@prefix rdf: . @prefix yago: . rdf:type yago:Material114580897 , yago:Semiconductor114821248 , yago:Matter100020827 , yago:WikicatSemiconductors , yago:Relation100031921 , yago:Part113809207 . @prefix dbo: . rdf:type dbo:Language , yago:Conductor114821043 , yago:PhysicalEntity100001930 , yago:Abstraction100002137 . @prefix owl: . rdf:type owl:Thing , yago:Substance100019613 . @prefix rdfs: . rdfs:label "Hizkuntza-substratu"@eu , "Estrato (lingu\u00EDstica)"@pt , "Substraattaal"@nl , "Substrat (linguistique)"@fr , "Sostrato (linguistica)"@it , "Stratum (linguistik)"@in , "Stratum (linguistics)"@en , "\u0421\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442 (\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430)"@ru , "Substrat (ling\u00FC\u00EDstica)"@ca , "Substrat j\u0119zykowy"@pl , "Sustrato ling\u00FC\u00EDstico"@es , "Substrat (Linguistik)"@de , "Subtavolo (lingvoscienco)"@eo , "\u0421\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442 (\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E)"@uk , "\u57FA\u5C64\u8A00\u8A9E"@ja ; rdfs:comment "\u042F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0301\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442 \u2014 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043E \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0433\u043E \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u043E\u0439 (\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u044D\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0433\u043B\u043E\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0442. \u0434.), \u043F\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u043A \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0443. \u041F\u0440\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u0430\u044F \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F \u043E\u0431\u0440\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F, \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044E \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0433\u043E \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430, \u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043C \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044B \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E."@ru , "In linguistica, un sostrato (o substrato) \u00E8 una lingua non pi\u00F9 parlata su un territorio che per\u00F2 prima di sparire ha influenzato quella (o quelle) da cui \u00E8 stata soppiantata. \u00C8 uno dei tre tipi possibili di interferenza linguistica. C'\u00E8 un generale accordo tra gli studiosi nell'individuare nel linguista italiano Graziadio Isaia Ascoli il primo ad aver collegato il fenomeno alla diversificazione dei dialetti. D'altra parte, un precursore nell'individuazione del concetto pu\u00F2 essere stato lo storico italiano Carlo Cattaneo."@it , "\u0421\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442 (\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043B\u0430\u0442. sub \u2014 \u00AB\u043F\u0456\u0434\u00BB \u0456 stratum \u2014 \u00AB\u0448\u0430\u0440\u00BB, \u0442\u043E\u0431\u0442\u043E \u00AB\u043D\u0438\u0436\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u00BB) \u0443 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456 \u2014 \u0432 \u043B\u0456\u043D\u0433\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0430\u043A \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0443, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u043F\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0454 \u043D\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0443, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0454 \u0457\u0457 \u0437 \u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043A\u0443. \u0426\u0435 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0437 \u0442\u0440\u044C\u043E\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432; \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0443\u043C\u0456\u0442\u0438 \u00AB\u0441\u0443\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449 \u0443\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430 \u044F\u043A\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0456, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0437\u0456 \u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043B\u043E\u044E \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457\u00BB."@uk , "En lingvoscienco, subtavolo estas lingvo a\u016D lingvoj, kiuj sur difinita teritorio, estis anstata\u016Ditaj de alia (plej ofte pro koloniado a\u016D konkero), sed kiuj ankora\u016D influas en la novan lingvon per lingvaj trajtoj, plej ofte vortoj. Ekzemple la ga\u016Dla lingvo estas subtavolo de la franca lingvo. La ga\u016Dloj -kelta gento- lo\u011Dis en Ga\u016Dlio anta\u016D la romia konkero. La ga\u016Dloj iom post iom forlasis sian lingvon favore al Latino. La ga\u016Dla lingvo malaperis, sed lasis spurojn sur la franca."@eo , "En ling\u00FC\u00EDstica, un substrat \u00E9s la llengua o lleng\u00FCes que en un territori determinat ha estat substitu\u00EFda per una llengua dominant, per causes d'una colonitzaci\u00F3 o una conquesta, i la seva influ\u00E8ncia en la nova llengua amb alguns trets ling\u00FC\u00EDstics. Es tracta d'una proposta d'an\u00E0lisi de les lleng\u00FCes en contacte basat en una met\u00E0fora geol\u00F2gica en la qual les diferents influ\u00E8ncies ling\u00FC\u00EDstiques d'una llengua es classifiquen com estrats superposats. Aix\u00ED doncs, quan es produeix un proc\u00E9s de substituci\u00F3 ling\u00FC\u00EDstica, la segona llengua (L2) conserva elements de la llengua anterior (L1), \u00E9s a dir, del seu substrat ling\u00FC\u00EDstic."@ca , "Der Begriff Substrat (von lateinisch Stratum \u201ASchicht\u2018) wurde etwa um 1875 von dem italienischen Sprachforscher Graziadio Ascoli im Zusammenhang mit seinen Untersuchungen zu den Ursachen von Lautwandel gepr\u00E4gt. Heute wird der Begriff vor allem in der diachronen Sprachwissenschaft im Zusammenhang mit Sprachkontakt bzw. -mischung verwendet und bezeichnet sowohl \n* die Ursprungssprache eines Gebietes, die kontakt-induzierten Wandel in einer oder mehreren neu eingewanderten Sprachen ausl\u00F6st, als auch \n* die Ergebnisse dieses kontakt-induzierten Wandels in der \u00FCberlagernden Sprache."@de , "In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for \"layer\") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or superstrate is the language that has higher power or prestige. Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways. An adstratum or adstrate is a language that is in contact with another language in a neighbor population without having identifiably higher or lower prestige. The notion of \"strata\" was first developed by the Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829\u20131907), and became known in the English-speaking world through the work of two different authors in 1932."@en , "Na lingu\u00EDstica, um estrato ou estratos (do latim stratum, significando camada) \u00E9 uma l\u00EDngua que influencia ou \u00E9 influenciada por outra atrav\u00E9s de contacto. Um substrato \u00E9 uma l\u00EDngua que tem menor poder ou influ\u00EAncia do que outra, enquanto um superestrato \u00E9 uma l\u00EDngua que tem maior presen\u00E7a ou influ\u00EAncia. Substrato e superestrato influenciam-se mutuamente, mas de formas diferentes. Um adstrato refere-se a uma linguagem que est\u00E1 em contato com outro idioma de uma popula\u00E7\u00E3o vizinha, sem por isso ter uma influ\u00EAncia identific\u00E1vel maior ou menor."@pt , "Een substraat of substraattaal (Latijn sub, onder en stratum, laag) is een taal die oorspronkelijk werd gesproken in een gemeenschap waarbinnen nu een andere omgangstaal wordt gebruikt. Substraattalen blijven soms herkenbaar in de taal die ze is opgevolgd. Historische taalkundigen houden zich bezig met onderzoek naar substraattalen. De opvolgende taal is dan de superstraattaal of het superstraat."@nl , "El sustrato ling\u00FC\u00EDstico o substrato ling\u00FC\u00EDstico es, sobre todo en caso de pueblos conquistados por otros de lengua distinta, el conjunto de influencias l\u00E9xicas, fon\u00E9ticas y gramaticales que ejerce la lengua originalmente hablada en el territorio sobre la lengua que la sustituye. Cuando el fen\u00F3meno ocurre al rev\u00E9s se habla de superestrato."@es , "Substrat j\u0119zykowy (\u0142ac. substratum, \u201Epod\u0142o\u017Ce\u201D) \u2013 pierwotne pod\u0142o\u017Ce j\u0119zykowe (lub etniczno-j\u0119zykowe) na okre\u015Blonym obszarze zamieszkanym p\u00F3\u017Aniej przez ludno\u015B\u0107 u\u017Cywaj\u0105c\u0105 innego j\u0119zyka. Substrat zazwyczaj pozostawia pewne \u015Blady w nowszym j\u0119zyku. Na przyk\u0142ad gwary p\u00F3\u0142nocno-wschodniej Polski, podobnie jak polszczyzna p\u00F3\u0142nocnokresowa, powsta\u0142y na substracie bia\u0142orusko-litewskim. \u015Aladami substratu bia\u0142oruskiego w tych gwarach jest m.in. akanie, ruchomy akcent, wyst\u0119powanie sp\u00F3\u0142g\u0142oski r [r] w miejsce og\u00F3lnopolskiego rz [\u0292] (np. reka, treba wobec og\u00F3lnopolskiego rzeka, trzeba)."@pl , "\u57FA\u5C64\u8A00\u8A9E\uFF08\u304D\u305D\u3046\u3052\u3093\u3054\u3001\u82F1: substratum\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u57FA\u5C64\u8A9E\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u5358\u306B\u57FA\u5C64\u3068\u306F\u3001 1. \n* 2\u3064\u306E\u8A00\u8A9E\u3092\u4F75\u7528\u3059\u308B\u793E\u4F1A\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5A01\u4FE1\u306E\u4F4E\u3044\u65B9\u306E\u8A00\u8A9E\u3002\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5A01\u4FE1\u306E\u9AD8\u3044\u65B9\u306E\u8A00\u8A9E\u3092\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A00\u8A9E\u3001\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A9E\u3001\u4E0A\u5C64 (superstratum) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u5A01\u4FE1\u306B\u660E\u78BA\u306A\u5DEE\u304C\u306A\u3044\u8907\u6570\u306E\u8A00\u8A9E\u304C\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u5834\u5408\u3001\u304A\u4E92\u3044\u306B\u508D\u5C64 (adstratum) \u306E\u95A2\u4FC2\u306B\u3042\u308B\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002 2. \n* \u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u8A00\u8A9E\u63A5\u89E6\u72B6\u6CC1\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u57FA\u5C64\u8A9E\u304C\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u306A\u304F\u306A\u308A\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A9E\u306B\u7F6E\u304D\u63DB\u3048\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u7F6E\u304D\u63DB\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u6D88\u6EC5\u3057\u305F\u8A00\u8A9E\u3092\u3001\u6B8B\u3063\u305F\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A9E\u306B\u5BFE\u3059\u308B\u57FA\u5C64\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7F6E\u304D\u63DB\u3048\u306E\u7D50\u679C\u3001\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A9E\u306B\u57FA\u5C64\u8A9E\u306E\u5F71\u97FF\u304C\u6B8B\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6B74\u53F2\u8A00\u8A9E\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u8A00\u8A9E\u5909\u5316\u3092\u4F55\u3089\u304B\u306E\u57FA\u5C64\u8A00\u8A9E\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3068\u8AAC\u660E\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u57FA\u5C64\u8AAC\u3001\u57FA\u5C64\u7406\u8AD6\uFF08substratum theory\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002"@ja , "En linguistique historique et en sociolinguistique, le terme \u00AB substrat \u00BB d\u00E9signe la totalit\u00E9 des \u00E9l\u00E9ments de la langue d\u2019un peuple autochtone, qui ont p\u00E9n\u00E9tr\u00E9 dans une autre langue, \u00E0 la suite de l\u2019adoption de celle-ci par le peuple en question. La langue adopt\u00E9e peut ou non devenir une nouvelle langue."@fr , "Dalam ilmu bahasa, stratum (serapan dari bahasa Latin, berarti \"lapisan\") atau strata adalah bahasa yang mempengaruhi, atau dipengaruhi oleh yang lain melalui kontak. Substratum atau substrata adalah bahasa yang memiliki pengaruh atau gengsi yang lebih rendah dari yang lain, sedangkan superstratum atau superstrata adalah bahasa yang memiliki pengaruh atau gengsi yang lebih tinggi. Kedua bahasa substratum dan superstratum saling mempengaruhi, tetapi dengan cara yang berbeda. Adstratum atau adstrata adalah bahasa yang berhubungan dengan bahasa lain tanpa memiliki gengsi dan pengaruh yang lebih tinggi ataupun lebih rendah. Gagasan \"strata\" pertama kali dikembangkan oleh ahli bahasa Italia bernama (1829\u20131907)."@in , "Hizkuntza-substratu kontzeptuak herri baten hizkuntza, normalean inbaditzailea den beste batekin ordezkatzen denean, hizkuntza berrian aurrekoaren elementu eta ezaugarriak agertzearen fenomenoa izendatzen du. Jatorrizko hizkuntzak berrian eragin lexikoa, fonetikoa eta gramatikala izan dezake. Beste fenomeno desberdina da; kasu horretan hizkuntza inbaditzaileak atzera egiten du baina haren ezaugarriak, modu batez, hizkuntza inbadituan gelditzen dira."@eu . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix dbc: . dcterms:subject dbc:Historical_linguistics , dbc:Linguistic_strata , dbc:Language_contact ; dbo:wikiPageID 583461 ; dbo:wikiPageRevisionID 1120241934 . @prefix dbr: . dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbr:Shetland_Islands , dbr:Middle_East , dbr:Portugal , dbr:Norway , dbr:Hiligaynon_language , dbr:Vietnam , dbr:Tagalog_language , dbr:Arabic_language , dbr:Maltese_language , dbr:Place_name , dbr:Old_Spanish , dbr:Volga_Finns , dbr:Chude , dbr:Neapolitan_language , dbr:Andean_Spanish , dbr:Old_Norman_French , dbr:Knights_Hospitaller , , dbr:Hainanese , dbr:Languages_of_Italy , dbr:Superstratum , dbr:Mozarabic , , dbr:Philippines , dbr:Bantu_languages , dbr:Scottish_Reformation , dbr:Mixed_languages , dbr:Arabic , , dbr:Altaic_languages , dbr:Jewish_languages , dbr:Wu_Chinese , dbr:Berber_languages , dbr:Early_Modern_Spanish , dbr:Aramaic_language , dbr:Fall_of_Constantinople , dbr:Middle_Scots , dbr:Graziadio_Isaia_Ascoli , dbr:Hebrew_language , dbr:Malay_language , dbr:German_language , dbr:Cornwall , dbr:Old_European_hydronymy , dbr:Ireland , dbr:International_scientific_vocabulary , dbr:Singaporean_Mandarin , dbr:Algerian_Arabic , dbr:Common_Brittonic , dbr:Bangingi , dbr:Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni , dbr:Egyptian_Arabic , dbr:Substrate_in_Vedic_Sanskrit , dbr:French_language , dbr:Yiddish_language , dbr:Semitic_people , dbr:Etymology , dbr:Belgium , dbr:Yiddish , dbc:Historical_linguistics , dbr:Hashimoto_Mantaro , dbr:Roman_empire , dbr:Early_Modern_English , dbr:Scotland , dbr:Jamaican_Patois , dbr:Gaul , dbr:Aliyah , dbr:Calque , dbr:Israel , dbr:Language , dbr:Bronze_Age , dbr:Vulgar_Latin , dbr:Slavic_languages , dbr:Colonisation , dbr:Gothic_language , dbr:Tigrinya_language , dbr:Logy , dbr:India , dbr:Evidence_of_absence , dbr:Phonology , dbr:Modern_South_Arabian , dbr:Old_Yue_language , dbr:Cebuano_language , dbr:Elite , dbr:Kikongo , dbr:Tigre_language , dbr:Old_South_Arabian , dbr:Invasion , dbr:Aymaran_languages , dbr:Ethiopia , dbr:High_German , dbr:Georg_Holzer , dbr:Spain , dbr:Indo-European_languages , dbr:Ossetic_language , , dbr:English_people , dbr:Mesopotamia , dbr:Insular_Scots , dbr:Arabs , dbc:Linguistic_strata , dbr:Modern_English , dbr:Mishnaic_Hebrew , dbr:Russian_language , dbr:North_Africa , dbr:Argentina , dbr:Mesopotamian_Arabic , dbr:Loanword , dbr:China , dbr:Language_shift , dbr:Trans-cultural_diffusion , dbr:Germanic_languages , dbr:Himyarite_language , dbr:Eritrea , dbr:Gallaecian_language , dbr:Germanic_peoples , dbr:English_language , dbr:North_Germanic_languages , dbr:Linguistics , dbr:Northern_Russian_dialects , dbr:Roman_Empire , dbr:Kingdom_of_Aragon , dbr:Linguistic_typology , dbr:Min_Nan , dbr:Colonial_Brazil , dbr:Umbundu , dbr:Creole_languages , dbr:North_Cushitic , dbr:Uruguay , dbr:Scottish_Gaelic_language , dbr:Merovingians , dbr:Canarian_Spanish , dbr:Gallic_Wars , dbr:Middle_English , dbr:Chavacano_language , dbr:Teochew_dialect , dbr:Norman_language , dbr:Brazilian_Portuguese , dbr:Classical_Arabic , dbr:Norman_conquest , dbr:Human_migration , dbr:Franks , dbr:Uniformitarianism , dbr:Tunisian_Arabic , dbr:Holocaust , dbr:Maghreb_Arabic , dbr:Scottish_English , dbr:Mexican_Spanish , dbr:Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty , dbr:Gauls , dbr:Danish_language , dbr:Egypt , dbr:Diaspora , dbr:Dutch_language , dbr:Gaulish_language , dbr:Hindi , dbr:Paraguay , dbr:Singapore , dbr:Nordwestblock , dbr:Amharic , dbr:Min_Chinese , dbr:Gallo-Romance_languages , dbr:Migration_Period , dbr:Nahuatl , dbr:Gallo-Romance , dbr:Rioplatense_Spanish , dbr:Orkney_Islands , dbr:Muslim_conquests , dbr:Northern_and_southern_China , dbr:Moroccan_Arabic , dbr:Norn_language , dbr:Maghreb , dbr:Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain , dbr:Cantonese , dbr:Greece , dbr:Sami_languages , dbr:Ottoman_Turks , dbr:Israeli_Hebrew , dbr:Orkney , dbr:Yue_Chinese , dbr:Human_evolutionary_genetics , dbr:Ottoman_Turkish_language , , dbr:Hugo_Schuchardt , dbr:Ilokano_language , dbr:Old_English , dbr:Varieties_of_Chinese , dbr:Han_campaigns_against_Minyue , dbr:Central_Cushitic , dbr:Normans , dbr:Ancient_Rome , dbr:Juha_Janhunen , dbr:Mexico , dbr:Shetland , dbr:Balto-Slavic , dbr:Scots_language , dbr:Old_Chinese , dbc:Language_contact , dbr:Aramaic , dbr:Romance_languages , dbr:Cornish_dialect , dbr:Guanche_language , dbr:Adstratum , dbr:Vasconic_substratum_theory , dbr:Old_Frankish , dbr:Malta , dbr:Baiyue , dbr:South_Semitic_languages , dbr:Plantations_of_Ireland , , dbr:Portuguese_language , dbr:Irish_English , dbr:Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania , dbr:Brazil , dbr:Angola , dbr:Japanese_language , , dbr:Umayyad_Caliphate , dbr:Ottoman_Greece , dbr:Speak_Mandarin_Campaign , dbr:Crown_of_Castile , dbr:Spanish_Conquest , , dbr:Medieval_Greek , dbr:Creole_language , dbr:Standard_Mandarin , dbr:Spaniards , dbr:Yemeni_Arabic , dbr:Canary_Islands , dbr:Iberian_languages , dbr:Sicilian_language , dbr:Wenzhounese , dbr:England , , dbr:British_Empire , dbr:Relexification , dbr:Al-Andalus , dbr:Old_French , dbr:France , dbr:Language_transfer , dbr:Yakan_language , dbr:Andalusian_people , dbr:Quechua_language , dbr:Coptic_language , dbr:Old_Norwegian , dbr:Pre-Greek_substrate , dbr:Jamaica , dbr:Biblical_Hebrew , dbr:Andalusian_Spanish , dbr:Levantine_Arabic , dbr:Reconquista , dbr:Languages_of_India , dbr:Libyan_Arabic , dbr:Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language , dbr:Spanish_language , dbr:Tupi_language , dbr:Gaulish , dbr:Finno-Ugric_languages , dbr:Italian_language , dbr:Lusitanian_language , dbr:Western_Aramaic_languages , dbr:Demotic_Greek , dbr:Andes , , dbr:Sandhi , , dbr:Old_Norse_language , dbr:Sama_language , dbr:Singapore_Government , dbr:Japonic_languages , dbr:Siculo-Arabic , dbr:Punic_language , dbr:Lingua_franca , dbr:Irish_language , dbr:Burgundians , dbr:Tausug_language , dbr:Indian_English , dbr:Angolan_Portuguese , dbr:Eastern_Aramaic_languages , dbr:Cornish_language , dbr:North_India , dbr:Kimbundu , dbr:Latin , dbr:African_languages , dbr:Austronesian_language , dbr:Dialect , dbr:Language_contact , dbr:Germanic_substrate_hypothesis ; dbo:wikiPageExternalLink , , , , ; owl:sameAs , , , . @prefix ns8: . owl:sameAs ns8:yF8e , , . @prefix ns9: . owl:sameAs ns9:Kalbinis_sluoksnis , , , , . @prefix dbpedia-bar: . owl:sameAs dbpedia-bar:Subsdrat_-_Supasdrat_-_Adsdrat . @prefix dbpedia-nl: . owl:sameAs dbpedia-nl:Substraattaal , . @prefix dbpedia-eu: . owl:sameAs dbpedia-eu:Hizkuntza-substratu , , , , , , , , , , , , . @prefix dbpedia-nn: . owl:sameAs dbpedia-nn:Substrat , , . @prefix dbpedia-br: . owl:sameAs dbpedia-br:Substrat . @prefix dbpedia-nds: . owl:sameAs dbpedia-nds:Substraatspraak , , , , . @prefix wikidata: . owl:sameAs wikidata:Q20730913 . @prefix dbpedia-fy: . owl:sameAs dbpedia-fy:Substraattaal , , wikidata:Q27630 , . @prefix dbp: . @prefix dbt: . dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate dbt:Reflist , dbt:Redirect , dbt:More_footnotes , dbt:Anchor , dbt:Cit , dbt:Unreferenced_section , dbt:Authority_control , dbt:Cite_book , dbt:Citation_needed , dbt:Wiktionary , dbt:Short_description , dbt:About ; dbo:abstract "\u042F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0301\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0442 \u2014 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u043A\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043E \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0433\u043E \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u043E\u0439 (\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u044D\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0433\u043B\u043E\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0442. \u0434.), \u043F\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E \u043A \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0443. \u041F\u0440\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043C\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u0430\u044F \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F \u043E\u0431\u0440\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F, \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044E \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0433\u043E \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430, \u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043C \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044B \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E."@ru , "\u0421\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442 (\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043B\u0430\u0442. sub \u2014 \u00AB\u043F\u0456\u0434\u00BB \u0456 stratum \u2014 \u00AB\u0448\u0430\u0440\u00BB, \u0442\u043E\u0431\u0442\u043E \u00AB\u043D\u0438\u0436\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0440\u00BB) \u0443 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456 \u2014 \u0432 \u043B\u0456\u043D\u0433\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0430\u043A \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0443, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u043F\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0454 \u043D\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0443, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0454 \u0457\u0457 \u0437 \u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043A\u0443. \u0426\u0435 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0437 \u0442\u0440\u044C\u043E\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432; \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0443\u043C\u0456\u0442\u0438 \u00AB\u0441\u0443\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u044F\u0432\u0438\u0449 \u0443\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0432 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0438 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430 \u044F\u043A\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0456, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0437\u0456 \u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043B\u043E\u044E \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0435 \u0456\u0441\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457\u00BB."@uk , "El sustrato ling\u00FC\u00EDstico o substrato ling\u00FC\u00EDstico es, sobre todo en caso de pueblos conquistados por otros de lengua distinta, el conjunto de influencias l\u00E9xicas, fon\u00E9ticas y gramaticales que ejerce la lengua originalmente hablada en el territorio sobre la lengua que la sustituye. Cuando el fen\u00F3meno ocurre al rev\u00E9s se habla de superestrato. Por ejemplo, el dominio romano en la pen\u00EDnsula ib\u00E9rica produjo la desaparici\u00F3n de las lenguas abor\u00EDgenes de la regi\u00F3n, con excepci\u00F3n del vasco. Sin embargo, muchas de sus caracter\u00EDsticas a\u00FAn quedan como substrato en el castellano; as\u00ED, algunos ling\u00FCistas consideran que la desaparici\u00F3n de la inicial latina f- resultando una h-, inicialmente aspirada y posteriormente muda, parece deberse a la influencia vascuence, pues esta lengua rechazaba el fonema \u201Cf\u201D.\u200B"@es , "Hizkuntza-substratu kontzeptuak herri baten hizkuntza, normalean inbaditzailea den beste batekin ordezkatzen denean, hizkuntza berrian aurrekoaren elementu eta ezaugarriak agertzearen fenomenoa izendatzen du. Jatorrizko hizkuntzak berrian eragin lexikoa, fonetikoa eta gramatikala izan dezake. Beste fenomeno desberdina da; kasu horretan hizkuntza inbaditzaileak atzera egiten du baina haren ezaugarriak, modu batez, hizkuntza inbadituan gelditzen dira. Euskararen kasuan horrelako adibide asko daude. Euskara desagertu den lurraldetan oraindik orain euskal toponimoak, hitzak, ahozkerak...aurkitzen dira. Gaztelaniaren kasuan, bestetik, euskararen eraginez hasierako \"f\"a desagertu zen."@eu , "Dalam ilmu bahasa, stratum (serapan dari bahasa Latin, berarti \"lapisan\") atau strata adalah bahasa yang mempengaruhi, atau dipengaruhi oleh yang lain melalui kontak. Substratum atau substrata adalah bahasa yang memiliki pengaruh atau gengsi yang lebih rendah dari yang lain, sedangkan superstratum atau superstrata adalah bahasa yang memiliki pengaruh atau gengsi yang lebih tinggi. Kedua bahasa substratum dan superstratum saling mempengaruhi, tetapi dengan cara yang berbeda. Adstratum atau adstrata adalah bahasa yang berhubungan dengan bahasa lain tanpa memiliki gengsi dan pengaruh yang lebih tinggi ataupun lebih rendah. Gagasan \"strata\" pertama kali dikembangkan oleh ahli bahasa Italia bernama (1829\u20131907). Kedua konsep tersebut berlaku untuk situasi di mana bahasa pendatang memantapkan dirinya di wilayah lain, biasanya sebagai hasil perpindahan penduduk. Kasus superstratum (bahasa lokal bertahan dan bahasa pendatang menghilang) atau kasus substratum (bahasa lokal menghilang dan digantikan oleh bahasa pendatang) berlaku biasanya hanya akan terlihat setelah beberapa generasi, di mana bahasa pendatang ada dalam budaya diaspora. Agar bahasa pendatang tetap bertahan (kasus substratum), pendatang perlu mengambil posisi yang sangat berpengaruh (secara politik atau ekonomi) atau berimigrasi dalam jumlah yang relatif lebih besar dibanding penduduk lokal (seperti invasi atau penjajahan. Contoh yang terkenal yaitu Kekaisaran Romawi yang memunculkan bahasa-bahasa Roman di luar Semenanjung Italia, menggantikan bahasa Galia dan bahasa Indo-Eropa lainnya). Kasus superstratum mengacu pada populasi invasi oleh kalangan yang berpengaruh, yang pada akhirnya mengadopsi bahasa asli kalangan jelata. Contohnya adalah suku Burgundia dan Franka di Prancis kuno, yang akhirnya meninggalkan bahasa Jermanik mereka dan beralih menuturkan bahasa Roman, yang menciptakan bahasa atau ragam yang lebih baru, yaitu bahasa Prancis."@in , "En lingvoscienco, subtavolo estas lingvo a\u016D lingvoj, kiuj sur difinita teritorio, estis anstata\u016Ditaj de alia (plej ofte pro koloniado a\u016D konkero), sed kiuj ankora\u016D influas en la novan lingvon per lingvaj trajtoj, plej ofte vortoj. Ekzemple la ga\u016Dla lingvo estas subtavolo de la franca lingvo. La ga\u016Dloj -kelta gento- lo\u011Dis en Ga\u016Dlio anta\u016D la romia konkero. La ga\u016Dloj iom post iom forlasis sian lingvon favore al Latino. La ga\u016Dla lingvo malaperis, sed lasis spurojn sur la franca."@eo , "\u57FA\u5C64\u8A00\u8A9E\uFF08\u304D\u305D\u3046\u3052\u3093\u3054\u3001\u82F1: substratum\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u57FA\u5C64\u8A9E\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u5358\u306B\u57FA\u5C64\u3068\u306F\u3001 1. \n* 2\u3064\u306E\u8A00\u8A9E\u3092\u4F75\u7528\u3059\u308B\u793E\u4F1A\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5A01\u4FE1\u306E\u4F4E\u3044\u65B9\u306E\u8A00\u8A9E\u3002\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5A01\u4FE1\u306E\u9AD8\u3044\u65B9\u306E\u8A00\u8A9E\u3092\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A00\u8A9E\u3001\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A9E\u3001\u4E0A\u5C64 (superstratum) \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u5A01\u4FE1\u306B\u660E\u78BA\u306A\u5DEE\u304C\u306A\u3044\u8907\u6570\u306E\u8A00\u8A9E\u304C\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u5834\u5408\u3001\u304A\u4E92\u3044\u306B\u508D\u5C64 (adstratum) \u306E\u95A2\u4FC2\u306B\u3042\u308B\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002 2. \n* \u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u8A00\u8A9E\u63A5\u89E6\u72B6\u6CC1\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u57FA\u5C64\u8A9E\u304C\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u306A\u304F\u306A\u308A\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A9E\u306B\u7F6E\u304D\u63DB\u3048\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u7F6E\u304D\u63DB\u3048\u3089\u308C\u3066\u6D88\u6EC5\u3057\u305F\u8A00\u8A9E\u3092\u3001\u6B8B\u3063\u305F\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A9E\u306B\u5BFE\u3059\u308B\u57FA\u5C64\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u7F6E\u304D\u63DB\u3048\u306E\u7D50\u679C\u3001\u4E0A\u5C64\u8A9E\u306B\u57FA\u5C64\u8A9E\u306E\u5F71\u97FF\u304C\u6B8B\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6B74\u53F2\u8A00\u8A9E\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u8A00\u8A9E\u5909\u5316\u3092\u4F55\u3089\u304B\u306E\u57FA\u5C64\u8A00\u8A9E\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3068\u8AAC\u660E\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u57FA\u5C64\u8AAC\u3001\u57FA\u5C64\u7406\u8AD6\uFF08substratum theory\uFF09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002"@ja , "Een substraat of substraattaal (Latijn sub, onder en stratum, laag) is een taal die oorspronkelijk werd gesproken in een gemeenschap waarbinnen nu een andere omgangstaal wordt gebruikt. Substraattalen blijven soms herkenbaar in de taal die ze is opgevolgd. Historische taalkundigen houden zich bezig met onderzoek naar substraattalen. De opvolgende taal is dan de superstraattaal of het superstraat. Hierbij ter illustratie: in de provincie Groningen wordt sinds de 14e eeuw een serie Nedersaksische vari\u00EBteiten (het Gronings) gesproken. Voorheen was Groningen met uitzondering van de stad Groningen, het Gorecht en het Westerwolde evenwel Friestalig. Het Nedersaksisch van Groningen verschilt op tal van punten van het Nedersaksisch van andere streken door kenmerken die uit de Friese substraattaal zijn overgenomen. Een Fries substraat wordt bijvoorbeeld ook algemeen aangenomen voor het Hollands en, veel minder zeker, voor het West-Vlaams. Andere interessante voorbeelden uit andere taalfamilies zijn het Japans en het Egyptisch-Arabisch. Het Japans zou een Alta\u00EFsche taal zijn met een Austronesisch substraat. Daarentegen is het Egyptisch-Arabisch een bepaalde vari\u00EBteit van het standaard Arabisch met een Koptisch substraat. Ook van de Germaanse talen als geheel wordt wel verondersteld dat sommige van de woorden waarvoor geen Indo-Europees equivalent bestaat uit een substraattaal komen, waarschijnlijk behorend tot een nu uitgestorven taalfamilie. Zie hierover het artikel Pre-Indo-Europees substraat van het Germaans."@nl , "In linguistica, un sostrato (o substrato) \u00E8 una lingua non pi\u00F9 parlata su un territorio che per\u00F2 prima di sparire ha influenzato quella (o quelle) da cui \u00E8 stata soppiantata. \u00C8 uno dei tre tipi possibili di interferenza linguistica. C'\u00E8 un generale accordo tra gli studiosi nell'individuare nel linguista italiano Graziadio Isaia Ascoli il primo ad aver collegato il fenomeno alla diversificazione dei dialetti. D'altra parte, un precursore nell'individuazione del concetto pu\u00F2 essere stato lo storico italiano Carlo Cattaneo."@it , "Substrat j\u0119zykowy (\u0142ac. substratum, \u201Epod\u0142o\u017Ce\u201D) \u2013 pierwotne pod\u0142o\u017Ce j\u0119zykowe (lub etniczno-j\u0119zykowe) na okre\u015Blonym obszarze zamieszkanym p\u00F3\u017Aniej przez ludno\u015B\u0107 u\u017Cywaj\u0105c\u0105 innego j\u0119zyka. Substrat zazwyczaj pozostawia pewne \u015Blady w nowszym j\u0119zyku. Na przyk\u0142ad gwary p\u00F3\u0142nocno-wschodniej Polski, podobnie jak polszczyzna p\u00F3\u0142nocnokresowa, powsta\u0142y na substracie bia\u0142orusko-litewskim. \u015Aladami substratu bia\u0142oruskiego w tych gwarach jest m.in. akanie, ruchomy akcent, wyst\u0119powanie sp\u00F3\u0142g\u0142oski r [r] w miejsce og\u00F3lnopolskiego rz [\u0292] (np. reka, treba wobec og\u00F3lnopolskiego rzeka, trzeba). Substratem na terenie obecnej Francji by\u0142y j\u0119zyki celtyckie Gall\u00F3w, Belg\u00F3w i Akwita\u0144czyk\u00F3w (wspomnianych przez Cezara), zast\u0105pione przez \u0142acin\u0119, a nast\u0119pnie przez wywodz\u0105ce si\u0119 z niej j\u0119zyki roma\u0144skie, zw\u0142aszcza nowo\u017Cytny francuski. Wp\u0142ywem jakiego\u015B substratu mo\u017Cna wyja\u015Bni\u0107 obecno\u015B\u0107 element\u00F3w niesystemowych, r\u00F3\u017Cnego rodzaju innowacji w nowym j\u0119zyku czy te\u017C pewne zjawiska fonologiczne, na przyk\u0142ad przesuwk\u0119 germa\u0144sk\u0105."@pl , "In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for \"layer\") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or superstrate is the language that has higher power or prestige. Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways. An adstratum or adstrate is a language that is in contact with another language in a neighbor population without having identifiably higher or lower prestige. The notion of \"strata\" was first developed by the Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829\u20131907), and became known in the English-speaking world through the work of two different authors in 1932. Thus, both concepts apply to a situation where an intrusive language establishes itself in the territory of another, typically as the result of migration. Whether the superstratum case (the local language persists and the intrusive language disappears) or the substratum one (the local language disappears and the intrusive language persists) applies will normally only be evident after several generations, during which the intrusive language exists within a diaspora culture. In order for the intrusive language to persist (substratum case), the immigrant population will either need to take the position of a political elite or immigrate in significant numbers relative to the local population (i. e., the intrusion qualifies as an invasion or colonisation; an example would be the Roman Empire giving rise to Romance languages outside Italy, displacing Gaulish and many other Indo-European languages). The superstratum case refers to elite invading populations that eventually adopt the language of the native lower classes. An example would be the Burgundians and Franks in France, who eventually abandoned their Germanic dialects in favor of other Indo-European languages of the Romance branch, profoundly influencing the local speech in the process."@en , "Na lingu\u00EDstica, um estrato ou estratos (do latim stratum, significando camada) \u00E9 uma l\u00EDngua que influencia ou \u00E9 influenciada por outra atrav\u00E9s de contacto. Um substrato \u00E9 uma l\u00EDngua que tem menor poder ou influ\u00EAncia do que outra, enquanto um superestrato \u00E9 uma l\u00EDngua que tem maior presen\u00E7a ou influ\u00EAncia. Substrato e superestrato influenciam-se mutuamente, mas de formas diferentes. Um adstrato refere-se a uma linguagem que est\u00E1 em contato com outro idioma de uma popula\u00E7\u00E3o vizinha, sem por isso ter uma influ\u00EAncia identific\u00E1vel maior ou menor."@pt , "En linguistique historique et en sociolinguistique, le terme \u00AB substrat \u00BB d\u00E9signe la totalit\u00E9 des \u00E9l\u00E9ments de la langue d\u2019un peuple autochtone, qui ont p\u00E9n\u00E9tr\u00E9 dans une autre langue, \u00E0 la suite de l\u2019adoption de celle-ci par le peuple en question. La langue adopt\u00E9e peut ou non devenir une nouvelle langue."@fr , "En ling\u00FC\u00EDstica, un substrat \u00E9s la llengua o lleng\u00FCes que en un territori determinat ha estat substitu\u00EFda per una llengua dominant, per causes d'una colonitzaci\u00F3 o una conquesta, i la seva influ\u00E8ncia en la nova llengua amb alguns trets ling\u00FC\u00EDstics. Es tracta d'una proposta d'an\u00E0lisi de les lleng\u00FCes en contacte basat en una met\u00E0fora geol\u00F2gica en la qual les diferents influ\u00E8ncies ling\u00FC\u00EDstiques d'una llengua es classifiquen com estrats superposats. Aix\u00ED doncs, quan es produeix un proc\u00E9s de substituci\u00F3 ling\u00FC\u00EDstica, la segona llengua (L2) conserva elements de la llengua anterior (L1), \u00E9s a dir, del seu substrat ling\u00FC\u00EDstic. En primer lloc, alguns elements de la L1 (la llengua en proc\u00E9s de substituci\u00F3) es transfereixen a la interllengua L1/2, \u00E9s a dir, la llengua resultant de l'esfor\u00E7 inicial per adquirir la L2 . Aquesta llengua resultant es tracta d'una llengua plena d'interfer\u00E8ncies ling\u00FC\u00EDstiques de la L1. En segon lloc, els trets de la L1 es mantenen quan els parlants ja dominen la L2. Finalment, aquests trets passen a formar part de la L2 i s\u00F3n transmesos de generaci\u00F3 en generaci\u00F3 un cop ja s'ha consumat el proc\u00E9s de substituci\u00F3."@ca , "Der Begriff Substrat (von lateinisch Stratum \u201ASchicht\u2018) wurde etwa um 1875 von dem italienischen Sprachforscher Graziadio Ascoli im Zusammenhang mit seinen Untersuchungen zu den Ursachen von Lautwandel gepr\u00E4gt. Heute wird der Begriff vor allem in der diachronen Sprachwissenschaft im Zusammenhang mit Sprachkontakt bzw. -mischung verwendet und bezeichnet sowohl \n* die Ursprungssprache eines Gebietes, die kontakt-induzierten Wandel in einer oder mehreren neu eingewanderten Sprachen ausl\u00F6st, als auch \n* die Ergebnisse dieses kontakt-induzierten Wandels in der \u00FCberlagernden Sprache. Letztere werden auch Substratinterferenzen genannt. Die \u00FCberlagernde Sprache, die ebenfalls kontakt-induzierten Wandel in die entgegengesetzte Richtung ausl\u00F6sen kann, wird dementsprechend Superstrat genannt.Im Falle der Beeinflussung durch Nachbarsprachen spricht man von Adstrat."@de . @prefix gold: . gold:hypernym dbr:Language . @prefix prov: . prov:wasDerivedFrom . @prefix xsd: . dbo:wikiPageLength "31355"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger . @prefix foaf: . foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf .