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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Rwanda
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Rwanda Ruanda 卢旺达 Rwanda Ruanda رواندا Ruanda Rwanda Ruando Rwanda Rwanda Ρουάντα Ruanda 르완다 Ruanda Ruanda Rwanda ルワンダ Руанда Rwanda Ruanda Руанда
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ルワンダ共和国（ルワンダきょうわこく）、通称ルワンダは、東アフリカにある共和制国家。内陸国であり、西はコンゴ民主共和国、北はウガンダ、東はタンザニア、南はブルンジと国境を接する。首都はキガリ。イギリス連邦、東アフリカ共同体、アフリカ連合などの加盟国である。 アフリカで最も人口密度が高い国である。当時の国民の一割以上が犠牲になったルワンダ虐殺（1994年）を経て、和解と社会改革、経済建設を進め、2020年代において治安は比較的良好とされる。 Rwanda, tidigare skrivet Ruanda, formellt Republiken Rwanda (rwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda, franska: République du Rwanda, engelska: Republic of Rwanda), är en suverän stat i Östafrika som gränsar till Burundi, Kongo-Kinshasa, Tanzania och Uganda. Rwanda är det land på det afrikanska fastlandet som har högst befolkningstäthet. رواندا، رسميًا: جمهورية رواندا، هي دولة غير ساحلية تقع في الوادي المتصدع الكبير (الأخدود الأفريقي العظيم)، حيث تلتقي منطقة البحيرات الكبرى الأفريقية وشرق إفريقيا. تعد واحدة من أصغر البلدان في البر الرئيسي الأفريقي، وعاصمتها هي كيغالي. تقع رواندا على بعد درجات قليلة جنوب خط الاستواء، وتحدها أوغندا وتنزانيا وبوروندي وجمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية. تعد رواندا دولة مرتفعة للغاية، ما يمنحها لقب «الأرض ذات الألف تل»، حيث تسود جغرافيتها الجبال في الغرب والسافانا في الشرق، مع العديد من البحيرات في جميع أنحاء البلاد. مناخ رواندا معتدل إلى شبه استوائي، مع موسمين ممطرين وموسمين جافين كل عام. يبلغ عدد سكان رواندا أكثر من 12.6 مليون نسمة يعيشون على 26338 كيلومتر مربع (10169 ميل مربع) من الأرض، وهي الدولة الإفريقية الأكثر كثافة سكانية. Руа́нда (руанда , англ. , фр. и суахили Rwanda), официальное название — Респу́блика Руа́нда (руанда Repubulika y'u Rwanda, англ. Republic of Rwanda, фр. République du Rwanda, суахили Jamhuri ya Rwanda; до 1991 года — Руандийская Респу́блика) — государство в Восточной Африке. По оценочным данным на 2021 год население составляет почти 13 миллионов человек, территория — 26 338 км², плотность населения — 491,4 человека на км². Руанда является членом АКТ, АБР, Африканского союза, , COMESA, ВАС, ООН, ВТО, Содружества наций, Движения неприсоединения и множества других международных организаций. Rwanda (Republika Rwandy, dawniej Ruanda) – państwo w środkowo-wschodniej Afryce o powierzchni 26,4 tys. km². Rwanda graniczy z: Burundi (290 km), Demokratyczną Republiką Konga (217 km), Tanzanią (217 km) i Ugandą (169 km). W 2016 roku w Rwandzie mieszkało 11,901 mln mieszkańców. Językami urzędowymi są: rwanda, angielski i francuski. Stolicą państwa jest Kigali. Od 2006 roku Rwanda podzielona jest na 5 prowincji (dawniej było ich 12). Walutą Rwandy jest frank rwandyjski. ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 르완다 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.)( 비슷한 이름을 가진 앙골라의 수도 루안다에 관해서는 해당 문서를 참조하십시오.) 르완다 공화국(르완다어: Repubulika y'u Rwanda 레푸블리카 유롼다, 프랑스어: République du Rwanda 레퓌블리크 뒤 르왕다[*], 영어: Republic of Rwanda 리퍼블릭 오브 르완다[*], 스와힐리어: Jamhuri ya Rwanda 자무리 야롼다, 국제 음성 기호: /ɾ(ɡ)wɑndɑ/)는 1962년 7월 1일에 벨기에으로부터 독립한 아프리카의 공화국이다. Rwanda (/ruˈɑːndə, -ˈæn-/; Kinyarwanda: u Rwanda [u.ɾɡwaː.nda]), officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet "land of a thousand hills", with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the southeast, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 km2 (10,169 sq mi) of land, and is the most densely populated Руа́нда, офіційна назва — Руандійська Республіка (руанд. Repubulika y'u Rwanda, фр. République du Rwanda, англ. Republic of Rwanda) — країна в східній Африці, межує на півночі з Угандою, сході з Танзанією, півдні з Бурунді і заході з Демократичною Республікою Конго; площа 26338 км²; столиця — місто Кігалі. Il Ruanda (AFI: /ruˈanda/; in kinyarwanda: u Rwanda; in swahili, francese e inglese: Rwanda; in francese desueto anche Rouanda), ufficialmente Repubblica del Ruanda, è uno Stato dell'Africa orientale. Confina a ovest con la Repubblica Democratica del Congo, a nord con l'Uganda, a est con la Tanzania e a sud con il Burundi. Il Ruanda non ha sbocchi sul mare. Dal 1884 al 1919 fece parte della Deutsch-Ostafrika, colonia dell'Impero tedesco, per poi passare, al termine della prima guerra mondiale, al Belgio, da cui ottenne l'indipendenza nel 1962. Le Rwanda, en forme longue la république du Rwanda, (en kinyarwanda : Repubulika y'u Rwanda, en anglais : Republic of Rwanda, en swahili : Jamhuri ya Rwanda), surnommé le « pays des mille collines », est un pays d'Afrique de l'Est. Le Rwanda étend ses 26 338 km2 dans la région des Grands Lacs. Il partage des frontières avec, au nord, l'Ouganda, à l'est, la Tanzanie, au sud, le Burundi, et à l'ouest, la république démocratique du Congo. Sa capitale Kigali est située au centre du pays. 卢旺达共和国（盧安達語：Repubulika y'u Rwanda，法語：République du Rwanda，英語：Republic of Rwanda，斯瓦希里語：Jamhuri ya Rwanda），通称卢旺达，是中非东部主权国家，坐落在赤道以南，与乌干达、坦桑尼亚、布隆迪和刚果民主共和国接壤。卢旺达地处大湖地区，海拔较高，地理上以西部的山区和东部的热带草原为主，全国各地分布有多个湖泊。该国属温带到亚热带气候，每年有两个雨季和两个旱季。 卢旺达的人口主要居住在农村地区，以年轻人为主，密度在非洲国家中位居前列。卢旺达人主要分为三个族群：胡图族、图西族和特瓦族。其中特瓦族是该国生活在森林中的最早居民俾格米人的后代，而在胡图族和图西族的起源上学术界尚未有一致結論，一些学者认为他们是由以前的种族社会衍生，另一部分学者则认为他们分别是从不同的种族和部落迁移过来。基督教是该国第一大宗教，主要语言是卢旺达语，与法语和英语並列為该国的官方语言。卢旺达实行总统制政府，现任总统是卢旺达爱国阵线的保罗·卡加梅，于2000年上任。与邻国相比，如今的卢旺达贪污腐败的程度较低，不过人权组织报告称该国的反对派团体受到压制、言论自由也遭到恐吓和限制。该国自前殖民时期以来就一直由严格的行政级别进行管理，全国按2006年划定的边界分成五个省。此外，卢旺达的女性国会议员比例为世界最高。 Ruanda oder Rwanda [ˈʁu̯anda] (Kinyarwanda u Rwanda, französisch le Rwanda [lə ʁwɑ̃ˈda]) ist ein dicht bevölkerter Binnenstaat in Ostafrika bzw. Zentralafrika. Er grenzt an Burundi, die Demokratische Republik Kongo, Uganda und Tansania. Wegen seiner hügeligen Landschaft wird Ruanda auch „Land der tausend Hügel“ genannt. Auf dem Staatsgebiet verläuft die afrikanische Hauptwasserscheide zwischen den Einzugsgebieten des Nil und des Kongo. Von 1884 bis 1916 war Ruanda als Teil Deutsch-Ostafrikas eine deutsche Kolonie. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde es 1919 belgisches Völkerbundsmandat bzw. nach 1945 UN-Treuhandsgebiet. 1962 erfolgte die Unabhängigkeit. Ruando, formale Respubliko Ruando (ruande: Republika y'u Rwanda, france: République du Rwanda, angle: Republic of Rwanda) estas lando en Centra Afriko. Ruando estas membro de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj kaj Afrika Unio. Ruando nomiĝas la lando de mil montetoj (en la kinjaruanda: Jiguhu cy'Imisozi Igihumbi; en la franca: Pays de Mille Collines). La enlanda milito de la 1990-aj jaroj kaŭzis la amasan ekstermadon de la tucioj. Inter 75 kaj 90 procentoj de la tucia loĝantaro estis mortigita en kelkaj semajnoj en 1994. Ruanda,​ cuyo nombre oficial es República de Rwanda​ (en kiñaruanda, Repubulika y'u Rwanda; en inglés, Republic of Rwanda; en francés, République du Rwanda), es un país en África Oriental sin salida al mar. Limita al norte con Uganda, al este con Tanzania, al sur con Burundi y al oeste con la República Democrática del Congo. Es un pequeño país ubicado en la región de los Grandes Lagos de África; conocido como las «nieblas de África», también por su fauna salvaje, principalmente por sus gorilas de montaña, por sus ciudades típicas y por los parques nacionales y parajes naturales que ofrece su paisaje montañoso. Su terreno fértil y montañoso, que le da el título de «Tierra de las mil colinas» (en francés, Pays des Mille Collines; /pei de mil kɔ.lin/), debe soportar las poblaciones más densas Rwanda (uitspraak: [ruˈʋɑnda] of [ˈrʋɑnda]), officieel de Republiek Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Frans: République du Rwanda, Engels: Republic of Rwanda, Swahili: Jamhuri ya Rwanda), is een land in Oost-Afrika dat grenst aan Congo-Kinshasa, Oeganda, Tanzania en Burundi. Republik Rwanda, dahulu disebut Ruanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda; bahasa Prancis: République du Rwanda; bahasa Inggris: Republic of Rwanda; bahasa Swahili: Jamhuri ya Rwanda), adalah sebuah negara di Afrika Tengah. Negara ini terletak beberapa derajat di bawah garis khatulistiwa dan berbatasan dengan Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, serta Republik Demokratik Kongo. Semua wilayah Rwanda berada pada elevasi tinggi, dengan didominasi oleh pegunungan di bagian barat, sabana di bagian timur, dan berbagai danau tersebar di seluruh negeri. Iklimnya hangat hingga subtropis, dengan dua musim hujan dan musim kemarau per tahun. Η Ρουάντα, επισήμως Δημοκρατία της Ρουάντα, είναι ένα περίκλειστο κράτος της ανατολικής κεντρικής Αφρικής. Βρίσκεται λίγες μοίρες νότια του Ισημερινού, στη Μεγάλη Ρηξιγενή Κοιλάδα στη περιοχή των Μεγάλων Αφρικανικών Λιμνών. Η Ρουάντα συνορεύει με την Ουγκάντα, την Τανζανία, το Μπουρούντι και τη Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό. Το κλίμα είναι εύκρατο έως υποτροπικό, με δύο περιόδους βροχών και δύο περιόδους ξηρασίας κάθε χρόνο. Η Ρουάντα έχει έκταση 26.338 τ.χλμ. και πληθυσμό 13.252.274 κατοίκων, σύμφωνα με επίσημη εκτίμηση για το 2022 και είναι μία από τις πιο πυκνοκατοικημένες ηπειρωτικές χώρες της Αφρικής. Πρωτεύουσα και μεγαλύτερη πόλη είναι το Κιγκάλι. Στο επίκεντρο της παγκόσμιας επικαιρότητας ήρθε λόγω των εθνοτικών συγκρούσεων που έγιναν το 1994 με πάνω από 500.000 θύματα. Η χώρα είναι Ruanda (ingeles, frantses eta kinyarwandaz Rwanda) Afrikako erdi-ekialdeko herrialde txikia da. 26.338 km2 ditu, eta 2011n 11,4 milioi biztanle (ruandarrak) zituen. «Hamaika muinoen herrialdea» ere esaten diote. Hiriburua Kigali da. Is tír atá suite i lár na hAfraice í Poblacht Ruanda, nó Ruanda de ghnáth. Tír talamhiata atá ann, agus tá teorainneacha aici le Uganda, an Bhurúin, Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó agus an Tansáin. Tugtar an leasainm "Tír na Mílte Cnoic" uirthi, mar gheall ar an dtalún torthúil agus cnocach atá aici. Ar an 6 Aibreán 1994, maraíodh Uachtarán Ruanda, Juvénal Habyariman. Thosaigh an cinedhíothú go gairid ina dhiaidh sin. Rwanda, plným názvem Rwandská republika (anglicky Republic of Rwanda, francouzsky République Rwandaise, v kinyarwandě Repubulika y'u Rwanda), je malý vnitrozemský stát ve Střední Africe. Sousedí s Ugandou (na severu), Tanzanií (na východě), Burundi (na jihu) a s Demokratickou republikou Kongo (na západě). Hlavním městem je Kigali. Rozloha je 26 338 km2 Počet obyvatel je k červenci 2009 10 473 282 a 12,786 milionu v prosinci 2019. Drtivá většina obyvatel se hlásí ke křesťanství, buď ke katolické církvi nebo k protestantské. Jako úřední jazyk se používá angličtina. Rwandština a francouzština jsou další používané jazyky, v menší míře svahilština. Ve Rwandě žijí dvě etnické skupiny, a to početnější Hutuové a méně početní Tutsiové. V minulosti byly mezi těmito dvěma etniky nesváry a spory, vedo Ruanda és un país de l'Àfrica central sense sortida al mar, o estat sense litoral. Limita al nord amb Uganda, al sud amb Burundi, a l'est amb Tanzània i a l'oest amb la República Democràtica del Congo (en bona part la frontera la marca el llac Kivu). És un petit país situat a la regió dels Grans Llacs d'Àfrica; conegut com les "boires d'Àfrica", també per la seva fauna salvatge, principalment pels seus goril·les de muntanya, per les seves ciutats típiques i pels parcs nacionals i paratges naturals que ofereix el seu paisatge muntanyenc. El seu terreny fèrtil i muntanyenc que li dona el títol de "Terra dels mil pujols" (en francès: Pays des Mille Collines) ha de suportar les poblacions més denses del continent africà. Ruanda, oficialmente República de Ruanda (português brasileiro) ou do Ruanda (português europeu) (Pronúncia inglesa: /ruːˈændə/ ou /rəˈwɑːndə/; pronúncia quiniaruanda: [ɾwanda] ouAFI: [ɾɡwanda]), é um país sem costa marítima localizado na região dos Grandes Lagos da África centro-oriental, fazendo fronteira com Uganda, Burundi, República Democrática do Congo e Tanzânia.
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Il Ruanda (AFI: /ruˈanda/; in kinyarwanda: u Rwanda; in swahili, francese e inglese: Rwanda; in francese desueto anche Rouanda), ufficialmente Repubblica del Ruanda, è uno Stato dell'Africa orientale. Confina a ovest con la Repubblica Democratica del Congo, a nord con l'Uganda, a est con la Tanzania e a sud con il Burundi. Il Ruanda non ha sbocchi sul mare. Dal 1884 al 1919 fece parte della Deutsch-Ostafrika, colonia dell'Impero tedesco, per poi passare, al termine della prima guerra mondiale, al Belgio, da cui ottenne l'indipendenza nel 1962. Rwanda (/ruˈɑːndə, -ˈæn-/; Kinyarwanda: u Rwanda [u.ɾɡwaː.nda]), officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is highly elevated, giving it the soubriquet "land of a thousand hills", with its geography dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the southeast, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year. Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 km2 (10,169 sq mi) of land, and is the most densely populated mainland African country; among countries larger than 10,000 km2, it is the fifth most densely populated country in the world. One million people live in the capital and largest city Kigali. Hunter-gatherers settled the territory in the Stone and Iron Ages, followed later by Bantu peoples. The population coalesced first into clans, and then, into kingdoms. In the 15th century, one kingdom, under King Gihanga, managed to incorporate several of its close neighbor territories establishing the Kingdom of Rwanda. The Kingdom of Rwanda dominated from the mid-eighteen century, with the Tutsi kings conquering others militarily, centralising power, and enacting anti-Hutu policies. Germany colonised Rwanda in 1897 as part of German East Africa, followed by Belgium, which took control in 1916 during World War I. Both European nations ruled through the Rwandan king and perpetuated a pro-Tutsi policy. The Hutu population revolted in 1959. They massacred numerous Tutsi and ultimately established an independent, Hutu-dominated republic in 1962 led by President Grégoire Kayibanda. A 1973 military coup overthrew Kayibanda and brought Juvénal Habyarimana to power, who retained the pro-Hutu policy. The Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front launched a civil war in 1990. Habyarimana was assassinated in April 1994. Social tensions erupted in the Rwandan genocide that followed, in which Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500,000–1,000,000 Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu in the span of one hundred days. The RPF ended the genocide with a military victory in July 1994. Rwanda has been governed as a unitary presidential system with a bicameral parliament ruled by the Rwandan Patriotic Front since 1994. The country has been governed by a centralized authoritarian government, since precolonial times. Although Rwanda has low levels of corruption compared with neighbouring countries, it ranks among the lowest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties and quality of life. The population is young and predominantly rural; Rwanda has one of the youngest populations in the world. Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. However, within this group there are three subgroups: the Hutu, Tutsi and Twa. The Twa are a forest-dwelling pygmy people and are often considered descendants of Rwanda's earliest inhabitants. Christianity is the largest religion in the country; the principal and national language is Kinyarwanda, spoken by native Rwandans, with English, French and Swahili serving as additional official languages. The economy is based mostly on subsistence agriculture. Coffee and tea are the major cash crops for export. Tourism is a fast-growing sector and is now the country's leading foreign exchange earner. In the 21st century, Rwanda has been described as an emerging tech hub for Africa, with an increase of start-up companies. The country is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, COMESA, OIF and the East African Community. In June 2022, the country hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) originally scheduled for 2020, when it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Is tír atá suite i lár na hAfraice í Poblacht Ruanda, nó Ruanda de ghnáth. Tír talamhiata atá ann, agus tá teorainneacha aici le Uganda, an Bhurúin, Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó agus an Tansáin. Tugtar an leasainm "Tír na Mílte Cnoic" uirthi, mar gheall ar an dtalún torthúil agus cnocach atá aici. Ar an 6 Aibreán 1994, maraíodh Uachtarán Ruanda, Juvénal Habyariman. Thosaigh an cinedhíothú go gairid ina dhiaidh sin. Rwanda (uitspraak: [ruˈʋɑnda] of [ˈrʋɑnda]), officieel de Republiek Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Frans: République du Rwanda, Engels: Republic of Rwanda, Swahili: Jamhuri ya Rwanda), is een land in Oost-Afrika dat grenst aan Congo-Kinshasa, Oeganda, Tanzania en Burundi. Ruanda,​ cuyo nombre oficial es República de Rwanda​ (en kiñaruanda, Repubulika y'u Rwanda; en inglés, Republic of Rwanda; en francés, République du Rwanda), es un país en África Oriental sin salida al mar. Limita al norte con Uganda, al este con Tanzania, al sur con Burundi y al oeste con la República Democrática del Congo. Es un pequeño país ubicado en la región de los Grandes Lagos de África; conocido como las «nieblas de África», también por su fauna salvaje, principalmente por sus gorilas de montaña, por sus ciudades típicas y por los parques nacionales y parajes naturales que ofrece su paisaje montañoso. Su terreno fértil y montañoso, que le da el título de «Tierra de las mil colinas» (en francés, Pays des Mille Collines; /pei de mil kɔ.lin/), debe soportar las poblaciones más densas del continente africano. Ruanda es un país de rentas bajas, que en la última década está consiguiendo las cuotas de crecimiento más altas del continente.​​ Gran parte de la población trabaja en la agricultura, principalmente de subsistencia, pero hay una creciente producción mineral y procesamiento de productos agrícolas.​ El turismo es actualmente la principal fuente de renta del país, y desde 2008 la minería ha sobrepasado al café y té como principal fuente de productos para exportación. Aunque es recordado aún hoy por las sangrientas guerras que lo azotaron a final del pasado siglo, y particularmente por el genocidio ocurrido en 1994, en el que las muertes superaron el millón de personas, Ruanda es, dos décadas más tarde, el país más seguro del continente y el quinto a nivel mundial, según el informe Gallup 2015,​ el cual mide la sensación de seguridad ciudadana; según el Foro Económico Mundial, es igualmente el más seguro del continente y el noveno del mundo.​ Por otra parte, el Índice de Paz Global, que incluye factores como el nivel de militarización o las relaciones exteriores, coloca a Ruanda en el puesto 103° del mundo, siendo el peor dato la proporción de población encarcelada, aún muy elevado tras los juicios por el genocidio.​ Ruanda ha desarrollado algunas de las políticas más favorables del mundo para las mujeres. La Constitución ruandesa ha exigido que las mujeres ocupen un 30 por ciento de los puestos electos. Hoy, con 49 mujeres en el parlamento, el porcentaje asciende al 61 por ciento: el más alto del mundo. Cuatro de los siete puestos del tribunal supremo están ocupados por mujeres.​ Руа́нда (руанда , англ. , фр. и суахили Rwanda), официальное название — Респу́блика Руа́нда (руанда Repubulika y'u Rwanda, англ. Republic of Rwanda, фр. République du Rwanda, суахили Jamhuri ya Rwanda; до 1991 года — Руандийская Респу́блика) — государство в Восточной Африке. По оценочным данным на 2021 год население составляет почти 13 миллионов человек, территория — 26 338 км², плотность населения — 491,4 человека на км². Столица — город Кигали. Официальных языков четыре — руанда, английский, французский и суахили. Унитарное государство, президентская республика. Пост президента с 2000 года непрерывно занимает Поль Кагаме. Подразделяется на 5 провинций, состоящих из 30 районов. Республика располагается в центре Африки к югу от Сахары (самая западная часть восточной Африки), в районе Великих Африканских озёр. Не имеет выхода к морю. Руанда граничит с Демократической Республикой Конго на западе, Угандой на севере, Танзанией на востоке и Бурунди на юге. Народ страны, ньяруанда (по государственной принадлежности — руандеры), в честь которого она и получила название , состоит из трёх национальных групп — наиболее многочисленных хуту, составляющих около 15 % населения тутси и малочисленных пигмеев тва. Большая часть населения — христиане, примерно одинаковое количество людей исповедует католичество и различные ветви протестантизма. Преимущественно аграрная страна, но с относительно быстро растущей экономикой. Объём ВВП по паритету покупательной способности на 2020 год — 33 миллиарда 455 миллионов долларов (около 2641 доллара на душу населения). Денежная единица — руандийский франк. Заселение территории страны произошло не позднее последней ледниковой эпохи. С середины XIV века на территории образовались несколько племенных «княжеств», которые к концу века слились в единое «королевство» под властью тутси. В дальнейшем территорию открыли европейцы во главе с британским генералом Джоном Спиком, а позже завоевали немцы. По итогам Первой мировой войны территория «королевства» перешла в качестве мандатной территории Бельгии. Независимость страны провозглашена хуту 1 июля 1962 года, через год после фактического окончания революции. 11 лет спустя произошёл военный переворот. В 1990 началась гражданская война, которая привела к одному из крупнейших геноцидов в истории и последующему установлению власти Руандийского патриотического фронта тутси. Руанда является членом АКТ, АБР, Африканского союза, , COMESA, ВАС, ООН, ВТО, Содружества наций, Движения неприсоединения и множества других международных организаций. Republik Rwanda, dahulu disebut Ruanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda; bahasa Prancis: République du Rwanda; bahasa Inggris: Republic of Rwanda; bahasa Swahili: Jamhuri ya Rwanda), adalah sebuah negara di Afrika Tengah. Negara ini terletak beberapa derajat di bawah garis khatulistiwa dan berbatasan dengan Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, serta Republik Demokratik Kongo. Semua wilayah Rwanda berada pada elevasi tinggi, dengan didominasi oleh pegunungan di bagian barat, sabana di bagian timur, dan berbagai danau tersebar di seluruh negeri. Iklimnya hangat hingga subtropis, dengan dua musim hujan dan musim kemarau per tahun. Penduduk Rwanda relatif muda dan masih didominasi pedesaan, sementara kepadatan penduduknya merupakan salah satu yang tertinggi di Afrika. Di Rwanda terdapat tiga kelompok: Hutu, Tutsi, dan Twa. Twa adalah pigmi yang tinggal di hutan dan merupakan keturunan dari penduduk paling pertama Rwanda, tetapi para ahli masih belum sepakat mengenai asal usul dan perbedaan antara Hutu dan Tutsi; beberapa meyakini bahwa keduanya merupakan kasta sosial, sementara yang lain memandangnya sebagai ras atau suku. Kekristenan adalah agama mayoritas di Rwanda, dan bahasa utamanya adalah Bahasa Kinyarwanda, yang dituturkan oleh sebagian besar penduduk Rwanda. Sistem pemerintahan di Rwanda adalah sistem presidensial. Presiden Rwanda adalah Paul Kagame dari Partai Front Patriotik Rwanda (FPR), yang mulai berkuasa pada tahun 2000. Rwanda memiliki tingkat korupsi yang rendah dibandingkan dengan negara-negara tetangganya, tetapi organisasi-organisasi kemanusiaan menyatakan penindasan terhadap golongan oposisi, intimidasi, dan pelarangan dalam kebabasan berpendapat. Negara ini telah diperintah oleh pemerintah administrasi hierarki yang ketat sejak masa pra-kolonial. Di sana sekarang ada 5 provinsi, yang digariskan oleh batas yang digambar pada tahun 2006. Pemburu-pengumpul menetap di wilayah ini pada Zaman Batu dan Zaman Besi, diikuti oleh Suku Bantu. Penduduk pun bersatu, pertama-tama sebagai lalu menjadi kerajaan. Kerajaan Rwanda mendominasi dari masa pertengahan abad ke-18, dengan raja-raja Tutsi yang menguasai yang lain secara militer, memusatkan kekuasaan, dan kemudian mengesahkan kebijakan anti-Hutu.Jerman menjajah Rwanda pada tahun 1884, diikuti oleh Belgia, yang menginvasi pada tahun 1916 saat Perang Dunia I. Kedua negara Eropa tersebut memerintah melalui raja-raja dan menetapkan kebijakan pro-Tutsi. Penduduk Hutu memberontak pada tahun 1959, membantai Suku Tutsi dalam jumlah besar dan akhirnya mendirikan negara bebas yang didominasi oleh Hutu pada tahun 1962. Front Patriotik Rwanda yang dipimpin oleh Tutsi melancarkan Perang Saudara Rwanda pada tahun 1990, lalu diikuti oleh Genosida Rwanda tahun 1994. Dalam peristiwa tersebut, ekstremis Hutu membunuh sekitar 500.000 sampai 1 juta (perkiraan) Tutsi dan kaum Hutu moderat. Ekonomi Rwanda mengalami kekacauan selama Genosida Rwanda 1994, tetapi setelah itu menguat. Ekonominya didasarkan terutama pada sektor agrikultur. Kopi dan teh merupakan komoditas ekspor yang menjadi sumber devisa utama. Pariwisata merupakan sektor yang berkembang pesat dan kini merupakan sumber devisa utama; di negara ini gorila pegunungan dapat dikunjungi dengan aman, dan wisatawan siap membayar mahal untuk memperoleh izin melacak gorila. Musik dan tari merupakan bagian penting dalam budaya Rwanda, terutama drum dan tari intore. Seni dan kerajinan tradisional juga dibuat di seluruh negeri, seperti imigongo, seni kotoran sapi yang unik. Руа́нда, офіційна назва — Руандійська Республіка (руанд. Repubulika y'u Rwanda, фр. République du Rwanda, англ. Republic of Rwanda) — країна в східній Африці, межує на півночі з Угандою, сході з Танзанією, півдні з Бурунді і заході з Демократичною Республікою Конго; площа 26338 км²; столиця — місто Кігалі. Rwanda, plným názvem Rwandská republika (anglicky Republic of Rwanda, francouzsky République Rwandaise, v kinyarwandě Repubulika y'u Rwanda), je malý vnitrozemský stát ve Střední Africe. Sousedí s Ugandou (na severu), Tanzanií (na východě), Burundi (na jihu) a s Demokratickou republikou Kongo (na západě). Hlavním městem je Kigali. Rozloha je 26 338 km2 Počet obyvatel je k červenci 2009 10 473 282 a 12,786 milionu v prosinci 2019. Drtivá většina obyvatel se hlásí ke křesťanství, buď ke katolické církvi nebo k protestantské. Jako úřední jazyk se používá angličtina. Rwandština a francouzština jsou další používané jazyky, v menší míře svahilština. Ve Rwandě žijí dvě etnické skupiny, a to početnější Hutuové a méně početní Tutsiové. V minulosti byly mezi těmito dvěma etniky nesváry a spory, vedoucí až ke genocidě v roce 1994. Od roku 2009 je Rwanda členem Commonwealthu. Ruanda, oficialmente República de Ruanda (português brasileiro) ou do Ruanda (português europeu) (Pronúncia inglesa: /ruːˈændə/ ou /rəˈwɑːndə/; pronúncia quiniaruanda: [ɾwanda] ouAFI: [ɾɡwanda]), é um país sem costa marítima localizado na região dos Grandes Lagos da África centro-oriental, fazendo fronteira com Uganda, Burundi, República Democrática do Congo e Tanzânia. Ruanda recebeu uma atenção internacional considerável devido ao genocídio ocorrido em 1994, no qual cerca de 800 mil pessoas foram mortas. Desde então, o país viveu uma grande recuperação social e, hoje em dia, apresenta um modelo de desenvolvimento que é considerado exemplar para países em desenvolvimento. Em 2009, uma reportagem da rede de notícias CNN classificou Ruanda como tendo a história de maior sucesso do continente, tendo alcançado estabilidade, crescimento da economia (a renda média triplicou nos últimos dez anos) e integração internacional. Em 2007, a revista Fortune publicou um artigo intitulado "Why CEOs Love Rwanda" (Por que os CEOs amam Ruanda, em tradução livre). A capital, Quigali, é a primeira cidade africana a ser galardoada com o Habitat Scroll of Honor Award, em reconhecimento de sua "limpeza, segurança e conservação do modelo urbano". Em 2008, Ruanda tornou-se o primeiro país a eleger uma legislatura nacional na qual a maioria dos membros era mulheres. Ruanda aderiu à Commonwealth of Nations em 29 de novembro de 2009 como seu quinquagésimo quarto membro, fazendo do país um dos apenas três membros sem um passado colonial britânico. A população é predominantemente jovem e rural, com uma densidade entre as mais altas na África. Os ruandeses são provenientes de apenas um grupo cultural e linguístico, o Banyarwanda, embora dentro deste grupo há três subgrupos: os hútus, tútsis e os tuás. Os tuás são pigmeus que habitam a floresta, descendentes dos primeiros habitantes de Ruanda. Estudiosos discordam sobre as origens e as diferenças entre os hútus e tútsis; alguns acreditam que as diferenças são derivadas de antigas castas sociais dentro de um único povo, enquanto outros acreditam que os hútus e tútsis chegaram ao país separadamente e de diferentes locais. O cristianismo é a maior religião do país e a língua principal é o quiniaruanda, falado pela maioria dos ruandeses, com o inglês, francês e o suaíli servindo como línguas oficiais. Ruanda tem um sistema presidencialista de governo. O presidente atual é Paul Kagame, da Frente Patriótica Ruandesa (RPF), que assumiu o cargo em 2000. Ruanda hoje tem baixo nível de corrupção em comparação com os países vizinhos, embora as organizações de direitos humanos relatam supressão de grupos de oposição, a intimidação e as restrições à liberdade de expressão. O país tem sido governado por uma hierarquia administrativa desde os tempos pré-coloniais. Há cinco províncias delineadas por fronteiras estabelecidas em 2006. O Ruanda é um dos dois únicos países com maioria feminina no parlamento nacional. Embora próximo da Linha do Equador, o país possui um clima temperado fresco, devido a sua alta elevação. O terreno consiste principalmente de planaltos gramíneos e colinas suaves. A abundante vida selvagem, incluindo raros gorilas-das-montanhas, resultou no turismo tornando-se um dos maiores setores da economia do país. Ruando, formale Respubliko Ruando (ruande: Republika y'u Rwanda, france: République du Rwanda, angle: Republic of Rwanda) estas lando en Centra Afriko. Ruando estas membro de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj kaj Afrika Unio. Ruando nomiĝas la lando de mil montetoj (en la kinjaruanda: Jiguhu cy'Imisozi Igihumbi; en la franca: Pays de Mille Collines). La enlanda milito de la 1990-aj jaroj kaŭzis la amasan ekstermadon de la tucioj. Inter 75 kaj 90 procentoj de la tucia loĝantaro estis mortigita en kelkaj semajnoj en 1994. Le Rwanda, en forme longue la république du Rwanda, (en kinyarwanda : Repubulika y'u Rwanda, en anglais : Republic of Rwanda, en swahili : Jamhuri ya Rwanda), surnommé le « pays des mille collines », est un pays d'Afrique de l'Est. Le Rwanda étend ses 26 338 km2 dans la région des Grands Lacs. Il partage des frontières avec, au nord, l'Ouganda, à l'est, la Tanzanie, au sud, le Burundi, et à l'ouest, la république démocratique du Congo. Sa capitale Kigali est située au centre du pays. Les Rwandais parlent le kinyarwanda, et vivent dans les collines qui constituent la localisation de référence des habitats. Les Banyarwandas, le groupe culturel du pays est divisé en trois sous-groupes, les Twa, les Hutu et les Tutsi, qui constituent respectivement 1 %, 84 %, et 15 % de la population. Le Rwanda est établi comme un royaume au XVe siècle dirigé par des rois Tutsi avant de devenir une partie de la colonie allemande de l'Afrique orientale allemande en 1885. Après la défaite de l'Allemagne à l'issue de la Première Guerre mondiale, le territoire fait partie de la colonie belge du Ruanda-Urundi en 1923. Les deux puissances coloniales pratiquent une politique pro-Tutsi à travers la monarchie et engendrent du ressentiment dans la majorité Hutu. La révolution rwandaise mène à la chute de la monarchie, la création d'un gouvernement républicain dominé par des Hutu, et l'indépendance du pays en 1962 sous le président Grégoire Kayibanda. Lors d'un coup d'État en 1973, Juvénal Habyarimana lui succède et continue une politique pro-Hutu. Après l'assassinat de Habyarimana en avril 1994, le pays connaît le génocide des Tutsis qui se termine en juillet 1994 par une victoire militaire du Front patriotique rwandais (FPR), un groupe rebelle dirigé par des Tutsi menant une guerre civile contre le gouvernement de Habyarimana depuis 1990. Le président actuel du pays est Paul Kagame, un ancien commandant du FPR en fonction depuis 2000. En 2003, il promulgue une nouvelle constitution mettant fin aux discriminations. Il est souvent qualifié de dictateur par des observateurs. Le Rwanda est membre de l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU), de l'Union africaine (UA), depuis juin 2007, de la Communauté d'Afrique de l'Est, de l'Organisation internationale de la francophonie (OIF), et depuis le 29 novembre 2009 du Commonwealth. En français, les graphies Ruanda et Rouanda ont aussi été utilisées avant l'indépendance en 1962 pour désigner le pays. ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 르완다 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.)( 비슷한 이름을 가진 앙골라의 수도 루안다에 관해서는 해당 문서를 참조하십시오.) 르완다 공화국(르완다어: Repubulika y'u Rwanda 레푸블리카 유롼다, 프랑스어: République du Rwanda 레퓌블리크 뒤 르왕다[*], 영어: Republic of Rwanda 리퍼블릭 오브 르완다[*], 스와힐리어: Jamhuri ya Rwanda 자무리 야롼다, 국제 음성 기호: /ɾ(ɡ)wɑndɑ/)는 1962년 7월 1일에 벨기에으로부터 독립한 아프리카의 공화국이다. Ruanda (ingeles, frantses eta kinyarwandaz Rwanda) Afrikako erdi-ekialdeko herrialde txikia da. 26.338 km2 ditu, eta 2011n 11,4 milioi biztanle (ruandarrak) zituen. «Hamaika muinoen herrialdea» ere esaten diote. Hiriburua Kigali da. Ruanda és un país de l'Àfrica central sense sortida al mar, o estat sense litoral. Limita al nord amb Uganda, al sud amb Burundi, a l'est amb Tanzània i a l'oest amb la República Democràtica del Congo (en bona part la frontera la marca el llac Kivu). És un petit país situat a la regió dels Grans Llacs d'Àfrica; conegut com les "boires d'Àfrica", també per la seva fauna salvatge, principalment pels seus goril·les de muntanya, per les seves ciutats típiques i pels parcs nacionals i paratges naturals que ofereix el seu paisatge muntanyenc. El seu terreny fèrtil i muntanyenc que li dona el títol de "Terra dels mil pujols" (en francès: Pays des Mille Collines) ha de suportar les poblacions més denses del continent africà. La dependència de l'agricultura de subsistència, la densitat demogràfica alta i en augment, la disminució de la fertilitat del sòl i el clima incert fan de Ruanda un país on la desnutrició crònica és estesa i la pobresa endèmica. És recordat per les sagnants guerres que el van assotar recentment i particularment pel genocidi ocorregut el 1994, en el qual les morts van superar el milió de persones. 卢旺达共和国（盧安達語：Repubulika y'u Rwanda，法語：République du Rwanda，英語：Republic of Rwanda，斯瓦希里語：Jamhuri ya Rwanda），通称卢旺达，是中非东部主权国家，坐落在赤道以南，与乌干达、坦桑尼亚、布隆迪和刚果民主共和国接壤。卢旺达地处大湖地区，海拔较高，地理上以西部的山区和东部的热带草原为主，全国各地分布有多个湖泊。该国属温带到亚热带气候，每年有两个雨季和两个旱季。 卢旺达的人口主要居住在农村地区，以年轻人为主，密度在非洲国家中位居前列。卢旺达人主要分为三个族群：胡图族、图西族和特瓦族。其中特瓦族是该国生活在森林中的最早居民俾格米人的后代，而在胡图族和图西族的起源上学术界尚未有一致結論，一些学者认为他们是由以前的种族社会衍生，另一部分学者则认为他们分别是从不同的种族和部落迁移过来。基督教是该国第一大宗教，主要语言是卢旺达语，与法语和英语並列為该国的官方语言。卢旺达实行总统制政府，现任总统是卢旺达爱国阵线的保罗·卡加梅，于2000年上任。与邻国相比，如今的卢旺达贪污腐败的程度较低，不过人权组织报告称该国的反对派团体受到压制、言论自由也遭到恐吓和限制。该国自前殖民时期以来就一直由严格的行政级别进行管理，全国按2006年划定的边界分成五个省。此外，卢旺达的女性国会议员比例为世界最高。 卢旺达自石器和铁器时代就有人口在此狩猎采集，之后又有班图人迁入。这些人口起初聚集成氏族社会，之后形成王国。18世纪中期，开始统治这片土地，图西族国王征服了其他民族，集中权力，后来还制定了反胡图族的政策。1884年，德国开始对东非实行殖民统治，卢旺达也相应成为德国殖民地，之后又在1916年一战期间成为比利时殖民地。这两个欧洲国家都是通过卢旺达国王来统治该国，并延续其亲图西族政策。1959年，胡图族起兵造反，屠杀了大量图西族人，最终在1962年建立了一个以胡图族人占主导地位的独立国家。1990年，图西族领导的卢旺达爱国阵线发起内战，随之而来的是1994年的种族灭绝，估计受胡图族极端分子屠杀的图西族人與温和派胡图族人有50至100万。最终卢旺达爱国阵线取得了军事上的胜利，这场种族灭绝才相应中止。 卢旺达的经济在1994年的大屠杀期间受到重创，不过此后得以复苏。国家经济主要依靠自给农业，咖啡和茶叶是主要的出口经济作物。该国旅游业增长迅速，如今已是占主导地位的外汇收入来源。卢旺达是仅有的两个能够安全看到山地大猩猩的国家之一，许多游客都愿意为获得大猩猩的追踪许可支付高价。音乐和舞蹈是该国文化的重要组成部分，特别是鼓乐和一种名为“intore”的民族舞蹈。全国各地都有传统工艺品制作，其中包括一种名为“imigongo”，使用牛粪制作的独特艺术品。 Rwanda, tidigare skrivet Ruanda, formellt Republiken Rwanda (rwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda, franska: République du Rwanda, engelska: Republic of Rwanda), är en suverän stat i Östafrika som gränsar till Burundi, Kongo-Kinshasa, Tanzania och Uganda. Rwanda är det land på det afrikanska fastlandet som har högst befolkningstäthet. Η Ρουάντα, επισήμως Δημοκρατία της Ρουάντα, είναι ένα περίκλειστο κράτος της ανατολικής κεντρικής Αφρικής. Βρίσκεται λίγες μοίρες νότια του Ισημερινού, στη Μεγάλη Ρηξιγενή Κοιλάδα στη περιοχή των Μεγάλων Αφρικανικών Λιμνών. Η Ρουάντα συνορεύει με την Ουγκάντα, την Τανζανία, το Μπουρούντι και τη Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό. Το κλίμα είναι εύκρατο έως υποτροπικό, με δύο περιόδους βροχών και δύο περιόδους ξηρασίας κάθε χρόνο. Η Ρουάντα έχει έκταση 26.338 τ.χλμ. και πληθυσμό 13.252.274 κατοίκων, σύμφωνα με επίσημη εκτίμηση για το 2022 και είναι μία από τις πιο πυκνοκατοικημένες ηπειρωτικές χώρες της Αφρικής. Πρωτεύουσα και μεγαλύτερη πόλη είναι το Κιγκάλι. Στο επίκεντρο της παγκόσμιας επικαιρότητας ήρθε λόγω των εθνοτικών συγκρούσεων που έγιναν το 1994 με πάνω από 500.000 θύματα. Η χώρα είναι μέλος της Αφρικανικής Ένωσης, των Ηνωμένων Εθνών, της Κοινοπολιτείας των Εθνών, του Διεθνή Οργανισμού Γαλλοφωνίας και της Κοινότητας Κρατών της Ανατολικής Αφρικής. Rwanda (Republika Rwandy, dawniej Ruanda) – państwo w środkowo-wschodniej Afryce o powierzchni 26,4 tys. km². Rwanda graniczy z: Burundi (290 km), Demokratyczną Republiką Konga (217 km), Tanzanią (217 km) i Ugandą (169 km). W 2016 roku w Rwandzie mieszkało 11,901 mln mieszkańców. Językami urzędowymi są: rwanda, angielski i francuski. Stolicą państwa jest Kigali. Od 2006 roku Rwanda podzielona jest na 5 prowincji (dawniej było ich 12). Walutą Rwandy jest frank rwandyjski. Rwanda należy do: Międzynarodowej Organizacji Pracy, Międzynarodowego Banku Odbudowy i Rozwoju, Międzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego, Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych, Światowej Organizacji Handlu, Unii Afrykańskiej. W listopadzie 2009 roku Rwanda przystąpiła do Wspólnoty Narodów. ルワンダ共和国（ルワンダきょうわこく）、通称ルワンダは、東アフリカにある共和制国家。内陸国であり、西はコンゴ民主共和国、北はウガンダ、東はタンザニア、南はブルンジと国境を接する。首都はキガリ。イギリス連邦、東アフリカ共同体、アフリカ連合などの加盟国である。 アフリカで最も人口密度が高い国である。当時の国民の一割以上が犠牲になったルワンダ虐殺（1994年）を経て、和解と社会改革、経済建設を進め、2020年代において治安は比較的良好とされる。 رواندا، رسميًا: جمهورية رواندا، هي دولة غير ساحلية تقع في الوادي المتصدع الكبير (الأخدود الأفريقي العظيم)، حيث تلتقي منطقة البحيرات الكبرى الأفريقية وشرق إفريقيا. تعد واحدة من أصغر البلدان في البر الرئيسي الأفريقي، وعاصمتها هي كيغالي. تقع رواندا على بعد درجات قليلة جنوب خط الاستواء، وتحدها أوغندا وتنزانيا وبوروندي وجمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية. تعد رواندا دولة مرتفعة للغاية، ما يمنحها لقب «الأرض ذات الألف تل»، حيث تسود جغرافيتها الجبال في الغرب والسافانا في الشرق، مع العديد من البحيرات في جميع أنحاء البلاد. مناخ رواندا معتدل إلى شبه استوائي، مع موسمين ممطرين وموسمين جافين كل عام. يبلغ عدد سكان رواندا أكثر من 12.6 مليون نسمة يعيشون على 26338 كيلومتر مربع (10169 ميل مربع) من الأرض، وهي الدولة الإفريقية الأكثر كثافة سكانية. يشكل الشباب نسبة كبيرة من عدد السكان وغالبيتهم من الريف. ينحدر الروانديون من مجموعة ثقافية ولغوية واحدة، وهي مجموعة بانيارواندا. ومع ذلك، يوجد ضمن هذه المجموعة ثلاث مجموعات فرعية: الهوتو والتوتسي والتوا. التوا يعيشون في الغابات وكانوا يمتهنون الصيد لجمع قوتهم وغالبًا ما يُعتبرون من نسل السكان الأوائل لرواندا. يختلف العلماء حول أصول الهوتو والتوتسي والاختلافات بينهم؛ يعتقد البعض أن الاختلافات مشتقة من طبقات اجتماعية سابقة داخل شعب واحد، بينما يعتقد البعض الآخر أن الهوتو والتوتسي وصلوا إلى البلاد بشكل منفصل ومن مواقع مختلفة. يعتنق معظم سكان البلاد الديانة المسيحية. اللغة الرئيسية هي كينيارواندا، التي يتحدث بها معظم الروانديين، مع استخدام الإنجليزية والفرنسية كلغات رسمية إضافية. دولة رواندا ذات السيادة لديها نظام حكم رئاسي. الرئيس هو بول كاغامه من الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية (آر بّي إف)، والذي خدم بشكل مستمر منذ عام 2000. واليوم، تمتلك رواندا مستويات منخفضة من الفساد مقارنة بالدول المجاورة، على الرغم من أن منظمات حقوق الإنسان أبلغت عن قمع جماعات المعارضة، والترهيب والقيود المفروضة على حرية التعبير. حكم البلد بتسلسل هرمي إداري صارم منذ فترات ما قبل الاستعمار؛ هناك خمس مقاطعات جرى رسمها بالحدود في عام 2006. رواندا هي واحدة من ثلاث دول فقط في العالم ذات أغلبية نسائية في البرلمان الوطني، والبلدين الآخرين هما بوليفيا وكوبا. استقر التوا (الباحثون عن الطعام، الصيادون) في المنطقة خلال العصور الحجرية والحديدية، تلتهم شعوب البانتو لاحقًا. اندمج السكان أولًا في العشائر ثم في الممالك. هيمنت مملكة رواندا منذ منتصف القرن الثامن عشر، إذ غزا ملوك التوتسي الآخرين عسكريًا، واستولوا على السلطة ثم سنوا لاحقًا سياسات مناهضة للهوتو. استعمرت ألمانيا رواندا في عام 1884 كجزء من شرق إفريقيا الألمانية، تلتها بلجيكا التي غزت البلاد في عام 1916 خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى. وحكمت كلتا الدولتين الأوروبيتين من خلال الملوك وأرستا سياسة مؤيدة للتوتسي. ثار سكان الهوتو في عام 1959. ذبحوا العديد من التوتسي وأسسوا في نهاية المطاف جمهورية مستقلة يهيمن عليها الهوتو في عام 1962. شهد الانقلاب العسكري عام 1973 تغييرًا في القيادة، لكن السياسة المؤيدة للهوتو بقيت قائمة. شنت الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية التي يقودها التوتسي حربًا أهلية في عام 1990. وقُتل رئيسا رواندا وبوروندي -كلاهما من الهوتو- عندما أسقطت طائرتهما في 6 أبريل 1994. واندلعت التوترات الاجتماعية في الإبادة الجماعية عام 1994 التي أعقبت ذلك. قتل المتطرفون ما يقدر بنحو 500,000 - 1,000,000 من التوتسي والمعتدلين الهوتو. أنهت الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية الإبادة الجماعية بانتصار عسكري. عانى الاقتصاد النامي في رواندا بشدة في أعقاب الإبادة الجماعية عام 1994، لكنه تعزز منذ ذلك الحين. ويستند الاقتصاد في معظمه إلى زراعة الكفاف. تعد القهوة والشاي المواد الرئيسية للتصدير. السياحة قطاع سريع النمو وهو الآن أكبر مصدر للعملات الأجنبية في البلاد. تعد رواندا واحدة من دولتين فقط يمكن فيهما زيارة الغوريلا الجبلية بأمان، ويدفع الزوار أسعارًا عالية للحصول على تصاريح تتبع الغوريلا. تعد الموسيقى والرقص جزءًا لا يتجزأ من الثقافة الرواندية، ولا سيما الطبول والرقص الداخلي عالي التصميم. تنتج الفنون والحرف التقليدية في جميع أنحاء البلاد، بما في ذلك الإميغونغو، وهو فن فريد من نوعه يصنع من روث البقر. تخضع رواندا لنظام رئاسي موحد مع برلمان من مجلسين تحكمه الجبهة الوطنية الرواندية منذ عام 1994. الدولة عضو في الاتحاد الأفريقي والأمم المتحدة وكومنولث الأمم والكوميسا والمنظمة الدولية للناطقين بالفرنسية ومجموعة شرق إفريقيا. Ruanda oder Rwanda [ˈʁu̯anda] (Kinyarwanda u Rwanda, französisch le Rwanda [lə ʁwɑ̃ˈda]) ist ein dicht bevölkerter Binnenstaat in Ostafrika bzw. Zentralafrika. Er grenzt an Burundi, die Demokratische Republik Kongo, Uganda und Tansania. Wegen seiner hügeligen Landschaft wird Ruanda auch „Land der tausend Hügel“ genannt. Auf dem Staatsgebiet verläuft die afrikanische Hauptwasserscheide zwischen den Einzugsgebieten des Nil und des Kongo. Von 1884 bis 1916 war Ruanda als Teil Deutsch-Ostafrikas eine deutsche Kolonie. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde es 1919 belgisches Völkerbundsmandat bzw. nach 1945 UN-Treuhandsgebiet. 1962 erfolgte die Unabhängigkeit. Wegen struktureller Probleme, einer hohen Bevölkerungsdichte und Konflikten zwischen den Volksgruppen der Hutu und Tutsi – die im Völkermord an den Tutsi 1994 gipfelten, in dessen Rahmen etwa 800.000 ethnische Tutsi und gemäßigte Hutu von radikalen Hutu ermordet wurden – zählte das Land zu den ärmsten in Afrika. Seit dem Ende des Bürgerkrieges setzte ein wirtschaftlicher Wiederaufbauprozess ein, der unter anderem durch die Ausbeutung von Rohstoffen in den östlichen Kongoprovinzen begünstigt wurde. Seit dem Jahr 2000 amtiert Paul Kagame als Präsident, der das Land autoritär in einer Art Erziehungs- und Entwicklungsdiktatur regiert. Das Regierungssystem steht international in der Kritik wegen mangelnder Pressefreiheit, Unterdrückung der Opposition, Manipulation von Wahlen sowie der Destabilisierung des Ostkongo. Mit einer durchschnittlichen jährlichen Wirtschaftswachstumsrate von etwa 8 Prozent im Zeitraum 2001 bis 2015 gehört Ruanda seit längerem zu den Ländern Afrikas mit dem stärksten Wirtschaftswachstum. Weite Teile der Wirtschaft werden durch die regierende Partei Ruandische Patriotische Front kontrolliert. Kennzeichnend für die ruandische Gesellschaft ist auch die hohe Teilhabe von Frauen an der wirtschaftlichen und politischen Macht.
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