolkningen. M\u00E4nniskors val grundas allts\u00E5 inte bara p\u00E5 den information som de mottagit via medier utan \u00E4ven p\u00E5 information som mottagits via opinionsledare."@sv . "\u30B3\u30DF\u30E5\u30CB\u30B1\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u306E2\u6BB5\u968E\u306E\u6D41\u308C\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB (\u82F1: two-step flow of communication model)\u306F\u3001\u6B86\u3069\u306E\u4EBA\u304C\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u306E\u5F71\u97FF\u4E0B\u3067\u610F\u898B\u3092\u5F62\u6210\u3057\u3001\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u306F\u30DE\u30B9\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u306E\u5F71\u97FF\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4E3B\u5F35\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u4EBA\u3005\u306F\u30DE\u30B9\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u304B\u3089\u76F4\u63A5\u5F71\u97FF\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u308B\u3068\u3055\u308C\u305F\u76AE\u4E0B\u6CE8\u5C04\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u3084\u9B54\u6CD5\u306E\u5F3E\u4E38\u7406\u8AD6\u306E1\u6BB5\u968E\u30D5\u30ED\u30FC\u3068\u306F\u5BFE\u7167\u7684\u306B\u30012\u6BB5\u968E\u30D5\u30ED\u30FC\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB\u306B\u3088\u308C\u3070\u3001\u30A2\u30A4\u30C7\u30A2\u306F\u30DE\u30B9\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u304B\u3089\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u3078\u3001\u305D\u3057\u3066\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u304B\u3089\u3088\u308A\u591A\u304F\u306E\u4EBA\u3005\u306B\u6D41\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30AA\u30D4\u30CB\u30AA\u30F3\u30EA\u30FC\u30C0\u30FC\u306F\u3001\u5B9F\u969B\u306E\u30E1\u30C7\u30A3\u30A2\u306E\u5185\u5BB9\u306B\u52A0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u60C5\u5831\u306B\u72EC\u81EA\u306E\u89E3\u91C8\u3092\u4F1D\u3048\u308B\u3002"@ja . . "\u30B3\u30DF\u30E5\u30CB\u30B1\u30FC\u30B7\u30E7\u30F3\u306E2\u6BB5\u968E\u306E\u6D41\u308C\u30E2\u30C7\u30EB"@ja . . . . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. the two-step flow of communication) \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0443\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u044D\u0442\u0430\u043F\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0421\u041C\u0418 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043C\u0430\u043B\u043E\u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430, \u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u044B, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043C\u044C\u0438, \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u043C\u0435\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . "1108391772"^^ . . . "\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. the two-step flow of communication) \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0443\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u044D\u0442\u0430\u043F\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043B\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0421\u041C\u0418 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043C\u0430\u043B\u043E\u044D\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0435 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430, \u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u044B, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043C\u044C\u0438, \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u043C\u0435\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043C\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430."@ru . . "La teoria del flusso a due fasi di comunicazione (Two-step flow of communication) \u00E8 stata elaborata da Lazarsfeld, Berelson e Gaudet (1944). Secondo tale teoria, impiegata con profitto nell'area della comunicazione commerciale, non esiste un flusso costante di informazioni che va dai media ai destinatari finali. All'opposto, esso procederebbe dai media ai cosiddetti opinion leader (gli individui pi\u00F9 sensibili verso certe informazioni, e pi\u00F9 influenti all'interno di un certo gruppo sociale), per poi essere da questi veicolato presso il gruppo sociale di appartenenza o di riferimento."@it . . . . . . . . . . . "Two-step flow \u00E9 uma teoria de comunica\u00E7\u00E3o proposta por Paul Lazarsfeld, e . Em portugu\u00EAs \u00E9 chamada tamb\u00E9m de: a teoria do fluxo comunicacional em duas etapas, que enfatiza o papel dos formadores de opini\u00E3o comunit\u00E1rios como construtores da opini\u00E3o p\u00FAblica em escala micro. Assim, o Two-step flow, tamb\u00E9m conhecido como modelo dos dois tempos, mostra que a influ\u00EAncia dos meios de comunica\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 seletiva, dependente de opini\u00F5es preexistentes e das rela\u00E7\u00F5es interpessoais do receptor. As rea\u00E7\u00F5es variam de indiv\u00EDduo para indiv\u00EDduo e a id\u00E9ia de que a sociedade \u00E9 representada por uma grande massa homog\u00EAnea, antes defendida na teoria da Seringa Hipod\u00E9rmica (Agulha Hipod\u00E9rmica) j\u00E1 n\u00E3o existe mais. A efic\u00E1cia da not\u00EDcia e seus efeitos agora dependem da credibilidade do comunicador, que tem o poder de sensibilizar os seus receptores, distribu\u00EDdos em pequenos grupos."@pt . "Teoria del flusso a due fasi di comunicazione"@it . "La teor\u00EDa de dos pasos es una teor\u00EDa de la comunicaci\u00F3n que busca explicar c\u00F3mo la informaci\u00F3n es transmitida a trav\u00E9s de los medios de informaci\u00F3n y c\u00F3mo el p\u00FAblico reacciona ante la misma. El concepto fue planteado por primera vez por Paul Lazarsfeld y Elihu Katz durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, como parte de un proyecto gubernamental de los Estados Unidos para medir la influencia de los medios sobre la actitud de los votantes norteamericanos. La principal idea que plantea esta teor\u00EDa es la interrelaci\u00F3n que tiene el p\u00FAblico con los llamados l\u00EDderes de opini\u00F3n, proponiendo un sistema indirecto de comunicaci\u00F3n y transmisi\u00F3n de informaci\u00F3n, lo cual contrasta radicalmente con las teor\u00EDas que se ten\u00EDan hasta el momento del entendimiento de la interacci\u00F3n p\u00FAblico-medios. El trabajo conjunto"@es . . . "La teor\u00EDa de dos pasos es una teor\u00EDa de la comunicaci\u00F3n que busca explicar c\u00F3mo la informaci\u00F3n es transmitida a trav\u00E9s de los medios de informaci\u00F3n y c\u00F3mo el p\u00FAblico reacciona ante la misma. El concepto fue planteado por primera vez por Paul Lazarsfeld y Elihu Katz durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, como parte de un proyecto gubernamental de los Estados Unidos para medir la influencia de los medios sobre la actitud de los votantes norteamericanos. La principal idea que plantea esta teor\u00EDa es la interrelaci\u00F3n que tiene el p\u00FAblico con los llamados l\u00EDderes de opini\u00F3n, proponiendo un sistema indirecto de comunicaci\u00F3n y transmisi\u00F3n de informaci\u00F3n, lo cual contrasta radicalmente con las teor\u00EDas que se ten\u00EDan hasta el momento del entendimiento de la interacci\u00F3n p\u00FAblico-medios. El trabajo conjunto de los dos te\u00F3ricos, Personal Influence (publicado en 1955), es el mayor exponente de la teor\u00EDa."@es . . "\u0414\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0445 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457"@uk . . . . . . . . . . "\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u8AD6\uFF08Two-step flow of communication\uFF09 1940\u5E74\uFF0C\u62C9\u624E\u65AF\u83F2\u723E\u5FB7\uFF08P.F.Lazarsfeld\uFF09\u7B49\u4EBA\u901A\u904E\u4F0A\u91CC\u8ABF\u67E5\u767C\u73FE\uFF0C\u4FE1\u606F\u5F9E\u5927\u773E\u5A92\u4ECB\u5230\u53D7\u773E\uFF0C\u7D93\u904E\u4E86\u5169\u500B\u968E\u6BB5\uFF0C\u9996\u5148\u5F9E\u5927\u773E\u50B3\u64AD\u5230\u610F\u898B\u9818\u8896\uFF0C\u518D\u50B3\u5230\u793E\u6703\u5927\u773E\u3002\u4ED6\u5011\u63D0\u51FA\u7684\u7406\u8AD6\uFF0C\u7A31\u70BA\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u8AD6\u3002\u96D6\u662F\u6548\u679C\u6709\u9650\u7406\u8AD6\u4E4B\u4E00\uFF0C\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u8AD6\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u4EBA\u969B\u50B3\u64AD\u6BD4\u5927\u773E\u50B3\u64AD\uFF0C\u66F4\u53EF\u80FD\u6539\u8B8A\u95B1\u807D\u8005\u7684\u614B\u5EA6\u3002 \u62C9\u624E\u65AF\u83F2\u723E\u5FB7\uFF08Paul F. Lazarsfeld\uFF09\u65BC1944\u5E74\u51FA\u7248\uFF0C\u57281940\u5E74\u7F8E\u570B\u7E3D\u7D71\u5927\u9078\u6642\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u5C08\u66F8\uFF0C\u66F8\u540D\u70BA\u300A\u4EBA\u5011\u7684\u9078\u64C7------\u9078\u6C11\u5982\u4F55\u5728\u7E3D\u7D71\u5927\u9078\u4E2D\u4E0B\u6C7A\u5B9A\u300B(The People's Choice :How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign)\u3002\u76EE\u7684\u5728\u65BC\u627E\u51FA\u4EBA\u5011\u70BA\u4F55\u5728\u9078\u8209\u6642\u6295\u7968\u7684\u884C\u70BA\uFF0C\u4F7F\u7528\u8ABF\u67E5\u6CD5\u4F86\u5C0B\u627E\u7814\u7A76\u554F\u984C\u7684\u7B54\u6848\uFF0C\u6B64\u7814\u7A76\u4EE3\u8868\u793E\u6703\u79D1\u5B78\u53F2\u4E0A\uFF0C\u8ABF\u67E5\u8A2D\u8A08\u548C\u6280\u5DE7\u6700\u5177\u5275\u9020\u529B\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u7814\u7A76\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 \u767C\u73FE\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u7684\u793E\u6703\u5B78\u5BB6\u8A8D\u70BA\u66F4\u5927\u7684\u6709\u53EF\u70BA\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u5728\u65BCCooley\u6240\u63D0\u51FA\u7684\"\u521D\u7D1A\u5718\u9AD4\"\u3002Lazarsfeld\u7B49\u4EBA\u5728<<\u4EBA\u5011\u7684\u9078\u64C7>>\u66F8\u4E2D\u6E05\u695A\u6307\u51FA\u5BB6\u5EAD\u548C\u540C\u5115\u662F\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u7B2C\u4E8C\u968E\u6BB5\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u56E0\u7D20\u3002\u800C\u521D\u7D1A\u5718\u9AD4\u662F\u5C0D\u8A0A\u606F\u5F9E\u5A92\u4ECB\u7D93\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u50B3\u81F3\u7528\u807D\u4EBA\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u66F4\u52A0\u77AD\u89E3\u7684\u4E00\u500B\u660E\u986F\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7126\u9EDE\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\uFF0C\u7576\u4EBA\u5011\u5F62\u5851\u5C0D\u5916\u90E8\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u56DE\u61C9\u6642\uFF0C\u521D\u7D1A\u5718\u9AD4\u6210\u70BA\u4EBA\u5011\u5C0B\u6C42\u89E3\u91CB\u3001\u5EFA\u8B70\u7684\"\u53C3\u8003\u5718\u9AD4(reference group)\"\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . "De Two-Step Flowtheorie, of het multistep flow model, is een theorie die stelt dat veel mensen in het vormen van hun mening worden be\u00EFnvloed door opinieleiders die op hun beurt zijn be\u00EFnvloed door de massamedia. De theorie is gebaseerd op een onderzoek uit 1940 over sociale be\u00EFnvloeding door de socioloog Paul Lazarsfeld."@nl . "Two-step flow \u00E9 uma teoria de comunica\u00E7\u00E3o proposta por Paul Lazarsfeld, e . Em portugu\u00EAs \u00E9 chamada tamb\u00E9m de: a teoria do fluxo comunicacional em duas etapas, que enfatiza o papel dos formadores de opini\u00E3o comunit\u00E1rios como construtores da opini\u00E3o p\u00FAblica em escala micro."@pt . . . "\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u8AD6\uFF08Two-step flow of communication\uFF09 1940\u5E74\uFF0C\u62C9\u624E\u65AF\u83F2\u723E\u5FB7\uFF08P.F.Lazarsfeld\uFF09\u7B49\u4EBA\u901A\u904E\u4F0A\u91CC\u8ABF\u67E5\u767C\u73FE\uFF0C\u4FE1\u606F\u5F9E\u5927\u773E\u5A92\u4ECB\u5230\u53D7\u773E\uFF0C\u7D93\u904E\u4E86\u5169\u500B\u968E\u6BB5\uFF0C\u9996\u5148\u5F9E\u5927\u773E\u50B3\u64AD\u5230\u610F\u898B\u9818\u8896\uFF0C\u518D\u50B3\u5230\u793E\u6703\u5927\u773E\u3002\u4ED6\u5011\u63D0\u51FA\u7684\u7406\u8AD6\uFF0C\u7A31\u70BA\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u8AD6\u3002\u96D6\u662F\u6548\u679C\u6709\u9650\u7406\u8AD6\u4E4B\u4E00\uFF0C\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u8AD6\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u4EBA\u969B\u50B3\u64AD\u6BD4\u5927\u773E\u50B3\u64AD\uFF0C\u66F4\u53EF\u80FD\u6539\u8B8A\u95B1\u807D\u8005\u7684\u614B\u5EA6\u3002 \u62C9\u624E\u65AF\u83F2\u723E\u5FB7\uFF08Paul F. Lazarsfeld\uFF09\u65BC1944\u5E74\u51FA\u7248\uFF0C\u57281940\u5E74\u7F8E\u570B\u7E3D\u7D71\u5927\u9078\u6642\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u5C08\u66F8\uFF0C\u66F8\u540D\u70BA\u300A\u4EBA\u5011\u7684\u9078\u64C7------\u9078\u6C11\u5982\u4F55\u5728\u7E3D\u7D71\u5927\u9078\u4E2D\u4E0B\u6C7A\u5B9A\u300B(The People's Choice :How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign)\u3002\u76EE\u7684\u5728\u65BC\u627E\u51FA\u4EBA\u5011\u70BA\u4F55\u5728\u9078\u8209\u6642\u6295\u7968\u7684\u884C\u70BA\uFF0C\u4F7F\u7528\u8ABF\u67E5\u6CD5\u4F86\u5C0B\u627E\u7814\u7A76\u554F\u984C\u7684\u7B54\u6848\uFF0C\u6B64\u7814\u7A76\u4EE3\u8868\u793E\u6703\u79D1\u5B78\u53F2\u4E0A\uFF0C\u8ABF\u67E5\u8A2D\u8A08\u548C\u6280\u5DE7\u6700\u5177\u5275\u9020\u529B\u7684\u4F7F\u7528\u7814\u7A76\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 1.\u793E\u7D93\u5730\u4F4D\u4E0D\u540C\u53EF\u80FD\u4E0D\u8AD6\u5019\u9078\u4EBA\u662F\u8AB0\u800C\u6295\u7D66\u67D0\u9663\u71DF\uFF1B\u5B97\u6559\u4E5F\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u8B8A\u6578\uFF1B\u5C45\u4F4F\u5730\u3001\u8077\u696D\u3001\u5E74\u9F61\u3002 2.\u8B70\u984C\u5728\u7AF6\u9078\u6D3B\u52D5\u4E2D\uFF0C\u6240\u7522\u751F\u7684\u5438\u5F15\u529B\u3002 3.\u5C0D\u65BC\u9078\u8209\u7684\u8208\u8DA3\u3002 4.\u65E9\u6C7A\u5B9A\u8207\u665A\u6C7A\u5B9A\u4E4B\u9078\u6C11 5.\u5A92\u9AD4\u7AF6\u9078\u6D3B\u52D5\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u5F71\u97FF\uFF1A (1)\u6D3B\u5316(activation)\uFF1A\u653F\u6CBB\u50B3\u64AD\u6703\u6FC0\u767C\u6F5B\u5728\u7684\u50B3\u64AD\u50BE\u5411\uFF0C\u85C9\u7531\u9078\u64C7\u6027\u63A5\u89F8\u5A92\u9AD4\u8005\u5177\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\uFF0C\u5B83\u5011\u8207\u9078\u6C11\u7684\u50BE\u5411\u4E00\u81F4\u3002 (2)\u52A0\u5F37(reinforcement)\uFF1A\u5F37\u5316\u6BD4\u8AAA\u670D\u9078\u6C11\u8DF3\u69FD\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u66F4\u4E0D\u5177\u6232\u5287\u6027\uFF0C\u56E0\u70BA\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u7684\u9078\u6C11\u90FD\u88AB\u7D0D\u5165\uFF0C\u6240\u4EE5\u5F37\u5316\u5C31\u6BD4\u8F03\u91CD\u8981\u4E9B\u3002 (3)\u8F49\u8B8A(conversion)\uFF1A\u660E\u78BA\u7684\u653F\u6CBB\u50BE\u5411\u4F7F\u652F\u6301\u540C\u9663\u71DF\u7684\u5927\u90E8\u5206\u9078\u6C11\u4E0D\u6703\u7522\u751F\u52D5\u6416\uFF0C\u5C0D\u653F\u6CBB\u8F03\u7121\u8208\u8DA3\u548C\u5F37\u70C8\u58D3\u529B\u4EA4\u8FEB\u7684\u4EBA\u624D\u53EF\u80FD\u51FA\u73FE\u8F49\u8B8A\u3002 \u50B3\u64AD\u5B78\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u5148\u9A45\u8005\u4E4B\u4E00\u2014\u2014\u62C9\u624E\u65AF\u83F2\u723E\u5FB7\uFF08Paul F. Lazarsfeld\uFF09\u65BC1940\u5E74\u4E3B\u6301\u7684\u4E00\u9805\u7814\u7A76\u767C\u73FE\uFF0C\u5728\u7E3D\u7D71\u9078\u8209\u4E2D\uFF0C\u9078\u6C11\u5011\u653F\u6CBB\u50BE\u5411\u7684\u6539\u8B8A\u5F88\u5C11\u76F4\u63A5\u53D7\u5927\u773E\u50B3\u5A92\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\uFF0C\u4EBA\u5011\u4E4B\u9593\u76F4\u63A5\u7684\u9762\u5C0D\u9762\u4EA4\u6D41\uFF0C\u4F3C\u4E4E\u5C0D\u5176\u653F\u6CBB\u614B\u5EA6\u7684\u5F62\u6210\u548C\u8F49\u8B8A\u66F4\u70BA\u95DC\u9375\u3002\u901A\u5E38\u6709\u95DC\u7684\u4FE1\u606F\u548C\u60F3\u6CD5\u90FD\u662F\u9996\u5148\u5F9E\u67D0\u4E00\u500B\u4FE1\u606F\u6E90\uFF08\u5982\u67D0\u4E00\u500B\u5019\u9078\u4EBA\uFF09\u90A3\u88E1\u901A\u904E\u5927\u773E\u5A92\u4ECB\u9054\u5230\u6240\u8B02\u7684\u201C\u610F\u898B\u9818\u8896\uFF08Opinion leader\uFF09\u201D\u90A3\u88E1\uFF1B\u7136\u5F8C\u518D\u901A\u904E\u610F\u898B\u9818\u8896\u628A\u4FE1\u606F\u50B3\u64AD\u5230\u4E00\u822C\u6C11\u773E\u3002\u524D\u8005\u662F\u4FE1\u606F\u50B3\u9054\u7684\u7B2C\u4E00\u968E\u6BB5\uFF0C\u5F8C\u8005\u662F\u4EBA\u969B\u5F71\u97FF\u7684\u7B2C\u4E8C\u968E\u6BB5\u3002\u9019\u5C31\u662F\u8457\u540D\u7684\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u5047\u8A2D\uFF08two\u2014Step flow hypothesis\uFF09\u3002\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u6307\u51FA\u6709\u8A31\u591A\u539F\u56E0\u9020\u6210\u89AA\u8EAB\u5F71\u97FF\u6703\u5C0D\u7279\u5225\u7684\u4EBA\u5011\u7684\u6C7A\u5B9A\u9020\u6210\u5F71\u97FF\uFF0C\u6BD4\u4E00\u822C\u5A92\u9AD4\u6240\u5448\u73FE\u7684\u8AAA\u670D\u529B\u6027\u8CC7\u8A0A\u66F4\u5177\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\u3002\u610F\u898B\u9818\u8896\u4E5F\u53EF\u80FD\u88AB\u4FE1\u4EFB\u70BA\u975E\u8AAA\u670D\u6027\u7684\u6D88\u606F\u8207\u89E3\u91CB\u4F86\u6E90\u3002\u6700\u5F8C\uFF0C\u4EBA\u5011\u5E7E\u4E4E\u53EA\u4FE1\u4EFB\u719F\u6089\u7684\u6D88\u606F\u4F86\u6E90\u3002 \u767C\u73FE\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u7684\u793E\u6703\u5B78\u5BB6\u8A8D\u70BA\u66F4\u5927\u7684\u6709\u53EF\u70BA\u7684\u7814\u7A76\u5728\u65BCCooley\u6240\u63D0\u51FA\u7684\"\u521D\u7D1A\u5718\u9AD4\"\u3002Lazarsfeld\u7B49\u4EBA\u5728<<\u4EBA\u5011\u7684\u9078\u64C7>>\u66F8\u4E2D\u6E05\u695A\u6307\u51FA\u5BB6\u5EAD\u548C\u540C\u5115\u662F\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u7B2C\u4E8C\u968E\u6BB5\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u56E0\u7D20\u3002\u800C\u521D\u7D1A\u5718\u9AD4\u662F\u5C0D\u8A0A\u606F\u5F9E\u5A92\u4ECB\u7D93\u5169\u7D1A\u50B3\u64AD\u50B3\u81F3\u7528\u807D\u4EBA\u7684\u904E\u7A0B\u66F4\u52A0\u77AD\u89E3\u7684\u4E00\u500B\u660E\u986F\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7126\u9EDE\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\uFF0C\u7576\u4EBA\u5011\u5F62\u5851\u5C0D\u5916\u90E8\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u56DE\u61C9\u6642\uFF0C\u521D\u7D1A\u5718\u9AD4\u6210\u70BA\u4EBA\u5011\u5C0B\u6C42\u89E3\u91CB\u3001\u5EFA\u8B70\u7684\"\u53C3\u8003\u5718\u9AD4(reference group)\"\u3002 \u53C3\u8003\u8CC7\u6599\uFF1A<\u5927\u773E\u50B3\u64AD\u7406\u8AD6> by Denis McQuail\u3001<\u50B3\u64AD\u7406\u8AD6>"@zh . . 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"Tv\u00E5stegshypotesen \u00E4r en hypotes av sociologerna och Paul Lazarsfeld. Hypotesen inneb\u00E4r att mediers budskap och individers personliga referenser inte enbart avg\u00F6r hur medierna p\u00E5verkar. Opinionsbildare kan fungera som en kanal f\u00F6r grupper i samh\u00E4llet. Opinionsbildaren h\u00E5ller sig uppdaterad om olika h\u00E4ndelser som beskrivs i medier och presenterar sin tolkning f\u00F6r mindre aktiva delar av befolkningen. M\u00E4nniskors val grundas allts\u00E5 inte bara p\u00E5 den information som de mottagit via medier utan \u00E4ven p\u00E5 information som mottagits via opinionsledare."@sv . . "Tv\u00E5stegshypotesen"@sv . . "Teor\u00EDa de dos pasos"@es .