. . . . . . . . "* Annexation ofCircassiaby theRussian Empire" . "Qerandiqo Berzeg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"1000000"^^ . . . "Georgi Emmanuel"@en . . "Natukhaj(until 1860)" . . "Aytech Qanoqo (D)"@en . "Alexander I"@en . . . "Circassian Confederational Army\n----\nForeign volunteers"@en . "20000"^^ . . . "(\u2026and others)"@en . . . . . "651000"^^ . "1124606452"^^ . "Ismail Berzeg"@en . "If you decide to continue fighting this war against us, you should know that no power has ever been able to bring our mountains to their knees, and we have never submitted to anyone."@en . . "1,000\u20135,000 (Estimate)" . . . . "Perang Rusia-Adighe atau Perang Rusia-Sirkasia (1763\u20131864) adalah peperangan yang terjadi di wilayah Sirkasia di Kaukasus barat laut yang merupakan bagian dari proses penaklukan wilayah Kaukasus oleh Kekaisaran Rusia yang berlangsung selama sekitar 101 tahun (dari masa Tsar Pyotr yang Agung hingga tahun 1864). Sejarawan yang menggunakan istilah \"Perang Rusia-Sirkasia\" menjadikan tahun 1763 sebagai awal mula peperangan, karena pada tahun tersebut Rusia mulai mendirikan benteng-benteng (termasuk benteng di Mozdok) yang menjadi basis untuk melancarkan penaklukan. Perang Rusia-Aidghe berakhir setelah para pemimpin Adighe menyatakan sumpah setia pada tanggal 2 Juni [K.J.: 21 Mei] 1864. Kemudian Kesultanan Utsmaniyah menerima orang-orang Adighe yang terusir dari tanah airnya. Sebagian kecil mengungsi ke wilayah Persia. Diperkirakan terdapat sekitar 500.000 orang Adighe di dataran tinggi Kaukasus yang dideportasi oleh Rusia pada tahun 1860-an. Banyak di antara mereka yang tewas karena penyakit selama proses deportasi. Sebagian yang tetap setia kepada Rusia menetap di wilayah dataran rendah di tepi kiri ."@in . "In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.\n\nOur most humble Petition to Her Magnificent Majesty the Queen and Emperor of\nEngland is to the effect that \u2013\n\nIt is now more than eighty years since the Russian Government is unlawfully striving to subdue and annex to its dominions Circassia, which since the creation of the world has been our home and our country. It slaughters like sheep the children, helpless women, and old men that fall into its hands. It rolls about their heads with the bayonet like melons, and there is no act of oppression or cruelty which is beyond the pale of civilisation and humanity, and which defies description, that it has not committed.\n\nWe have not, from father to son, at the cost of our lives and properties, refrained from opposing the tyrannical acts of that Government in defence of our country, which is dearer to us than our lives. But during the last year or two it has taken advantage of a famine caused by a drought with which the Almighty visited us, as well as by its own ravages, and it has occasioned us great distress by its severe attacks by sea and land. Many are the lives which have been lost in battle, from hunger in the mountains, from destitution on the sea-coast, and from want of skill at sea.\n\nWe therefore invoke the mediation and precious assistance of the British Government and people \u2013 the guardian of humanity and centre of justice \u2013 in order to repel the brutal attacks of the Russian Government on our country, and save our country and our nation together.\n\nBut if it is not possible to afford this help for the preservation of our country, and race, then we pray to be afforded facilities for removing to a place of safety our helpless and miserable children and women that are perishing by the brutal attacks of the enemy as well as by the effects of famine; and if neither of these two requests are taken into consideration, and if in our helpless condition we are utterly annihilated notwithstanding our appeals to the mercy and grace of the Governments, then we shall not cease to invoke our right in the presence of the Lord of the Universe, of Him who has confided to Your Majesty sovereignty, strength, and power for the purpose of protecting the weak.\n\nWe beg Your Excellency to be the medium of making known to the great British Government and to the glorious British nation our condition of helplessness and misery, and we have therefore ventured to present to Your Excellency our most humble petition. A copy of it has been submitted to the Sultan\u2019s Government and to the Embassies of other Powers.\n\nSigned by the People of Circassia. 29 Sheval, 1280"@en . . . . "Guerra ruso-circasiana"@es . . . . . . . "The Russo-Circassian War (Adyghe: \u0423\u0440\u044B\u0441-\u0430\u0434\u044B\u0433\u044D \u0437\u0430\u0443\u044D, romanized: Wur\u0131s-ad\u0131\u011F\u0259 zaw\u0259; Russian: \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430; 1763\u20131864; also known as the Russian Invasion of Circassia) was the invasion of Circassia by Russia, starting in July 17, 1763 (O.S) with the Russian Empire assuming authority in Circassia, followed by the Circassian refusal, and ending 101 years later with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 (O.S), making it exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Circassians fought the Russians longer than all the other peoples of the Caucasus, and the Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought. During and after the war, the Russian Empire employed a genocidal strategy of systematically massacring civilians which resulted in the Circassian genocide where up to 1,500,000 Circassians (85-97% of the total population) were either killed or expelled to the Ottoman Empire (especially to modern-day Turkey; see Circassians in Turkey), creating the Circassian diaspora. While the war was initially an isolated conflict, Russian expansion through the entire region soon drew a number of other nations in the Caucasus into the conflict. As such, the war is often considered the western half of the Caucasus War. During the war, the Russian Empire did not recognize Circassia as an independent region, and as a result; it considered Circassia Russian land which was under rebel occupation, despite the fact that the region was not and had never been under Russian control. Russian generals did not refer to the Circassians by their ethnic name, instead, they called the Circassians \"mountaineers\", \u201Cbandits\", and \"mountain scum\". The war has been subjected to historical revisionism and it has also garnered controversy due to the fact that later Russian sources mostly ignored or belittled the conflict, and Russian state media and officials have gone as far as to claim that the conflict \"never happened\u201D and they have also claimed that Circassia \"voluntarily joined Russia in the 16th century\"."@en . "Catherine II"@en . "Russian victory" . "David Dadiani"@en . . "Guerra russo-circassiana"@pt . . . . . . . . . . "Hakuchey(until 1870)" . . . . . . "650000"^^ . . . . "*18pxPrincipality of Guria(1810\u20131829)" . . . . . . . "Perang Rusia-Adighe"@in . . "Ingush volunteers"@en . . "(\u2026and others)" . . . "Circassian tribal regions:" . . "Muhammad-Amin Asiyalav"@en . . . . . . . . "Aided by:" . . . . . . . . . "Qasey Atajuq"@en . . . "Russo-Circassian War"@en . . . . . . . . "Shuwpagwe Qalawebateqo"@en . "*22pxPrincipality of Mingrelia(1803\u20131864)" . . . . . "Khatuq(until 1780s)" . "After 1860:"@en . "(\u2026and others)"@en . . . . . "Natukhaj"@en . . . . . . . "Mamkhegh"@en . "300"^^ . . . . "Military deaths:"@en . "Grigory Zass"@en . . . "The Russo-Circassian War (Adyghe: \u0423\u0440\u044B\u0441-\u0430\u0434\u044B\u0433\u044D \u0437\u0430\u0443\u044D, romanized: Wur\u0131s-ad\u0131\u011F\u0259 zaw\u0259; Russian: \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430; 1763\u20131864; also known as the Russian Invasion of Circassia) was the invasion of Circassia by Russia, starting in July 17, 1763 (O.S) with the Russian Empire assuming authority in Circassia, followed by the Circassian refusal, and ending 101 years later with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 (O.S), making it exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Circassians fought the Russians longer than all the other peoples of the Caucasus, and the Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought."@en . . . . . . . . "Chemguy"@en . . . . . . ""@en . . . . . . "Shapsug"@en . . "Kabardia (East Circassia) \n\n----\nAided by:"@en . . . "Polish volunteers"@en . . . . "Qerzech Shirikhuqo"@en . . . . . . . . . "Jembulat Boletoqo"@en . . . "Teofil Lapinski"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ademey(until 1780s)" . . . . . . "Russian Empire" . "Abdzakh"@en . "Avar volunteers"@en . "Zhaney(until 1780s)" . "James Stanislaus Bell"@en . "Dargin volunteers"@en . . "La guerra ruso-circasiana fue el per\u00EDodo de hostilidades entre el Imperio ruso y los habitantes de Circasia durante la invasi\u00F3n y ocupaci\u00F3n por parte de Rusia de la regi\u00F3n de Circasia. Circasia (tambi\u00E9n conocida como Cherkesia en ruso) fue una regi\u00F3n en el C\u00E1ucaso, la cual consist\u00EDa de la l\u00EDnea costera y la mayor parte del interior del actual territorio del Krai de Krasnodar y Adiguesia.\u200B La regi\u00F3n hist\u00F3rica, que ahora abarca a Osetia del Norte-Alania, fue nombrada as\u00ED por los habitantes tradicionales, los circasianos y los adigueses o adigas, as\u00ED como un peque\u00F1o n\u00FAmero de grupos y tribus \u00E9tnicas.\u200B El conflicto ruso-circasiano comenz\u00F3 con la llegada inicial de fuerzas de ocupaci\u00F3n rusas en 1763, y termin\u00F3 con la firma de varios juramentos de lealtad impuestos por los rusos a los jefes circ"@es . . "Nicholas I"@en . . . . . "Bzhedug(until May 1859)" . . . . . "Wojny rosyjsko-czerkieskie \u2013 okre\u015Blenie wojen, trwaj\u0105cych od oko\u0142o 1763 roku do 1864 roku, toczonych pomi\u0119dzy Imperium Rosyjskim a Czerkiesj\u0105, wspieran\u0105 przez Imperium osma\u0144skie i Imamat Kaukaski. Konflikt rozpocz\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 za panowania cara Piotra Wielkiego. Chcia\u0142 on w pe\u0142ni podporz\u0105dkowa\u0107 sobie Czerkiesj\u0119. Cho\u0107 zacz\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 wcze\u015Bniej ni\u017C wojna rosyjsko-perska, czasami jest traktowana jak jej epizod. Po stronie cara walczy\u0142o 150 tys. do 200 tys. \u017Co\u0142nierzy przeciwko kilkunastu tysi\u0105com przeciwnik\u00F3w. Dla walcz\u0105cych pocz\u0105tkiem ko\u0144ca okaza\u0142o si\u0119 schwytanie Imama Szamila w 1859 roku. Po tym Rosjanie zacz\u0119li odnosi\u0107 zwyci\u0119stwa i w 1864 roku podbili Czerkiesj\u0119. Nieznana jest liczba ofiar w\u015Br\u00F3d Czerkies\u00F3w, mo\u017Ce by\u0107 to kilkaset tysi\u0119cy os\u00F3b, a mniej wi\u0119cej p\u00F3\u0142 miliona os\u00F3b zosta\u0142o zmuszonych do przesiedlenia si\u0119 w inne rejony."@pl . . . "Misost Bematiqwa"@en . . . "Makhosh"@en . . "20,000\u201360,000 regulars" . . . . . . "Principality of Abkhazia"@en . "Civilian deaths:"@en . . . "150000"^^ . "Diplomatic support:" . "A Guerra russo-circassiana (1763? - 1864) foi o per\u00EDodo de hostilidades entre o Imp\u00E9rio Russo e os habitantes da Circ\u00E1sia durante a invas\u00E3o e ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o da R\u00FAssia dessa regi\u00E3o. A guerra fazia parte da conquista do C\u00E1ucaso pelo Imp\u00E9rio Russo que durou aproximadamente 150 anos, com in\u00EDcio sob o reinado do Czar Pedro, o Grande e foi conclu\u00EDda em 1864. A Circ\u00E1sia (tamb\u00E9m conhecida como Cherkessia em russo) foi uma regi\u00E3o do C\u00E1ucaso, que consistia no litoral e a maior parte do interior do atual territ\u00F3rio de Krai de Krasnodar e Adigu\u00E9sia. A regi\u00E3o hist\u00F3rica que atualmente engloba Oss\u00E9tia do Norte-Alania, foi nomeada assim pelas a popula\u00E7\u00F5es tradicionais, os circassianos e adigueses, e um pequeno n\u00FAmero de grupos e tribos \u00E9tnicas. O conflito russo-circassiano come\u00E7ou com a chegada das primeiras for\u00E7as de ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o russa em 1763, e terminou com a assinatura de v\u00E1rios juramentos de lealdade impostos pela R\u00FAssia a l\u00EDderes circassianos em 2 de junho de 1864 (21 de maio de acordo com o calend\u00E1rio juliano). Embora a guerra russo-circassiana houvesse come\u00E7ado como um conflito isolado, a expans\u00E3o russa na regi\u00E3o logo levou a conflitos com outras na\u00E7\u00F5es, que se tornou conhecido como a Guerra do C\u00E1ucaso, da qual a guerra russo-circassiana fazia parte. Ambas terminaram com a assinatura do juramento de fidelidade \u00E0 R\u00FAssia, e a total a ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o da regi\u00E3o pelas for\u00E7as russas, que envolveu uma maci\u00E7a migra\u00E7\u00E3o de milh\u00F5es de nativos circassianos para as \u00E1reas do Imp\u00E9rio Otomano: a Turquia moderna, a S\u00EDria, o L\u00EDbano, Israel, Jord\u00E2nia e Kosovo) (o Imp\u00E9rio Otomano se ofereceu para abrigar os circassianos que n\u00E3o queriam aceitar o dom\u00EDnio de um monarca crist\u00E3o, e muitos emigraram para a Anat\u00F3lia, o cora\u00E7\u00E3o da Sublime Porta ). V\u00E1rios historiadores russos, do C\u00E1ucaso, e os ocidentais concordam com um n\u00FAmero de aproximadamente 500.000 habitantes do C\u00E1ucaso que foram deportados pela R\u00FAssia na d\u00E9cada de 1860. Uma grande fra\u00E7\u00E3o deles morreram no caminho por doen\u00E7as. Alguns historiadores circassianos citam em at\u00E9 4.000.000 civis mortos durante o \u00EAxodo. Aqueles que permaneceram leais \u00E0 R\u00FAssia, foram assentados em terras baixas, na margem esquerda do rio Kuban."@pt . . . . . . . . . "Ivan Petrovich Delpotso"@en . . . . . "Hatuqway(until 1861)" . . . . . . "1000"^^ . . . "Abkhazian volunteers"@en . . "British Adventurers"@en . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064A\u0629"@ar . "Maxim Grigorievich Vlasov"@en . . "Hatuqway"@en . . . . "The Murtaziqs"@en . . "Russo-Circassian War"@en . . . "I must say, General, your statements truly astound me. If your master, the Tsar, is so wealthy, and we are so poor and barbaric, why does your master envy us and forbid us from living in our humble mountains? Your lord appears to be greedy and lustful. I'm afraid, sir, we won't be surrendering\u00A0the Englishmen and Turkish pashas in our lands; we can not\u00A0abandon them because they are our friends and visitors. No amount of gold or silver, I swear to God, will be able to deviate us from the path of honor."@en . "Ubykh"@en . . . "During theCircassian Genocide, about 1,500,000 indigenous highland Caucasians were mainly expelled to theOttoman Empire, and a much smaller number of them were expelled toPersia. An unknown number of those who were expelled died during their deportation." . . . . "Total:"@en . . . "Pavel Tsitsianov"@en . . . "Aslan-Bey Chachba"@en . . "Khegayk"@en . "Chemguy(until 1861)" . . . . . "114777"^^ . . . . . . . "Ismail Berzeg"@en . . . "Kabardia (East Circassia)(until 1822)" . . "Principality of Abkhazia(1808\u20131810)" . . "Nikolay Yevdokimov"@en . . "1500000"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ottoman Empire"@en . . "Russian victory \n* Annexation of Circassia by the Russian Empire\n* Circassian genocide and mass expulsion"@en . "Chechen volunteers"@en . . . "Khegayk(until 1830s)" . "La guerra ruso-circasiana fue el per\u00EDodo de hostilidades entre el Imperio ruso y los habitantes de Circasia durante la invasi\u00F3n y ocupaci\u00F3n por parte de Rusia de la regi\u00F3n de Circasia. Circasia (tambi\u00E9n conocida como Cherkesia en ruso) fue una regi\u00F3n en el C\u00E1ucaso, la cual consist\u00EDa de la l\u00EDnea costera y la mayor parte del interior del actual territorio del Krai de Krasnodar y Adiguesia.\u200B La regi\u00F3n hist\u00F3rica, que ahora abarca a Osetia del Norte-Alania, fue nombrada as\u00ED por los habitantes tradicionales, los circasianos y los adigueses o adigas, as\u00ED como un peque\u00F1o n\u00FAmero de grupos y tribus \u00E9tnicas.\u200B El conflicto ruso-circasiano comenz\u00F3 con la llegada inicial de fuerzas de ocupaci\u00F3n rusas en 1763, y termin\u00F3 con la firma de varios juramentos de lealtad impuestos por los rusos a los jefes circasianos el 2 de junio de 1864 (21 de mayo, de acuerdo al calendario juliano). Aunque la guerra ruso-circasiana comenz\u00F3 como un conflicto aislado, la expansi\u00F3n rusa en la regi\u00F3n pronto condujo a choques con otras naciones, que en conjunto se denominaron \u00ABguerra del C\u00E1ucaso\u00BB, y de la cual la guerra ruso-circasiana form\u00F3 parte. Ambas finalizaron con la firma de juramentos de lealtad a Rusia y la ocupaci\u00F3n total de la regi\u00F3n por fuerzas rusas, lo cual desencaden\u00F3 una migraci\u00F3n masiva\u200B de millones de circasianos nativos hacia territorios del Imperio otomano (la moderna Turqu\u00EDa, Siria, L\u00EDbano, Israel, Jordania y Kosovo);\u200B algunos historiadores circasianos afirman que durante el \u00E9xodo fallecieron hasta cuatro millones de personas (v\u00E9ase Muhayir (C\u00E1ucaso)).\u200B"@es . . . . . "Wojny rosyjsko-czerkieskie \u2013 okre\u015Blenie wojen, trwaj\u0105cych od oko\u0142o 1763 roku do 1864 roku, toczonych pomi\u0119dzy Imperium Rosyjskim a Czerkiesj\u0105, wspieran\u0105 przez Imperium osma\u0144skie i Imamat Kaukaski. Konflikt rozpocz\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 za panowania cara Piotra Wielkiego. Chcia\u0142 on w pe\u0142ni podporz\u0105dkowa\u0107 sobie Czerkiesj\u0119. Cho\u0107 zacz\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 wcze\u015Bniej ni\u017C wojna rosyjsko-perska, czasami jest traktowana jak jej epizod. Po stronie cara walczy\u0142o 150 tys. do 200 tys. \u017Co\u0142nierzy przeciwko kilkunastu tysi\u0105com przeciwnik\u00F3w. Dla walcz\u0105cych pocz\u0105tkiem ko\u0144ca okaza\u0142o si\u0119 schwytanie Imama Szamila w 1859 roku. Po tym Rosjanie zacz\u0119li odnosi\u0107 zwyci\u0119stwa i w 1864 roku podbili Czerkiesj\u0119. Nieznana jest liczba ofiar w\u015Br\u00F3d Czerkies\u00F3w, mo\u017Ce by\u0107 to kilkaset tysi\u0119cy os\u00F3b, a mniej wi\u0119cej p\u00F3\u0142 miliona os\u00F3b zosta\u0142o zmuszonych do przesi"@pl . "The Abreks"@en . "La guerre russo-circassienne (1763-1864) fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 une s\u00E9rie de batailles et de guerres en Circassie, au nord-ouest du Caucase, au cours de la conqu\u00EAte du Caucase par l\u2019Empire russe. Ceux qui utilisent le terme guerre russo-circassienne prennent comme date de d\u00E9but des hostilit\u00E9s 1763, lorsque les Russes ont commenc\u00E9 \u00E0 \u00E9tablir des forts, y compris \u00E0 Mozdok, pour \u00EAtre utilis\u00E9s comme base pour la conqu\u00EAte, et comme date de fin le 2 juin 1864, 101 ans plus tard, avec la signature de serments de loyaut\u00E9 par les dirigeants circassiens. La guerre du Caucase, terme alternatif utilis\u00E9, ne fait g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement r\u00E9f\u00E9rence qu\u2019\u00E0 la p\u00E9riode 1817-1864. La guerre russo-circassienne est la phase occidentale de la guerre du Caucase de 1817-1864, durant laquelle la Russie a pris le contr\u00F4le des montagnes du Caucase. La phase orientale est la conqu\u00EAte de la Tch\u00E9tch\u00E9nie et du Daghestan de 1817-1859. Apr\u00E8s la fin de la guerre, l\u2019Empire ottoman a offert l\u2019asile aux Circassiens qui ne souhaitaient pas accepter le r\u00E8gne d\u2019un monarque chr\u00E9tien, et beaucoup ont \u00E9migr\u00E9 en Anatolie, au c\u0153ur du territoire ottoman et sont all\u00E9s dans les pays actuels de Turquie, Syrie, Jordanie, Palestine, Isra\u00EBl, Irak et Kosovo. De petits groupes ont rejoint la Perse voisine. Divers historiens russes, caucasiens et occidentaux s\u2019accordent sur le chiffre d\u2019environ 500 000 habitants des hauts plateaux du Caucase d\u00E9port\u00E9s par la Russie dans les ann\u00E9es 1860. Une partie d\u2019entre eux sont morts de maladie durant le d\u00E9placement. Certains de ceux qui sont rest\u00E9s fid\u00E8les \u00E0 la Russie ont \u00E9t\u00E9 install\u00E9s dans les basses terres, sur la rive gauche du fleuve Kouban."@fr . . "Caucasian Imamate(1848\u20131859)" . . . . "Seferbiy Zanuqo"@en . . "British Adventurers(1838\u20131856)" . . . . "A Guerra russo-circassiana (1763? - 1864) foi o per\u00EDodo de hostilidades entre o Imp\u00E9rio Russo e os habitantes da Circ\u00E1sia durante a invas\u00E3o e ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o da R\u00FAssia dessa regi\u00E3o. A guerra fazia parte da conquista do C\u00E1ucaso pelo Imp\u00E9rio Russo que durou aproximadamente 150 anos, com in\u00EDcio sob o reinado do Czar Pedro, o Grande e foi conclu\u00EDda em 1864. A Circ\u00E1sia (tamb\u00E9m conhecida como Cherkessia em russo) foi uma regi\u00E3o do C\u00E1ucaso, que consistia no litoral e a maior parte do interior do atual territ\u00F3rio de Krai de Krasnodar e Adigu\u00E9sia. A regi\u00E3o hist\u00F3rica que atualmente engloba Oss\u00E9tia do Norte-Alania, foi nomeada assim pelas a popula\u00E7\u00F5es tradicionais, os circassianos e adigueses, e um pequeno n\u00FAmero de grupos e tribos \u00E9tnicas. O conflito russo-circassiano come\u00E7ou com a chegada das primeiras fo"@pt . . "Michael Nikolaevich"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Pavel Grabbe"@en . . "Hawduqo Mansur"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Russian Imperial Army\n* Russian artillery units\n* Russian cavalry units\n* Russian infantry units\n* Cossack raiders\n*Karachay-Balkars"@en . . "Fyodor Bursak"@en . . . . "Total:" . "Chebsin"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "651,000\u20131,505,000 (Estimate)" . . "Shapsug(until 1864)" . "Khatuq"@en . "Perang Rusia-Adighe atau Perang Rusia-Sirkasia (1763\u20131864) adalah peperangan yang terjadi di wilayah Sirkasia di Kaukasus barat laut yang merupakan bagian dari proses penaklukan wilayah Kaukasus oleh Kekaisaran Rusia yang berlangsung selama sekitar 101 tahun (dari masa Tsar Pyotr yang Agung hingga tahun 1864). Sejarawan yang menggunakan istilah \"Perang Rusia-Sirkasia\" menjadikan tahun 1763 sebagai awal mula peperangan, karena pada tahun tersebut Rusia mulai mendirikan benteng-benteng (termasuk benteng di Mozdok) yang menjadi basis untuk melancarkan penaklukan."@in . "Aleksandr Baryatinsky"@en . "Wojny rosyjsko-czerkieskie"@pl . . "----" . . "Abdzakh(until November 1859)" . "Irregular military"@en . "\u2026In this affair the Russians lost 10 soldiers and had one officer and 16 soldiers wounded. At the scene of the battle there were more than 150 bodies of Circassians killed by bayonets and up to 50 women and children killed from the action of the Russian artillery."@en . . . . "Besleney"@en . . . . "Military deaths:" . "\u2026I captured three Circassians from carriages that were on their way to fetch grass, other than the thirteen we already had, who did not wish to surrender to us voluntarily, so I ordered to kill them."@en . "\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C"@ru . "La guerre russo-circassienne (1763-1864) fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 une s\u00E9rie de batailles et de guerres en Circassie, au nord-ouest du Caucase, au cours de la conqu\u00EAte du Caucase par l\u2019Empire russe. Ceux qui utilisent le terme guerre russo-circassienne prennent comme date de d\u00E9but des hostilit\u00E9s 1763, lorsque les Russes ont commenc\u00E9 \u00E0 \u00E9tablir des forts, y compris \u00E0 Mozdok, pour \u00EAtre utilis\u00E9s comme base pour la conqu\u00EAte, et comme date de fin le 2 juin 1864, 101 ans plus tard, avec la signature de serments de loyaut\u00E9 par les dirigeants circassiens. La guerre du Caucase, terme alternatif utilis\u00E9, ne fait g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement r\u00E9f\u00E9rence qu\u2019\u00E0 la p\u00E9riode 1817-1864."@fr . . "Before 1860:"@en . . . "Caucasian Imamate"@en . . "Makhosh(until 1864)" . "Kizbech Tughuzhuqo"@en . "*Circassian genocideand mass expulsion" . "Ale Khirtsizhiqo"@en . "Even if we lose many of our brave warriors, we have men and young boys to replace them! Worst case, we will not be able to use our rifles because we don't have gunpowder and ammo. We will still fight with swords and daggers in our hands! We will never ever bow to the enemies! Even if the whole world leaves us alone and we are cornered to the last point of our country, it will be seen what the Circassians can do. If necessary, we will have to mercifully take the lives of our women and children with our own hands, so that they do not fall into the hands of the enemy and suffer more. And then, to avenge them, we too must perish."@en . . . "Guerre russo-circassienne"@fr . . "Ottoman Empire(1787\u20131792; 1806\u20131812; 1828\u20131829)" . . "8986619"^^ . "Yegeruqway(until 1849)" . . "Russo-Circassian War"@en . . "Russian Empire\n*18px Kalmyk Khanate\n*22px Principality of Mingrelia \n*18px Principality of Guria \n----\nDiplomatic support:"@en . . . "Paul I"@en . . . . . "Ademey"@en . . . . "Alexander II"@en . . "Chebsin(until 1780s)" . . "Circassian tribal regions:"@en . "*18pxKalmyk Khanate(1769\u20131771)" . "Mamkhegh(until 1823)" . "During the Circassian Genocide, about 1,500,000 indigenous highland Caucasians were mainly expelled to the Ottoman Empire, and a much smaller number of them were expelled to Persia. An unknown number of those who were expelled died during their deportation."@en . . "Civilian deaths:" . . . "the Caucasian War"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hakuchey"@en . . . . . "Dmitry Milyutin"@en . "Bzhedug"@en . . "Hawduqo Mansur"@en . . . "150,000\u2013300,000 regulars" . . . . . "\"This time, I am limiting myself on this. In the future, I will have no mercy for the guilty brigands; their villages will be destroyed, properties taken, wives and children will be slaughtered.\""@en . "\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\uFF0D\u5207\u723E\u514B\u897F\u4E9E\u6230\u722D\uFF08\u963F\u8FEA\u683C\u8A9E\uFF1A\u0423\u0440\u044B\u0441-\u0430\u0434\u044B\u0433\u044D \u0437\u0430\u0443\u044D\uFF0C\u7F85\u99AC\u5316\uFF1AWur\u0131s-ad\u0131\u011F\u0259 zaw\u0259\uFF0C\u4FC4\u8A9E\uFF1A\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430\uFF0C1763\u20131864\uFF09\u662F\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u70BA\u5165\u4FB5\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u800C\u767C\u52D5\u7684\u4E00\u5834\u6230\u722D \u3002\u6230\u722D\u59CB\u4E8E1763\u5E74\uFF0C\u90A3\u5E74\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u958B\u59CB\u9032\u653B\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\uFF0C\u968F\u540E\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u7576\u5C40\u62B5\u6297\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\u5E1D\u570B\uFF0C 1864\u5E745\u670821\u65E5\uFF08\u820A\u66C6\uFF09\uFF0C\u6700\u540E\u4E00\u652F\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u519B\u961F\u88AB\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u51FB\u8D25\u3002 \u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\uFF0D\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u6218\u4E89\u662F\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u548C\u5207\u5C14\u5361\u897F\u4E9A\u4E4B\u9593\u6709\u53F2\u4EE5\u6765\u6700\u957F\u7684\u6218\u4E89\u3002 \u5728\u6218\u4E89\u671F\u95F4\u548C\u6218\u540E\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u767C\u52D5\u5207\u723E\u514B\u65AF\u6C11\u65CF\u6E05\u6D17\uFF0C\u591A\u8FBE 1,500,000 \u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u4EBA\uFF08\u5360\u603B\u4EBA\u53E385-97%\uFF09\u88AB\u6740\u6216\u88AB\u9A71\u9010\u5230\u5965\u65AF\u66FC\u5E1D\u56FD\uFF08\u571F\u8033\u5176\u7684\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u4EBA\uFF09\u3002 \u5728\u6218\u4E89\u671F\u95F4\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u4E0D\u627F\u8BA4\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u662F\u4E00\u4E2A\u72EC\u7ACB\u570B\u5BB6\uFF0C\u5B83\u8BA4\u4E3A\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u897F\u4E9A\u662F\u88AB\u53DB\u519B\u5360\u9886\u7684\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u571F\u5730\uFF0C\u5C3D\u7BA1\u8BE5\u5730\u533A\u4E4B\u524D\u4ECE\u672A\u88AB\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u7D71\u6CBB\u904E\u3002 \u800C\u4FC4\u56FD\u5C06\u519B\u4EEC\u5F9E\u672A\u7A31\u547C\u79F0\u547C\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u897F\u4E9A\u7576\u5730\u7684\u5C45\u6C11\u70BA\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u4EBA\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u79F0\u4ED6\u5011\u4E3A\u5C71\u5730\u4EBA\u3001\u571F\u532A\u548C\u5C71\u4E2D\u4EBA\u6E23\u3002\u8FD9\u573A\u6218\u4E89\u751A\u81F3\u53D7\u5230\u4E86\u5386\u53F2\u4FEE\u6B63\u4E3B\u4E49\u7684\u5F71\u54CD\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5B98\u65B9\u5A92\u4F53\u548C\u5B98\u5458\u751A\u81F3\u58F0\u79F0\u8FD9\u573A\u6230\u722D\u201C\u4ECE\u672A\u53D1\u751F\u8FC7\u201D\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4EEC\u8FD8\u58F0\u79F0\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u662F\u201C\u572816\u4E16\u7EAA\u81EA\u613F\u52A0\u5165\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u201D\u3002"@zh . . . . "Seferbiy Zaneqo"@en . . "France"@en . "Psheqo Akhedjaqo"@en . . . . . "France(1829; 1856)" . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629: \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u044B) (1763 - 1864) \u062A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064A \u0634\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0633\u060C \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062A\u0632\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0642\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062C\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062D\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A/\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062F\u0627\u0645\u062A \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 150 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064B\u060C \u0648\u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u062A\u062D\u062A \u062D\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064A\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062A\u0647\u062A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1864. \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u063A\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062F\u0623 \u062A\u0642\u0631\u064A\u0628\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062F\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632 \u064A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 1817-1864. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064A 1763\u060C \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062F\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062E\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u062F\u0648\u0643\u060C \u0644\u064A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u063A\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0632)\u060C \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u062F\u0627\u063A\u0633\u062A\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062E\u0627\u0635."@ar . . "\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\uFF0D\u5207\u723E\u514B\u897F\u4E9E\u6230\u722D"@zh . . "The savages panicked and started fleeing from their homes, leaving their weapons behind attempting to escape to the forest but most of them were killed by the Cossacks\u2026with the soldiers lined up ready to fight, the cleansing continued with artillery shells, and I sent there two infantry brigades, but they could only capture 11 more people, and since the fire was in flames in many places, the rest were either killed or burned after attempting to escape by hiding on the roofs of their homes or by the manure. So like this, we destroyed and destructed the neighborhood."@en . . "500000"^^ . "--07-28"^^ . . . "Yegeruqway"@en . . . . . . . . "Besleney(until 1864)" . . "Mansur Ushurma"@en . . "Zhaney"@en . . . . . . . "\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\uFF0D\u5207\u723E\u514B\u897F\u4E9E\u6230\u722D\uFF08\u963F\u8FEA\u683C\u8A9E\uFF1A\u0423\u0440\u044B\u0441-\u0430\u0434\u044B\u0433\u044D \u0437\u0430\u0443\u044D\uFF0C\u7F85\u99AC\u5316\uFF1AWur\u0131s-ad\u0131\u011F\u0259 zaw\u0259\uFF0C\u4FC4\u8A9E\uFF1A\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E-\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D\u0430\uFF0C1763\u20131864\uFF09\u662F\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u70BA\u5165\u4FB5\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u800C\u767C\u52D5\u7684\u4E00\u5834\u6230\u722D \u3002\u6230\u722D\u59CB\u4E8E1763\u5E74\uFF0C\u90A3\u5E74\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u958B\u59CB\u9032\u653B\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\uFF0C\u968F\u540E\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u7576\u5C40\u62B5\u6297\u4FC4\u7F85\u65AF\u5E1D\u570B\uFF0C 1864\u5E745\u670821\u65E5\uFF08\u820A\u66C6\uFF09\uFF0C\u6700\u540E\u4E00\u652F\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u519B\u961F\u88AB\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u51FB\u8D25\u3002 \u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\uFF0D\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u6218\u4E89\u662F\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u548C\u5207\u5C14\u5361\u897F\u4E9A\u4E4B\u9593\u6709\u53F2\u4EE5\u6765\u6700\u957F\u7684\u6218\u4E89\u3002 \u5728\u6218\u4E89\u671F\u95F4\u548C\u6218\u540E\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u767C\u52D5\u5207\u723E\u514B\u65AF\u6C11\u65CF\u6E05\u6D17\uFF0C\u591A\u8FBE 1,500,000 \u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u4EBA\uFF08\u5360\u603B\u4EBA\u53E385-97%\uFF09\u88AB\u6740\u6216\u88AB\u9A71\u9010\u5230\u5965\u65AF\u66FC\u5E1D\u56FD\uFF08\u571F\u8033\u5176\u7684\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u4EBA\uFF09\u3002 \u5728\u6218\u4E89\u671F\u95F4\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u4E0D\u627F\u8BA4\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u662F\u4E00\u4E2A\u72EC\u7ACB\u570B\u5BB6\uFF0C\u5B83\u8BA4\u4E3A\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u897F\u4E9A\u662F\u88AB\u53DB\u519B\u5360\u9886\u7684\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u571F\u5730\uFF0C\u5C3D\u7BA1\u8BE5\u5730\u533A\u4E4B\u524D\u4ECE\u672A\u88AB\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u7D71\u6CBB\u904E\u3002 \u800C\u4FC4\u56FD\u5C06\u519B\u4EEC\u5F9E\u672A\u7A31\u547C\u79F0\u547C\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u897F\u4E9A\u7576\u5730\u7684\u5C45\u6C11\u70BA\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u65AF\u4EBA\uFF0C\u800C\u662F\u79F0\u4ED6\u5011\u4E3A\u5C71\u5730\u4EBA\u3001\u571F\u532A\u548C\u5C71\u4E2D\u4EBA\u6E23\u3002\u8FD9\u573A\u6218\u4E89\u751A\u81F3\u53D7\u5230\u4E86\u5386\u53F2\u4FEE\u6B63\u4E3B\u4E49\u7684\u5F71\u54CD\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5B98\u65B9\u5A92\u4F53\u548C\u5B98\u5458\u751A\u81F3\u58F0\u79F0\u8FD9\u573A\u6230\u722D\u201C\u4ECE\u672A\u53D1\u751F\u8FC7\u201D\uFF0C\u4ED6\u4EEC\u8FD8\u58F0\u79F0\u5207\u5C14\u514B\u897F\u4E9A\u662F\u201C\u572816\u4E16\u7EAA\u81EA\u613F\u52A0\u5165\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u201D\u3002"@zh . . . . "Ubykh(until 1864)" . . . "Aleksey Yermolov"@en . "650,000\u20131,500,000 (Estimate)" .