. . "I castelli scozzesi sono edifici che combinano fortificazioni e residenza, costruiti all'interno dei confini della Scozia moderna e presenti su tutto il suo territorio. Diversi per dimensione e caratteristiche, i castelli scozzesi furono utilizzati come abitazioni reali, come grandi avamposti militari o come fattorie fortificate. Della maggior parte di questi castelli rimangono oggi solo delle rovine. Di altri se ne conosce l'esistenza solo attraverso documenti storici."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Castelli della Scozia"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ch\u00E2teaux \u00E9cossais"@fr . . . . "Scottish castles"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1120390773"^^ . . "Les ch\u00E2teaux \u00E9cossais sont des b\u00E2timents qui combinent fortifications et r\u00E9sidence, construits \u00E0 l'int\u00E9rieur des fronti\u00E8res de l'\u00C9cosse moderne. Les ch\u00E2teaux sont arriv\u00E9s en \u00C9cosse avec l'introduction du f\u00E9odalisme au XIIe si\u00E8cle. Au d\u00E9part, il s'agissait de constructions en motte et bailey en bois, mais beaucoup ont \u00E9t\u00E9 remplac\u00E9es par des ch\u00E2teaux de pierre avec un haut mur-rideau. Pendant les guerres d'ind\u00E9pendance, Robert le Bruce a men\u00E9 une politique d'all\u00E9geance au ch\u00E2teau. \u00C0 la fin du Moyen \u00C2ge, de nouveaux ch\u00E2teaux ont \u00E9t\u00E9 construits, certains \u00E0 plus grande \u00E9chelle en tant que ch\u00E2teaux de \" livr\u00E9e et d'entretien \" pouvant soutenir une grande garnison. L'armement de la poudre \u00E0 canon a conduit \u00E0 l'utilisation de ports d'armes \u00E0 feu, de plates-formes pour monter des canons et des murs adapt\u00E9s pour r\u00E9sister au bombardement. Beaucoup des ch\u00E2teaux m\u00E9di\u00E9vaux tardifs construits aux fronti\u00E8res \u00E9taient sous la forme de maisons-tours, de petites tours de pele ou de maisons de basteaux plus simples. \u00C0 partir du XVe si\u00E8cle, il y a eu une phase de construction de palais de la Renaissance, qui les a restructur\u00E9s en palais de type ch\u00E2teau, \u00E0 partir de Linlithgow. Des \u00E9l\u00E9ments de ch\u00E2teaux m\u00E9di\u00E9vaux, de palais royaux et de maisons-tours ont \u00E9t\u00E9 utilis\u00E9s dans la construction de maisons de la propri\u00E9t\u00E9 baronniale \u00E9cossaise, qui ont \u00E9t\u00E9 construites en grande partie pour le confort, mais avec une apparence de ch\u00E2teau. Aux XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00E8cles, l'importance militaire des ch\u00E2teaux a diminu\u00E9, mais ils sont devenus de plus en plus des attractions touristiques. Des \u00E9l\u00E9ments du style baronnial \u00E9cossais seraient relanc\u00E9s \u00E0 partir de la fin du XVIIIe si\u00E8cle et la tendance serait confirm\u00E9e en popularit\u00E9 par la reconstruction du ch\u00E2teau de Balmoral au XIXe si\u00E8cle et son adoption comme retraite par la reine Victoria . Au XXe si\u00E8cle, il n'y avait que des exemples isol\u00E9s de nouvelles maisons influenc\u00E9es par un ch\u00E2teau. De nombreuses maisons-tours ont \u00E9t\u00E9 r\u00E9nov\u00E9es et de nombreux ch\u00E2teaux ont \u00E9t\u00E9 repris par le National Trust for Scotland ou Historic Scotland et sont ouverts au public."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . "Les ch\u00E2teaux \u00E9cossais sont des b\u00E2timents qui combinent fortifications et r\u00E9sidence, construits \u00E0 l'int\u00E9rieur des fronti\u00E8res de l'\u00C9cosse moderne. Les ch\u00E2teaux sont arriv\u00E9s en \u00C9cosse avec l'introduction du f\u00E9odalisme au XIIe si\u00E8cle. Au d\u00E9part, il s'agissait de constructions en motte et bailey en bois, mais beaucoup ont \u00E9t\u00E9 remplac\u00E9es par des ch\u00E2teaux de pierre avec un haut mur-rideau. Pendant les guerres d'ind\u00E9pendance, Robert le Bruce a men\u00E9 une politique d'all\u00E9geance au ch\u00E2teau. \u00C0 la fin du Moyen \u00C2ge, de nouveaux ch\u00E2teaux ont \u00E9t\u00E9 construits, certains \u00E0 plus grande \u00E9chelle en tant que ch\u00E2teaux de \" livr\u00E9e et d'entretien \" pouvant soutenir une grande garnison. L'armement de la poudre \u00E0 canon a conduit \u00E0 l'utilisation de ports d'armes \u00E0 feu, de plates-formes pour monter des canons et des murs"@fr . . . . . . . . "38402"^^ . . . . . . . . "753192"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Scottish castles are buildings that combine fortifications and residence, built within the borders of modern Scotland. Castles arrived in Scotland with the introduction of feudalism in the twelfth century. Initially these were wooden motte-and-bailey constructions, but many were replaced by stone castles with a high curtain wall. During the Wars of Independence, Robert the Bruce pursued a policy of castle slighting. In the Late Middle Ages, new castles were built, some on a grander scale as \"livery and maintenance\" castles that could support a large garrison. Gunpowder weaponry led to the use of gun ports, platforms to mount guns and walls adapted to resist bombardment. Many of the late Medieval castles built in the borders were in the form of tower houses, smaller pele towers or simpler bastle houses. From the fifteenth century there was a phase of Renaissance palace building, which restructured them as castle-type palaces, beginning at Linlithgow. Elements of Medieval castles, royal palaces and tower houses were used in the construction of Scots baronial estate houses, which were built largely for comfort, but with a castle-like appearance. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the military significance of castles declined, but they increasingly became tourist attractions. Elements of the Scots Baronial style would be revived from the late eighteenth century and the trend would be confirmed in popularity by the rebuilding of Balmoral Castle in the nineteenth century and its adoption as a retreat by Queen Victoria. In the twentieth century there were only isolated examples of new castle-influenced houses. Many tower houses were renovated, and many castles were taken over by the National Trust for Scotland or Historic Scotland and are open to the public."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "I castelli scozzesi sono edifici che combinano fortificazioni e residenza, costruiti all'interno dei confini della Scozia moderna e presenti su tutto il suo territorio. Diversi per dimensione e caratteristiche, i castelli scozzesi furono utilizzati come abitazioni reali, come grandi avamposti militari o come fattorie fortificate. Della maggior parte di questi castelli rimangono oggi solo delle rovine. Di altri se ne conosce l'esistenza solo attraverso documenti storici. Nascono nel XII secolo con l'arrivo del feudalesimo. All'inizio si trattava di costruzioni di legno che successivamente furono sostituite da castelli in pietra. Nel tardo medioevo vennero costruiti castelli pi\u00F9 grandi che potevano ospitare una grande guarnigione. Le armi da fuoco hanno introdotto alcune novit\u00E0 che hanno potenziato la resistenza agli attacchi esterni. Molti dei castelli erano costruiti sotto forma di case a torre. Dal XV secolo vennero ristrutturati come castelli, a partire dal Palazzo di Linlithgow. Le case baronali scozzesi avevano al loro interno elementi dei castelli medioevali, palazzi reali e case a torre. Nel XVII-XVIII secolo il castello inizi\u00F2 a diventare pi\u00F9 un'attrazione turistica che militare. Lo stile baronale fu ripreso alla fine del XVIII secolo, la cui continuit\u00E0 fu affermata con la costruzione del Castello di Balmoral nel secolo successivo. Nel XX secolo il castello influenz\u00F2 meno lo stile delle case, molte case a torre sono state rinnovate e molti castelli sono stati rilevati dall'Historic Scotland e sono aperti al pubblico."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Scottish castles are buildings that combine fortifications and residence, built within the borders of modern Scotland. Castles arrived in Scotland with the introduction of feudalism in the twelfth century. Initially these were wooden motte-and-bailey constructions, but many were replaced by stone castles with a high curtain wall. During the Wars of Independence, Robert the Bruce pursued a policy of castle slighting. In the Late Middle Ages, new castles were built, some on a grander scale as \"livery and maintenance\" castles that could support a large garrison. Gunpowder weaponry led to the use of gun ports, platforms to mount guns and walls adapted to resist bombardment."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .