. . . . . . . "Rep\u00FAblica Romana (em latim: Res Publica Romana) foi um per\u00EDodo da antiga civiliza\u00E7\u00E3o romana onde o governo operou como uma rep\u00FAblica. Come\u00E7ou com a queda da monarquia, tradicionalmente datada cerca de 509 a.C., e sua substitui\u00E7\u00E3o pelo governo chefiado por dois c\u00F4nsules, eleitos anualmente pelos cidad\u00E3os e aconselhados pelo senado. Uma complexa constitui\u00E7\u00E3o gradualmente foi desenvolvida, centrada nos princ\u00EDpios de uma separa\u00E7\u00E3o dos poderes e de freios e contrapesos. Exceto em tempos de terr\u00EDvel emerg\u00EAncia nacional, of\u00EDcios p\u00FAblicos foram limitados por um ano, de modo que, em teoria ao menos, nenhum indiv\u00EDduo exercesse poder absoluto sobre seus concidad\u00E3os. A sociedade era hier\u00E1rquica. A evolu\u00E7\u00E3o da constitui\u00E7\u00E3o da Rep\u00FAblica Romana foi pesadamente influenciada pela luta entre os patr\u00EDcios, aristocratas propriet\u00E1rios de terra, que tra\u00E7aram sua ancestralidade no in\u00EDcio da hist\u00F3ria do Reino de Roma, e os plebeus, os cidad\u00E3os muito mais numerosos. Com o tempo, as leis que deram aos patr\u00EDcios direitos exclusivos de acesso aos mais altos of\u00EDcios foram revogadas e enfraquecidas, e as principais fam\u00EDlias plebeias tornaram-se membros plenos da aristocracia. Os l\u00EDderes da rep\u00FAblica desenvolveram uma forte tradi\u00E7\u00E3o e moralidade que exigia servi\u00E7o p\u00FAblico e patroc\u00EDnio na paz e na guerra, tornando os sucessos pol\u00EDticos e militares indissoci\u00E1veis. Durante os primeiros dois s\u00E9culos de sua exist\u00EAncia a rep\u00FAblica expandiu-se atrav\u00E9s de uma combina\u00E7\u00E3o de conquista e alian\u00E7a, da It\u00E1lia central para a pen\u00EDnsula It\u00E1lica inteira. Pelo s\u00E9culo seguinte, inclu\u00EDa o Norte da \u00C1frica, a Pen\u00EDnsula Ib\u00E9rica, Gr\u00E9cia, e o que \u00E9 hoje o sul da Fran\u00E7a. Dois s\u00E9culos ap\u00F3s isso, em dire\u00E7\u00E3o ao fim do s\u00E9culo I a.C., inclu\u00EDa o resto da moderna Fran\u00E7a, e muito do Mediterr\u00E2neo Oriental. Por esta altura, apesar das restri\u00E7\u00F5es tradicionais e legais da rep\u00FAblica contra qualquer aquisi\u00E7\u00E3o individual de poderes pol\u00EDticos permanentes, a pol\u00EDtica foi dominada por um pequeno n\u00FAmero de l\u00EDderes romanos, com suas alian\u00E7as pontuadas por uma s\u00E9rie de guerras civis. O vencedor de uma destas guerras civis, Otaviano (mais tarde conhecido como Augusto) reformou a rep\u00FAblica como um principado, com ele mesmo como o \"primeiro cidad\u00E3o\" (pr\u00EDncipe; princeps). O senado continuou a sentar e debater. Magistrados anuais foram eleitos como antes, mas as decis\u00F5es finais em assuntos de pol\u00EDtica, guerra, diplomacia e nomea\u00E7\u00F5es foram privil\u00E9gios de Augusto atrav\u00E9s de seu manejo de um n\u00FAmero de separados poderes simultaneamente. Um de seus muitos t\u00EDtulos foi imperator do qual o t\u00EDtulo \"imperador\" derivou, e \u00E9 costumeiramente chamado o primeiro imperador romano. A Rep\u00FAblica Romana nunca foi restaurada, mas tamb\u00E9m nunca foi formalmente abolida (o termo res publica continuou a ser usado para referir-se ao aparato do Estado), assim a data exata da transi\u00E7\u00E3o para o Imp\u00E9rio Romano \u00E9 um assunto de interpreta\u00E7\u00E3o. Historiadores variadamente propuseram a nomea\u00E7\u00E3o de J\u00FAlio C\u00E9sar como ditador perp\u00E9tuo em 44 a.C., a derrota de Marco Ant\u00F4nio na Batalha de \u00C1cio em 31 a.C., e a concess\u00E3o de poderes extraordin\u00E1rios para Otaviano sob o primeiro assentamento e sua ado\u00E7\u00E3o do t\u00EDtulo de Augusto em 27 a.C., como o evento que define o fim da rep\u00FAblica."@pt . . . "Julius Caesar named dictator"@en . . . . "256"^^ . . "AN"@en . . . . "The senate and the populares"@en . . . . . . . "368"^^ . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . "Romerska republiken var en period i Romerska rikets historia. Under republikens tid utvecklades Rom fr\u00E5n en stadsstat bland m\u00E5nga till ett imperium som i stort sett gjorde Medelhavet till ett romerskt innanhav. Det latinska uttrycket res publica kan n\u00E4rmast \u00F6vers\u00E4ttas med allm\u00E4nna angel\u00E4genheter. Fr\u00E5n republikens tidigare tid finns f\u00E5 eller inga skrivna k\u00E4llor, och dagens historieskrivning har att f\u00F6rlita sig dels p\u00E5 arkeologiska fynd, dels p\u00E5 ber\u00E4ttelser som skrivits ned flera hundra \u00E5r efter de p\u00E5st\u00E5dda h\u00E4ndelserna. Den viktigaste av dessa romerska historieskrivare var Titus Livius, d\u00F6d \u00E5r 17 e.Kr. Republikens senare tid finns beskriven av historiker som Polybios (omkring 200\u2013120 f.Kr.) och dokumenterad genom samtida skrifter av olika slag. Republiken grundades enligt traditionen d\u00E5 Roms siste kung Tarquinius Superbus st\u00F6rtades 509 f.Kr., och varade i \u00F6ver 450 \u00E5r. Under republikens slutskede f\u00F6rdes flera inb\u00F6rdeskrig, som slutligen ledde till att Rom blev ett kejsard\u00F6me. Olika historiker ser olika tidpunkter som slutet f\u00F6r den romerska republiken: Mordet p\u00E5 Julius Caesar (44 f.Kr.), slaget vid Actium (31 f.Kr.) eller d\u00E5 Gaius Octavianus fick hederstiteln Augustus (27 f.Kr.)."@sv . . . . . "Rome and Italy: the Social War"@en . . . . . . . "Errington"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "351"^^ . . . . . . "Dissolution of the Latin League"@en . . . . . . "La Romia Respubliko (de \u011Dis -27) estis la etapo de Romio kiam \u011Di estis respubliko. Dum la jaro , post la , la romianoj forigis la re\u011Don (kiu ne estis romano, sed etruskano) kaj starigis la Respublikon. La \u0109efaj organoj de la registaro estis la Senato de ri\u0109aj bienposedantoj, kaj la du Konsuloj, elektitaj por unu jaro. Sed anka\u016D la popolo, per la tribunusoj kaj vo\u0109donadoj, havis potencon. La ekvilibro inter la popolo (pleboj) kaj la grandaj bienposedantoj (la patricioj) estis tre grava, \u0109ar multaj aliaj \u015Dtatoj ruini\u011Dis kiam la ri\u0109ularo a\u016D la popolo gajnis tro da potenco kaj detruis la esperon kaj vivon de la alia. Tiu ekvilibro ne estis paca, atingitis post akraj luktoj de la plebo, estis ofte manipulata de la ri\u0109uloj (pli poste, la ri\u0109igita parto de la plebo kaj la patricoj, alia klaso gr"@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "327"^^ . . . . . . "The article discusses whether or not Livy et al are to be believed on provocatio and plebiscites. It has no mention of pacification of the plebs for the specified 150 years."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hannibal: tactics, strategy, and geostrategy"@en . . . . . . . "Ba \u00ED an Phoblacht R\u00F3mh\u00E1nach (Laidin: R\u0113s p\u016Bblica R\u014Dm\u0101na) c\u00E9im sibhialtachta na R\u00F3imhe a thosaigh i ndiaidh an R\u00EDocht R\u00F3mh\u00E1nach in 509 RCR agus a th\u00E1inig deireadh leis nuair a buna\u00EDodh an Impireacht R\u00F3mh\u00E1nach idir 44 RCR agus 27 RCR."@ga . . . "172"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "165"^^ . . "\u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E1 republika (latinsky Res Publica Romana), podle latinsk\u00E9ho n\u00E1zvu t\u00E9\u017E naz\u00FDv\u00E1na jako \u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E1 res publica, na minc\u00EDch ps\u00E1na jako Roma, byl pozdn\u011B starov\u011Bk\u00FD st\u00E1tn\u00ED \u00FAtvar antick\u00E9ho \u0158\u00EDma datuj\u00EDc\u00ED se tradi\u010Dn\u011B od roku 509 p\u0159. n. l., kdy byl vyhn\u00E1n posledn\u00ED \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00FD kr\u00E1l Tarquinius Superbus, do roku 27 p\u0159. n. l., v n\u011Bm\u017E se moci chopil Octavian Augustus jako prvn\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159. Po por\u00E1\u017Ece konkuren\u010Dn\u00EDho Kart\u00E1ga v roce 146 p\u0159. n. l. se z \u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E9 republiky stala jedin\u00E1 v\u00FDznamn\u00E1 mocnost v z\u00E1padn\u00ED \u010D\u00E1sti St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ED a z t\u00E9to z\u00E1kladny u\u017E jen rostla mocensky a \u00FAzemn\u011B d\u00E1l do tehdy zn\u00E1m\u00E9ho sv\u011Bta."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Grey coin"@en . "Venus and Cupid from the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus at Pompeii, most likely a depiction of Cleopatra VII .jpg"@en . . "CAH2 8"@en . "2006"^^ . . "2007"^^ . . . "2011"^^ . . . "10000"^^ . "129"^^ . . . . "Briscoe"@en . . . "1989"^^ . . "-044-03-15"^^ . . . . . . "1992"^^ . . . "242"^^ . "243"^^ . "no"@en . . . "De Romeinse Republiek was een fase in de geschiedenis van de Romeinen tussen het Romeins Koninkrijk en het Romeinse Keizerrijk. In deze periode groeide Rome uit van een stad die lokale oorlogen uitvocht met buursteden, tot een wereldrijk. De republiek begon met de eerste verkiezing van de consuls in 509 v.Chr. en eindigde 478 jaar later, toen Octavianus de eerste keizerlijke dynastie vestigde. Deze fase moet niet worden verward met de kort bestaande Romeinse republieken uit de Moderne Tijd, zie daarvoor de Romeinse Republiek van 1798-1799 en de Romeinse Republiek van 1849."@nl . "244"^^ . "Macedonian Empire"@en . "yes"@en . "Rome"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "229"^^ . "NS"@en . "The transformation of the republic"@en . . "208"^^ . . . . "Roman Republic"@en . . . "The Carthaginians in Spain"@en . . . . . . "204"^^ . . . "\u0420\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0301\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u0435\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0443, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u044F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0432 \u044F\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0437\u043E\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0443 \u0441\u0435\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0443\u043B\u0456\u0432. \u0406\u043D\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0440\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044E \u0456 \u041F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u044E. \u041B\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0437 res publica \u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430."@uk . . . . "58"^^ . . . . . . "-031-09-02"^^ . . . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uB85C\uB9C8 \uC6D0\uB85C\uC6D0\uACFC \uC778\uBBFC(\uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4: Senatus Populusque Romanus \uC138\uB098\uD22C\uC2A4 \uD3EC\uD480\uB8E8\uC2A4\uD018 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB204\uC2A4[*]), \uB610\uB294 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D(\uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4: Res Publica Romana \uB808\uC2A4 \uD478\uBE14\uB9AC\uCE74 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB098[*])\uC740 \uACE0\uB300 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0\uC11C \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 510\uB144\uACBD \uC655\uC815\uC744 \uD3D0\uC9C0\uD558\uACE0 \uC774\uD6C4 450\uC5EC \uB144\uAC04 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uC815\uCE58\uB97C \uC774\uB04C\uC5C8\uB358 \uACF5\uD654\uC815 \uC815\uCCB4(\u653F\u9AD4)\uC640 \uADF8 \uC815\uBD80\uB97C \uC77C\uCEEB\uB294\uB2E4. \uB85C\uB9C8 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D\uC740 \uC640 \uC6D0\uCE59\uC5D0 \uC911\uC810\uC744 \uB454 \uBCF5\uD569\uC801\uC778 \uC815\uCE58 \uCCB4\uC81C\uC600\uB2E4. \uC624\uB79C \uC138\uC6D4 \uD30C\uD2B8\uB9AC\uD0A4\uC640 \uADF8 \uBC16\uC5D0 \uBA85\uBB38\uAC00 \uCD9C\uC2E0\uC774 \uC544\uB2CC \uD50C\uB808\uBE0C\uC2A4\uAC00 \uC815\uCE58 \uD22C\uC7C1\uC744 \uBC8C\uC774\uBA74\uC11C \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D\uC740 \uBC1C\uC804\uD588\uB2E4. \uACF5\uD654\uC815 \uCD08\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB294 \uC655\uC815 \uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC744 \uB454 \uADC0\uC871\uB4E4\uC774 \uD1B5\uCE58\uD588\uB2E4. \uC2DC\uAC04\uC774 \uC9C0\uB098\uBA74\uC11C \uADC0\uC871\uC774 \uC815\uBD80\uB97C \uC7A5\uC545\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uAC8C\uB054 \uD55C \uBC95\uC774 \uCCA0\uD3D0\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8 \uACB0\uACFC \uC2E0\uADC0\uC871\uC774 \uCD9C\uD604\uD588\uB2E4. \uACF5\uD654\uC815\uC774 \uCD9C\uBC94\uD558\uACE0 \uCC98\uC74C 2\uC138\uAE30 \uB3D9\uC548 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB294 \uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uC911\uBD80\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9C0\uC911\uD574 \uC138\uACC4 \uC804\uCCB4\uB85C \uC601\uD1A0\uB97C \uB113\uD614\uB2E4. \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 3\uC138\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB294 \uBD81\uC544\uD504\uB9AC\uCE74, \uC774\uBCA0\uB9AC\uC544 \uBC18\uB3C4, \uADF8\uB9AC\uC2A4, \uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC815\uBCF5\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 2\uC138\uAE30 \uB3D9\uC548 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB294 \uC624\uB9AC\uC5D4\uD2B8\uC758 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD55C \uC9C0\uC5ED\uACFC \uAC08\uB9AC\uC544\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC9C0\uBC30\uD558\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC2DC\uC810\uC5D0\uC11C \uACF5\uD654\uC815 \uCCB4\uC81C\uB294 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC8FC\uC758\uB85C \uBCC0\uC9C8\uB41C\uB2E4. \uB85C\uB9C8 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D\uC774 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uD589\uB418\uB294 \uC815\uD655\uD55C \uC2DC\uC810\uC740 \uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uD574\uC11D\uC774 \uB2EC\uB77C\uC9C4\uB2E4. \uC5ED\uC0AC\uAC00\uB4E4\uC740 \uC728\uB9AC\uC6B0\uC2A4 \uCE74\uC774\uC0AC\uB974\uAC00 \uC885\uC2E0 \uB3C5\uC7AC\uAD00\uC5D0 \uC624\uB978 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 44\uB144, \uB9C8\uB974\uCFE0\uC2A4 \uC548\uD1A0\uB2C8\uC6B0\uC2A4\uAC00 \uC545\uD2F0\uC6C0 \uD574\uC804\uC5D0\uC11C \uD328\uBC30\uD55C \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 31\uB144, \uB85C\uB9C8 \uC6D0\uB85C\uC6D0\uC774 \uC544\uC6B0\uAD6C\uC2A4\uD22C\uC2A4\uC5D0\uAC8C \uD2B9\uBCC4\uD55C \uAD8C\uB825\uC744 \uBD80\uC5EC\uD55C \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 27\uB144 \uB4F1\uC744 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D\uC774 \uC885\uC2DD\uB41C \uC2DC\uC810\uC73C\uB85C \uC81C\uC2DC\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB85C\uB9C8\uAC00 \uC774\uB8EC \uC218\uB9CE\uC740 \uBC95\uB960 \uBC0F \uC785\uBC95 \uC81C\uB3C4\uB294 \uC720\uB7FD\uC744 \uBE44\uB86F\uD55C \uC138\uACC4 \uC804\uC5ED\uC758 \uADFC\uB300 \uAD6D\uBBFC \uAD6D\uAC00\uC640 \uAD6D\uC81C \uAE30\uAD6C\uC5D0 \uADF8 \uC790\uCDE8\uB97C \uB0A8\uACBC\uB2E4. \uB610 \uB85C\uB9C8\uC758 \uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4\uB294 \uC720\uB7FD \uC5EC\uB7EC \uC9C0\uC5ED\uC758 \uBB38\uBC95\uACFC \uC5B4\uD718\uC5D0 \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uB07C\uCCE4\uB2E4."@ko . "La Repubblica romana (Res publica Romana) fu il sistema di governo della citt\u00E0 di Roma nel periodo compreso tra il 509 a.C. e il 27 a.C., quando l'Urbe fu governata da un'oligarchia repubblicana. Essa nacque a seguito di contrasti interni che portarono alla fine della supremazia della componente etrusca sulla citt\u00E0 e al parallelo decadere delle istituzioni monarchiche. La sua fine viene invece convenzionalmente fatta coincidere, circa mezzo millennio dopo, con la fine di un lungo periodo di guerre civili che segn\u00F2 de facto (bench\u00E9 formalmente non avvenne in forma istituzionale) la fine della forma di governo repubblicana, a favore di quella del Principato. Qui di seguito il passo fondamentale di Tito Livio, che descrive le ragioni che portarono alla caduta della monarchia dei Tarquini, con"@it . . . . "52"^^ . . . . . . "40"^^ . . . . "44"^^ . . "Rome and Latium to 390 BC"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uB85C\uB9C8 \uC6D0\uB85C\uC6D0\uACFC \uC778\uBBFC(\uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4: Senatus Populusque Romanus \uC138\uB098\uD22C\uC2A4 \uD3EC\uD480\uB8E8\uC2A4\uD018 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB204\uC2A4[*]), \uB610\uB294 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D(\uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4: Res Publica Romana \uB808\uC2A4 \uD478\uBE14\uB9AC\uCE74 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB098[*])\uC740 \uACE0\uB300 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0\uC11C \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 510\uB144\uACBD \uC655\uC815\uC744 \uD3D0\uC9C0\uD558\uACE0 \uC774\uD6C4 450\uC5EC \uB144\uAC04 \uB85C\uB9C8 \uC815\uCE58\uB97C \uC774\uB04C\uC5C8\uB358 \uACF5\uD654\uC815 \uC815\uCCB4(\u653F\u9AD4)\uC640 \uADF8 \uC815\uBD80\uB97C \uC77C\uCEEB\uB294\uB2E4. \uB85C\uB9C8 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D\uC740 \uC640 \uC6D0\uCE59\uC5D0 \uC911\uC810\uC744 \uB454 \uBCF5\uD569\uC801\uC778 \uC815\uCE58 \uCCB4\uC81C\uC600\uB2E4. \uC624\uB79C \uC138\uC6D4 \uD30C\uD2B8\uB9AC\uD0A4\uC640 \uADF8 \uBC16\uC5D0 \uBA85\uBB38\uAC00 \uCD9C\uC2E0\uC774 \uC544\uB2CC \uD50C\uB808\uBE0C\uC2A4\uAC00 \uC815\uCE58 \uD22C\uC7C1\uC744 \uBC8C\uC774\uBA74\uC11C \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D\uC740 \uBC1C\uC804\uD588\uB2E4. \uACF5\uD654\uC815 \uCD08\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB294 \uC655\uC815 \uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC744 \uB454 \uADC0\uC871\uB4E4\uC774 \uD1B5\uCE58\uD588\uB2E4. \uC2DC\uAC04\uC774 \uC9C0\uB098\uBA74\uC11C \uADC0\uC871\uC774 \uC815\uBD80\uB97C \uC7A5\uC545\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uAC8C\uB054 \uD55C \uBC95\uC774 \uCCA0\uD3D0\uB418\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8 \uACB0\uACFC \uC2E0\uADC0\uC871\uC774 \uCD9C\uD604\uD588\uB2E4. \uACF5\uD654\uC815\uC774 \uCD9C\uBC94\uD558\uACE0 \uCC98\uC74C 2\uC138\uAE30 \uB3D9\uC548 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB294 \uC774\uD0C8\uB9AC\uC544 \uC911\uBD80\uC5D0\uC11C \uC9C0\uC911\uD574 \uC138\uACC4 \uC804\uCCB4\uB85C \uC601\uD1A0\uB97C \uB113\uD614\uB2E4. \uAE30\uC6D0\uC804 3\uC138\uAE30\uC5D0 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB294 \uBD81\uC544\uD504\uB9AC\uCE74, \uC774\uBCA0\uB9AC\uC544 \uBC18\uB3C4, \uADF8\uB9AC\uC2A4, \uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC815\uBCF5\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 2\uC138\uAE30 \uB3D9\uC548 \uB85C\uB9C8\uB294 \uC624\uB9AC\uC5D4\uD2B8\uC758 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uD55C \uC9C0\uC5ED\uACFC \uAC08\uB9AC\uC544\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC9C0\uBC30\uD558\uAC8C \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uC2DC\uC810\uC5D0\uC11C \uACF5\uD654\uC815 \uCCB4\uC81C\uB294 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC8FC\uC758\uB85C \uBCC0\uC9C8\uB41C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . "Dio"@en . . "16"^^ . . "17"^^ . . . "Republika rzymska (\u0142ac. Res publica Romana) \u2013 okres w historii staro\u017Cytnego Rzymu w kt\u00F3rym by\u0142 on republik\u0105, trwaj\u0105cy od upadku kr\u00F3lestwa w 509* do pocz\u0105tku cesarstwa w 27."@pl . "Rome against Philip and Antiochus"@en . . . . . . . . "Roman Republic"@en . . . . . "Rome, the fall of Macedon, and the sack of Corinth"@en . . . . "\u5171\u548C\u653F\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\uFF08\u304D\u3087\u3046\u308F\u305B\u3044\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D509\u5E74\u306E\u738B\u653F\u6253\u5012\u304B\u3089\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D27\u5E74\u306E\u5E1D\u653F\u306E\u958B\u59CB\u307E\u3067\u306E\u671F\u9593\u306E\u53E4\u4EE3\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002 \u3053\u306E\u6642\u671F\u306E\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u306F\u3001\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u4E2D\u90E8\u306E\u90FD\u5E02\u56FD\u5BB6\u304B\u3089\u3001\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u4E16\u754C\u306E\u5168\u57DF\u3092\u652F\u914D\u3059\u308B\u5DE8\u5927\u56FD\u5BB6\u306B\u307E\u3067\u98DB\u8E8D\u7684\u306B\u6210\u9577\u3057\u305F\u3002\u5E1D\u653F\u6210\u7ACB\u4EE5\u5F8C\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u306B\u307E\u305F\u304C\u308B\u9818\u57DF\u56FD\u5BB6\u3078\u3068\u767A\u5C55\u3057\u3066\u4EE5\u964D\u3092\u300C\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5E1D\u56FD\u300D\u3068\u547C\u3076\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u30011798\u5E74\u306B\u6A39\u7ACB\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5171\u548C\u56FD (18\u4E16\u7D00)\u30011849\u5E74\u306B\u6A39\u7ACB\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5171\u548C\u56FD (19\u4E16\u7D00)\u3068\u533A\u5225\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u300C\u53E4\u4EE3\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u300D\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "\u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430"@ru . . . . . . . . "Odrysian kingdom"@en . . . . . . . "Momigliano"@en . "113"^^ . . . . . . . "104"^^ . . . . . . . . . "Republika rzymska"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The conquest of Italy"@en . . "550"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "Carthage in Africa and Spain, 241\u2013218"@en . . . . . . "Roman Republic 44 bC.svg"@en . . . . . "Rosenstein"@en . . . . . "Morstein-Marx"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "338"^^ . . . . . "Franke"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Gabba"@en . . . . "\u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE \u0394\u03B7\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03AF\u03B1"@el . . . . . "La Rep\u00FAblica de Roma o Rep\u00FAblica Romana fou el per\u00EDode de la civilitzaci\u00F3 romana en qu\u00E8 la forma de govern era la rep\u00FAblica. Aquest per\u00EDode va comen\u00E7ar amb l'expulsi\u00F3 de l'\u00FAltim monarca el 510 aC, Tarquini el Superb, i va acabar amb la subversi\u00F3, per mitj\u00E0 de guerres civils, i la instauraci\u00F3 de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0. La data precisa de la fi de la Rep\u00FAblica \u00E9s subjecta a interpretaci\u00F3; algunes propostes s\u00F3n la designaci\u00F3 de Juli C\u00E8sar com a dictador vitalici (44 aC), la batalla d'Actium (2 de setembre de 31 aC) o la data en qu\u00E8 el Senat Rom\u00E0 va atorgar a Octavi el t\u00EDtol d'August (16 de gener de 27 aC)."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . ", source of the quote"@en . "John GF"@en . . . . "Rep\u00FAblica Romana"@ca . . "Octavian proclaimed Augustus"@en . "R\u00F6mische Republik"@de . . . . . . . . . . . "yes"@en . . "Plut. Pyrrh."@en . . "John A"@en . . . . . . "De Romeinse Republiek was een fase in de geschiedenis van de Romeinen tussen het Romeins Koninkrijk en het Romeinse Keizerrijk. In deze periode groeide Rome uit van een stad die lokale oorlogen uitvocht met buursteden, tot een wereldrijk. De republiek begon met de eerste verkiezing van de consuls in 509 v.Chr. en eindigde 478 jaar later, toen Octavianus de eerste keizerlijke dynastie vestigde. Deze fase moet niet worden verward met de kort bestaande Romeinse republieken uit de Moderne Tijd, zie daarvoor de Romeinse Republiek van 1798-1799 en de Romeinse Republiek van 1849."@nl . "Republik Romawi (bahasa Latin: R\u0113s p\u016Bblica R\u014Dm\u0101na; pengucapan Latin: ) adalah fase dari Kebudayaan Romawi Kuno yang ditandai dengan bentuk pemerintahan republik. Periode Republik Romawi dimulai dari runtuhnya Kerajaan Roma (509 SM) dan diikuti oleh banyaknya perang saudara. Pada masa Republik Romawi terjadi perang terkenal yang bernama Perang Punic antara Republik Romawi dengan Kekaisaran Kartago. Kapan tepatnya Republik Romawi berakhir masih belum disetujui oleh para sejarawan, tergantung definisi yang digunakan. Sebagian sejarawan berpendapat bahwa akhir dari Republik Romawi yaitu saat ditunjuknya Julius Caesar sebagai diktator seumur hidup pada 44 SM, dan sebagian lainnya berpendapat Pertempuran Actium (2 September 31 SM), dan sebagian lainnya berpendapat pemberian kekuasaan penuh bagi Octavianus pada 16 Januari 27 SM sebagai tanggal berakhirnya Republik Romawi dan berdirinya Kekaisaran Romawi. Pemerintahan Republik Romawi diatur oleh adat, tradisi dan hukum. Secara garis besar, pemerintahan dijalankan bersama-sama oleh tiga pihak: dua orang konsul, senat, dan golongan Plebs."@in . "hlist"@en . . "Ptolemaic Kingdom"@en . . "170"^^ . . . . . . . "Rep\u00FAblica romana"@es . . . "Roman Empire"@en . "North"@en . . "The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana [\u02C8re\u02D0s \u02C8pu\u02D0blika ro\u02D0\u02C8ma\u02D0na]) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire, Rome's control rapidly expanded during this period\u2014from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. Roman society under the Republic was primarily a cultural mix of Latin and Etruscan societies, as well as of Sabine, Oscan, and Greek cultural elements, which is especially visible in the Roman Pantheon. Its political organization developed, at around the same time as direct democracy in Ancient Greece, with collective and annual magistracies, overseen by a senate. The top magistrates were the two consuls, who had an extensive range of executive, legislative, judicial, military, and religious powers. Even though a small number of powerful families (called gentes) monopolised the main magistracies, the Roman Republic is generally considered one of the earliest examples of representative democracy. Roman institutions underwent considerable changes throughout the Republic to adapt to the difficulties it faced, such as the creation of promagistracies to rule its conquered provinces, or the composition of the senate. Unlike the Pax Romana of the Roman Empire, the Republic was in a state of quasi-perpetual war throughout its existence. Its first enemies were its Latin and Etruscan neighbours as well as the Gauls, who even sacked the city in 387 BC. The Republic nonetheless demonstrated extreme resilience and always managed to overcome its losses, however catastrophic. After the Gallic Sack, Rome conquered the whole Italian peninsula in a century, which turned the Republic into a major power in the Mediterranean. The Republic's greatest strategic rival was Carthage, against which it waged three wars. The Punic general Hannibal famously invaded Italy by crossing the Alps and inflicted on Rome three devastating defeats at Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae, but the Republic once again recovered and won the war thanks to Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC. With Carthage defeated, Rome became the dominant power of the ancient Mediterranean world. It then embarked on a long series of difficult conquests, after having notably defeated Philip V and Perseus of Macedon, Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire, the Lusitanian Viriathus, the Numidian Jugurtha, the Pontic king Mithridates VI, the Gaul Vercingetorix, and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. At home, the Republic similarly experienced a long streak of social and political crises, which ended in several violent civil wars. At first, the Conflict of the Orders opposed the patricians, the closed oligarchic elite, to the far more numerous plebs, who finally achieved political equality in several steps during the 4th century BC. Later, the vast conquests of the Republic disrupted its society, as the immense influx of slaves they brought enriched the aristocracy, but ruined the peasantry and urban workers. In order to address this issue, several social reformers, known as the Populares, tried to pass agrarian laws, but the Gracchi brothers, Saturninus, and Clodius Pulcher were all murdered by their opponents, the Optimates, keepers of the traditional aristocratic order. Mass slavery also caused three Servile Wars; the last of them was led by Spartacus, a skillful gladiator who ravaged Italy and left Rome powerless until his defeat in 71 BC. In this context, the last decades of the Republic were marked by the rise of great generals, who exploited their military conquests and the factional situation in Rome to gain control of the political system. Marius (between 105 and 86 BC), then Sulla (between 82 and 78 BC) dominated in turn the Republic; both used extraordinary powers to purge their opponents. These multiple tensions led to a series of civil wars; the first between the two generals Julius Caesar and Pompey. Despite his victory and appointment as dictator for life, Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC. Caesar's heir Octavian and lieutenant Mark Antony defeated Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, but they eventually split up thereafter. The final defeat of Mark Antony alongside his ally and lover Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian as Augustus in 27 BC \u2013 which effectively made him the first Roman emperor \u2013 thus ending the Republic."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Roman Kingdom"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "TJ"@en . . . . "--01-16"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Romerska republiken var en period i Romerska rikets historia. Under republikens tid utvecklades Rom fr\u00E5n en stadsstat bland m\u00E5nga till ett imperium som i stort sett gjorde Medelhavet till ett romerskt innanhav. Det latinska uttrycket res publica kan n\u00E4rmast \u00F6vers\u00E4ttas med allm\u00E4nna angel\u00E4genheter. Fr\u00E5n republikens tidigare tid finns f\u00E5 eller inga skrivna k\u00E4llor, och dagens historieskrivning har att f\u00F6rlita sig dels p\u00E5 arkeologiska fynd, dels p\u00E5 ber\u00E4ttelser som skrivits ned flera hundra \u00E5r efter de p\u00E5st\u00E5dda h\u00E4ndelserna. Den viktigaste av dessa romerska historieskrivare var Titus Livius, d\u00F6d \u00E5r 17 e.Kr. Republikens senare tid finns beskriven av historiker som Polybios (omkring 200\u2013120 f.Kr.) och dokumenterad genom samtida skrifter av olika slag."@sv . . . . "Sherwin-White"@en . "509"^^ . . . "21.9"^^ . . . "\u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E1 republika"@cs . "205435"^^ . . . "Fronda"@en . . . "Sulla"@en . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0430"@uk . . . . . "49"^^ . . . . . "R\u00FCpke"@en . "This mid-1st-century-BC Roman wall painting in Pompeii is probably a depiction of Cleopatra VII as Venus Genetrix, with her son Caesarion as Cupid. Its owner Marcus Fabius Rufus most likely ordered its concealment behind a wall in reaction to the execution of Caesarion on orders of Octavian in 30 BC."@en . . . "PR"@en . . . . "The recovery of Rome"@en . . . . . . "La R\u00E9publique romaine est la phase de la civilisation de la Rome antique qui commence en 509 av. J.-C., \u00E0 la chute de la royaut\u00E9 dont le dernier repr\u00E9sentant, Tarquin le Superbe, un \u00C9trusque, est chass\u00E9 du pouvoir par l'aristocratie patricienne. La R\u00E9publique romaine prend fin entre 44 av. J.-C., avec l'assassinat de Jules C\u00E9sar, et 27 av. J.-C., au moment o\u00F9 Octave re\u00E7oit le titre d'Auguste. L'ann\u00E9e 31 av. J.-C., celle de la bataille d'Actium, qui oppose Octave \u00E0 Marc Antoine, est aussi une date cl\u00E9 avec le dernier affrontement entre deux magistrats de la R\u00E9publique romaine, et le d\u00E9but d'une \u00E8re o\u00F9 les terres romaines seront domin\u00E9es par un seul homme : celui que l'on appellera le princeps, ou \u00AB empereur \u00BB. Le mot \u00AB r\u00E9publique \u00BB vient du latin res publica, ce qui signifie \u00AB la chose publique \u00BB, par opposition \u00E0 res privata, \u00AB la chose priv\u00E9e \u00BB. Gouverner la cit\u00E9 est donc une affaire publique et collective. La devise de la r\u00E9publique est Senatus populusque Romanus (SPQR), \u00AB le S\u00E9nat et le peuple romain \u00BB. Elle symbolise l'union du S\u00E9nat, o\u00F9 si\u00E8gent \u00E0 l'origine les familles patriciennes, et de l'ensemble des citoyens romains. En effet, les Romains sont divis\u00E9s \u00E0 l'origine en deux groupes : les patriciens et les pl\u00E9b\u00E9iens. Ces derniers forment la masse des artisans et paysans. Ils vivent en dehors de l'organisation patricienne et n'honorent aucun anc\u00EAtre particulier. Les patriciens sont souvent propri\u00E9taires de vastes domaines cultiv\u00E9s. Ils appartiennent \u00E0 de c\u00E9l\u00E8bres familles, les gentes. Chaque gens a ses propres cultes, dont celui des anc\u00EAtres, et ses traditions. Elle comprend un nombre plus ou moins grand de clients qui doivent ob\u00E9issance \u00E0 leur \u00AB patron \u00BB et re\u00E7oivent en \u00E9change aide et assistance en cas de besoin. R\u00E9gime oligarchique dans lequel les citoyens ne jouissent pas des m\u00EAmes droits politiques (droit de vote), civils (acc\u00E8s \u00E0 la propri\u00E9t\u00E9) et religieux (acc\u00E8s au sacerdoce), la R\u00E9publique romaine est aux mains d'un nombre restreint de grandes familles patriciennes-pl\u00E9b\u00E9iennes formant la nouvelle nobilitas. Articles d\u00E9taill\u00E9s : Chronologie de la R\u00E9publique romaine et Institutions de la R\u00E9publique romaine."@fr . . . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=aUhAKdntYuMC&pg=PA29 does not say this."@en . . . . . "Q. Servilius Caepio Brutus, denarius, 54 BC, RRC 433-1 reverse.jpg"@en . . . "Hoyos"@en . "The rise of Pompey"@en . . . "La T\u00E8ne culture"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Scullard"@en . . . . . . . . "Lintott"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "\uB85C\uB9C8 \uACF5\uD654\uAD6D"@ko . "Cornell"@en . . "\u0420\u0438\u0301\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0301\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430 (\u043B\u0430\u0442. Res publica Populi Romani \u00AB\u041E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043B\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0430\u00BB) \u2014 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0430 (509\u201427 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D.) \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0413\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043B \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 (\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0438) \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044B."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . "Morstein-Marx"@en . . . "x.5"@en . . "The second Punic war"@en . . "27"^^ . "E"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Romeinse Republiek"@nl . . . "May 2022"@en . . . . . . . . "\u039C\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF \u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE \u0394\u03B7\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03AF\u03B1 (\u039B\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BD.: Res publica Romana) \u03B5\u03BD\u03BD\u03BF\u03BF\u03CD\u03BC\u03B5 \u03B5\u03BA\u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BF\u03B9 \u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BA\u03B4\u03B9\u03CE\u03BA\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF \u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u0395\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03BA\u03BF , \u03B5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03BC\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 Res Publica.\u0397 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B7\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03AE \u03C1\u03B5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5\u03BC\u03C0\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BE\u03B5\u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03BA\u03B8\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u0395\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B7\u03C2, \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03A4\u03B1\u03C1\u03BA\u03CD\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03A5\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AE\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5 (Tarquinius Superbus), \u03C4\u03BF 509 \u03C0.\u03A7. \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039F\u03BA\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03B9\u03B1\u03BD\u03BF\u03CD \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039C\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03BD\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BD\u03B1\u03C5\u03BC\u03B1\u03C7\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03BA\u03C4\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5, \u03C4\u03BF 31 \u03C0.\u03A7."@el . . . . . . . . "Political history, 146\u201395 BC"@en . . . . "xx.3"@en . . . . . . . "50"^^ . . . . . . "27"^^ . . "Orlin"@en . . "Roman Republic"@en . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629: Res publica Romana) \u0647\u064A \u062D\u0642\u0628\u0629\u064C \u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0629\u060C \u0628\u062F\u0623\u062A \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064A\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0642\u062F \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 509 \u0642 \u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0645\u0631\u064E\u0651\u062A \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0642\u064A\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 27 \u0642 \u0645. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u063A\u064A\u064F\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0634\u0647\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0647\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062A\u0648\u0633\u064F\u0651\u0639 \u0633\u064F\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064F\u0648\u064E\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u064F\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062D\u0643\u0645\u062A \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064E\u0651\u0629 \u062D\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062D\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064A\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u062A\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 200 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0639 \u0646\u064F\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 - \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064A \u0622\u0646\u064D \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F\u064D - \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u060C \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062A \u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0632\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064D \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F\u060C \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0644\u062A \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062D\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064D \u0645\u062A\u0643\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062A\u064E \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062C\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062F\u060C \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062F \u0636\u0645\u064E\u0651\u062A \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064A \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u064F\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062A\u0647\u060C \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0647\u064F\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u064C \u0637\u0648\u064A\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Roman"@en . . . . . . "Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom."@en . . . "\u0420\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0301\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u0435\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0443, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u044F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E-\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043E\u044E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0432 \u044F\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0437\u043E\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0443 \u0441\u0435\u043D\u0430\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0443\u043B\u0456\u0432. \u0406\u043D\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0440\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043B\u044F\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044E \u0456 \u041F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u044E. \u041B\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0437 res publica \u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430."@uk . . . . . . "* Actium\n* Alexandria"@en . . . . . "\u7F57\u9A6C\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u662F\u524D509\u5E74\u5230\u524D27\u5E74\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u653F\u4F53\uFF0C\u5176\u6B63\u5F0F\u540D\u79F0\u662F\u300C\u5143\u8001\u9662\u4E0E\u7F57\u9A6C\u4EBA\u6C11\u300D\u3002\u524D44\u5E74\u5C24\u5229\u4E4C\u65AF\u00B7\u607A\u6492\u62C5\u4EFB\u7EC8\u8EAB\u72EC\u88C1\u5B98\u65F6\uFF0C\u5171\u548C\u570B\u9762\u7A4D\u9054\u5230\u9F0E\u76DB\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . "CAH2 9"@en . . . . . "\u7F57\u9A6C\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u662F\u524D509\u5E74\u5230\u524D27\u5E74\u4E4B\u95F4\u7684\u653F\u4F53\uFF0C\u5176\u6B63\u5F0F\u540D\u79F0\u662F\u300C\u5143\u8001\u9662\u4E0E\u7F57\u9A6C\u4EBA\u6C11\u300D\u3002\u524D44\u5E74\u5C24\u5229\u4E4C\u65AF\u00B7\u607A\u6492\u62C5\u4EFB\u7EC8\u8EAB\u72EC\u88C1\u5B98\u65F6\uFF0C\u5171\u548C\u570B\u9762\u7A4D\u9054\u5230\u9F0E\u76DB\u3002"@zh . . . "Denarius of 54 BC, showing the first Roman consul, Lucius Junius Brutus, surrounded by two lictors and preceded by an accensus."@en . . . . "Republik Romawi (bahasa Latin: R\u0113s p\u016Bblica R\u014Dm\u0101na; pengucapan Latin: ) adalah fase dari Kebudayaan Romawi Kuno yang ditandai dengan bentuk pemerintahan republik. Periode Republik Romawi dimulai dari runtuhnya Kerajaan Roma (509 SM) dan diikuti oleh banyaknya perang saudara. Pada masa Republik Romawi terjadi perang terkenal yang bernama Perang Punic antara Republik Romawi dengan Kekaisaran Kartago. Kapan tepatnya Republik Romawi berakhir masih belum disetujui oleh para sejarawan, tergantung definisi yang digunakan. Sebagian sejarawan berpendapat bahwa akhir dari Republik Romawi yaitu saat ditunjuknya Julius Caesar sebagai diktator seumur hidup pada 44 SM, dan sebagian lainnya berpendapat Pertempuran Actium (2 September 31 SM), dan sebagian lainnya berpendapat pemberian kekuasaan penuh bagi "@in . . . . "John"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Roman provinces on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, 44 BC"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "CAH2 7.2"@en . . . . . . . . "Rome in the fifth century II: the citizen community"@en . . . "2011"^^ . . . "Ba \u00ED an Phoblacht R\u00F3mh\u00E1nach (Laidin: R\u0113s p\u016Bblica R\u014Dm\u0101na) c\u00E9im sibhialtachta na R\u00F3imhe a thosaigh i ndiaidh an R\u00EDocht R\u00F3mh\u00E1nach in 509 RCR agus a th\u00E1inig deireadh leis nuair a buna\u00EDodh an Impireacht R\u00F3mh\u00E1nach idir 44 RCR agus 27 RCR."@ga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1989"^^ . . . . . . . . "1992"^^ . . . . . "Res publica Romana"@en . . . . . . . "Seleucid Empire"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Republika rzymska (\u0142ac. Res publica Romana) \u2013 okres w historii staro\u017Cytnego Rzymu w kt\u00F3rym by\u0142 on republik\u0105, trwaj\u0105cy od upadku kr\u00F3lestwa w 509* do pocz\u0105tku cesarstwa w 27."@pl . . . "R\u00E9publique romaine"@fr . . . . . . "Robin"@en . . "Hoyos"@en . "\u0420\u0438\u0301\u043C\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0301\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430 (\u043B\u0430\u0442. Res publica Populi Romani \u00AB\u041E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043B\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0430\u00BB) \u2014 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0430 (509\u201427 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043E \u043D. \u044D.) \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0413\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043C\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043B \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 (\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0438) \u044D\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044B."@ru . . . . . . . . "Caesar, Pompey, and Rome, 59\u201350 BC"@en . "Roman Republic"@en . . . . . . . . "Pyrrhus"@en . "R"@en . "La Repubblica romana (Res publica Romana) fu il sistema di governo della citt\u00E0 di Roma nel periodo compreso tra il 509 a.C. e il 27 a.C., quando l'Urbe fu governata da un'oligarchia repubblicana. Essa nacque a seguito di contrasti interni che portarono alla fine della supremazia della componente etrusca sulla citt\u00E0 e al parallelo decadere delle istituzioni monarchiche. La sua fine viene invece convenzionalmente fatta coincidere, circa mezzo millennio dopo, con la fine di un lungo periodo di guerre civili che segn\u00F2 de facto (bench\u00E9 formalmente non avvenne in forma istituzionale) la fine della forma di governo repubblicana, a favore di quella del Principato. Qui di seguito il passo fondamentale di Tito Livio, che descrive le ragioni che portarono alla caduta della monarchia dei Tarquini, considerando che i tempi erano ormai maturi: Quella della Repubblica rappresent\u00F2 una fase lunga, complessa e decisiva della storia romana: costitu\u00EC un periodo di enormi trasformazioni per Roma, che da piccola citt\u00E0 stato quale era alla fine del VI secolo a.C. divenne, alla vigilia della fondazione dell'Impero, la capitale di un vasto e complesso Stato, formato da una miriade di popoli e civilt\u00E0 differenti, avviato a segnare in modo decisivo la storia dell'Occidente e del Mediterraneo. In questo periodo si inquadrano la maggior parte delle grandi conquiste romane nel Mediterraneo e in Europa, soprattutto tra il III e il II secolo a.C.; il I secolo a.C. fu invece, come detto, devastato dai conflitti intestini dovuti ai mutamenti sociali, ma fu anche il secolo di maggiore fioritura letteraria e culturale, frutto dell'incontro con la cultura ellenistica e riferimento \"classico\" per i secoli successivi. Riguardo alla forma di governo, lo storico greco Polibio affermer\u00E0 che quello della repubblica romana \u00E8 il migliore esempio di Costituzione mista, poich\u00E9 rappresenta la perfetta unione tra la monarchia, incarnata dai Consoli, l'oligarchia, incarnata dal Senato, e la democrazia, incarnata dalle Assemblee romane, i famosi comizi."@it . . . . . . . "Ancient Carthage"@en . . . . "yes"@en . . . "TP"@en . . . . . . "Republik Romawi"@in . . . . . . "25816"^^ . . "Campaignbox Last war of the Roman Republic"@en . "\u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E1 republika (latinsky Res Publica Romana), podle latinsk\u00E9ho n\u00E1zvu t\u00E9\u017E naz\u00FDv\u00E1na jako \u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E1 res publica, na minc\u00EDch ps\u00E1na jako Roma, byl pozdn\u011B starov\u011Bk\u00FD st\u00E1tn\u00ED \u00FAtvar antick\u00E9ho \u0158\u00EDma datuj\u00EDc\u00ED se tradi\u010Dn\u011B od roku 509 p\u0159. n. l., kdy byl vyhn\u00E1n posledn\u00ED \u0159\u00EDmsk\u00FD kr\u00E1l Tarquinius Superbus, do roku 27 p\u0159. n. l., v n\u011Bm\u017E se moci chopil Octavian Augustus jako prvn\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159. Po por\u00E1\u017Ece konkuren\u010Dn\u00EDho Kart\u00E1ga v roce 146 p\u0159. n. l. se z \u0158\u00EDmsk\u00E9 republiky stala jedin\u00E1 v\u00FDznamn\u00E1 mocnost v z\u00E1padn\u00ED \u010D\u00E1sti St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ED a z t\u00E9to z\u00E1kladny u\u017E jen rostla mocensky a \u00FAzemn\u011B d\u00E1l do tehdy zn\u00E1m\u00E9ho sv\u011Bta."@cs . . . . . . . . "Urban religion in the middle and late republic"@en . . "509"^^ . . . "HH"@en . . . . . "A"@en . . . "Michael P"@en . . . . "\u5171\u548C\u653F\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\uFF08\u304D\u3087\u3046\u308F\u305B\u3044\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D509\u5E74\u306E\u738B\u653F\u6253\u5012\u304B\u3089\u3001\u7D00\u5143\u524D27\u5E74\u306E\u5E1D\u653F\u306E\u958B\u59CB\u307E\u3067\u306E\u671F\u9593\u306E\u53E4\u4EE3\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002 \u3053\u306E\u6642\u671F\u306E\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u306F\u3001\u30A4\u30BF\u30EA\u30A2\u4E2D\u90E8\u306E\u90FD\u5E02\u56FD\u5BB6\u304B\u3089\u3001\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u4E16\u754C\u306E\u5168\u57DF\u3092\u652F\u914D\u3059\u308B\u5DE8\u5927\u56FD\u5BB6\u306B\u307E\u3067\u98DB\u8E8D\u7684\u306B\u6210\u9577\u3057\u305F\u3002\u5E1D\u653F\u6210\u7ACB\u4EE5\u5F8C\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u306B\u307E\u305F\u304C\u308B\u9818\u57DF\u56FD\u5BB6\u3078\u3068\u767A\u5C55\u3057\u3066\u4EE5\u964D\u3092\u300C\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5E1D\u56FD\u300D\u3068\u547C\u3076\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u30011798\u5E74\u306B\u6A39\u7ACB\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5171\u548C\u56FD (18\u4E16\u7D00)\u30011849\u5E74\u306B\u6A39\u7ACB\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5171\u548C\u56FD (19\u4E16\u7D00)\u3068\u533A\u5225\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u300C\u53E4\u4EE3\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u300D\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . "1124927798"^^ . . . . . . "Kingdom of Pergamon"@en . . . "La Rep\u00FAblica de Roma o Rep\u00FAblica Romana fou el per\u00EDode de la civilitzaci\u00F3 romana en qu\u00E8 la forma de govern era la rep\u00FAblica. Aquest per\u00EDode va comen\u00E7ar amb l'expulsi\u00F3 de l'\u00FAltim monarca el 510 aC, Tarquini el Superb, i va acabar amb la subversi\u00F3, per mitj\u00E0 de guerres civils, i la instauraci\u00F3 de l'Imperi Rom\u00E0. La data precisa de la fi de la Rep\u00FAblica \u00E9s subjecta a interpretaci\u00F3; algunes propostes s\u00F3n la designaci\u00F3 de Juli C\u00E8sar com a dictador vitalici (44 aC), la batalla d'Actium (2 de setembre de 31 aC) o la data en qu\u00E8 el Senat Rom\u00E0 va atorgar a Octavi el t\u00EDtol d'August (16 de gener de 27 aC). Una caracter\u00EDstica del canvi va ser que l'administraci\u00F3 de la ciutat, i els seus districtes rurals, va quedar regulada en el dret d'apel\u00B7lar al poble (ius provocationis) contra qualsevol decisi\u00F3 d'un magistrat concernent a la vida o a l'estatut jur\u00EDdic (asput). L'administraci\u00F3 executiva va quedar dotada d'Imperium o poder omn\u00EDmode el qual tenia un origen religi\u00F3s que arrencava del mateix d\u00E9u J\u00FApiter. La Rep\u00FAblica romana va ser un per\u00EDode de la hist\u00F2ria de Roma caracteritzat pel r\u00E8gim republic\u00E0 com a forma de govern, que s'est\u00E9n des del 509 aC, quan es va posar fi a la monarquia amb l'expulsi\u00F3 de l'\u00FAltim rei, Luci Tarquini \u00ABel Superb\u00BB, fins al 27 aC, data en qu\u00E8 va tenir el seu inici l'imperi. La Rep\u00FAblica Romana va consolidar el seu poder en el centre de la pen\u00EDnsula It\u00E0lica durant el segle v aC i en els segles iv i iii aC es va imposar com a pot\u00E8ncia dominant de la pen\u00EDnsula It\u00E0lica sotmetent els altres pobles de la regi\u00F3 i enfrontant-se a les polis gregues del sud. A la segona meitat del segle iii aC va projectar el seu poder fora d'It\u00E0lia, el que la va portar a una s\u00E8rie d'enfrontaments amb les altres grans pot\u00E8ncies de la Mediterr\u00E0nia, en qu\u00E8 va derrotar Cartago i Maced\u00F2nia, annexionant els seus territoris. En els anys seg\u00FCents, sent ja la major pot\u00E8ncia de la Mediterr\u00E0nia, va expandir el seu poder sobre les polis gregues, el regne de P\u00E8rgam va ser incorporat a la Rep\u00FAblica i al segle i aC va conquerir les costes del Pr\u00F2xim Orient, llavors en poder de l'Imperi Sel\u00E8ucida i de pirates. Durant el per\u00EDode que abasta el final del segle ii aC i el segle i aC, Roma va experimentar grans canvis pol\u00EDtics, provocats per una crisi conseq\u00FC\u00E8ncia d'un sistema acostumat a dirigir nom\u00E9s als romans i no adequat per a controlar un gran imperi. En aquest temps es va intensificar la compet\u00E8ncia per les magistratures entre l'aristocr\u00E0cia romana, creant irreconciliables fractures pol\u00EDtiques que sacsejarien a la Rep\u00FAblica amb tres grans guerres civils; aquestes guerres acabarien destruint la Rep\u00FAblica, i desembocant en una nova etapa de la hist\u00F2ria de Roma: l'Imperi Rom\u00E0."@ca . . "La Rep\u00FAblica romana\u200B (en lat\u00EDn: R\u0113s p\u016Bblica Popul\u012B R\u014Dm\u0101n\u012B, R\u014Dma o Sen\u0101tus Populusque R\u014Dm\u0101nus)\u200B fue un periodo de la historia de Roma caracterizado por el r\u00E9gimen republicano como forma de estado, que se extiende desde el 509 a. C., cuando se puso fin a la Monarqu\u00EDa romana con la expulsi\u00F3n del \u00FAltimo rey, Lucio Tarquinio el Soberbio, hasta el 27 a. C., fecha en que tuvo su inicio el Imperio romano con la designaci\u00F3n de Octaviano como princeps y Augusto. La Rep\u00FAblica romana consolid\u00F3 su poder en el centro de Italia durante el siglo V a. C. y, entre los siglos IV y III a. C., se impuso como potencia dominante de la pen\u00EDnsula it\u00E1lica, sometiendo y unificando a los dem\u00E1s pueblos it\u00E1licos.\u200B\u200B y enfrent\u00E1ndose a las polis griegas del sur de la pen\u00EDnsula.\u200B En la segunda mitad del siglo III a. C. proyect\u00F3 su poder fuera de Italia, lo que la llev\u00F3 a una serie de enfrentamientos con las otras grandes potencias del Mediterr\u00E1neo, en los que derrot\u00F3 a Cartago y Macedonia, anexion\u00E1ndose sus territorios. En los a\u00F1os siguientes, siendo ya la mayor potencia del Mediterr\u00E1neo, se expandi\u00F3 su poder sobre las polis griegas; el reino de P\u00E9rgamo fue incorporado a la Rep\u00FAblica y en el siglo I a. C. conquist\u00F3 las costas de Oriente Pr\u00F3ximo, entonces en poder del Imperio sel\u00E9ucida y de los piratas cilicios. Durante el periodo que abarca el final del siglo II a. C. y el siglo I a. C., Roma experiment\u00F3 grandes cambios pol\u00EDticos, provocados por una crisis consecuencia de un sistema acostumbrado a dirigir solo a los romanos y no adecuado para controlar un gran imperio. En este tiempo se intensific\u00F3 la competencia por las magistraturas entre la aristocracia romana, creando irreconciliables fracturas pol\u00EDticas que sacudir\u00EDan a la Rep\u00FAblica con tres grandes guerras civiles; estas guerras terminar\u00EDan destruyendo la Rep\u00FAblica, y desembocando en una nueva etapa de la historia de Roma: el Imperio romano."@es . . . "Erromatar Errepublika (latinez Res Publica Romanorum) K.a. 510etik Inperio bihurtu zen arteko Erromako eta Erromaren menpeko lurrak gobernatzeko sistema izan zen. Ez dago argi zein den Erromatar Inperioaren lehendabiziko urtea. Nolanahi ere, data ohikoena K.a. 27ko urtarrilaren 16a da, egun hartan Senatuak Octaviori Augusto titulua eman baitzion."@eu . . "Mithridates"@en . . . "Poblacht R\u00F3mh\u00E1nach"@ga . . "La R\u00E9publique romaine est la phase de la civilisation de la Rome antique qui commence en 509 av. J.-C., \u00E0 la chute de la royaut\u00E9 dont le dernier repr\u00E9sentant, Tarquin le Superbe, un \u00C9trusque, est chass\u00E9 du pouvoir par l'aristocratie patricienne. La R\u00E9publique romaine prend fin entre 44 av. J.-C., avec l'assassinat de Jules C\u00E9sar, et 27 av. J.-C., au moment o\u00F9 Octave re\u00E7oit le titre d'Auguste. L'ann\u00E9e 31 av. J.-C., celle de la bataille d'Actium, qui oppose Octave \u00E0 Marc Antoine, est aussi une date cl\u00E9 avec le dernier affrontement entre deux magistrats de la R\u00E9publique romaine, et le d\u00E9but d'une \u00E8re o\u00F9 les terres romaines seront domin\u00E9es par un seul homme : celui que l'on appellera le princeps, ou \u00AB empereur \u00BB."@fr . . "326"^^ . "Wiseman"@en . . . "The Roman empire and its problems in the late second century"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Rome in the fifth century I: the social and economic framework"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The constitution of the Roman republic"@en . "Roman Republic"@en . . . . . . . . "Seager"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Als R\u00F6mische Republik (lateinisch res publica, w\u00F6rtlich eigentlich \u201E\u00F6ffentliche Sache, \u00F6ffentliche Angelegenheit\u201C, meist in der Bedeutung \u201EGemeinwesen\u201C, auf moderne Verh\u00E4ltnisse \u00FCbertragen auch \u201EStaat\u201C) bezeichnet man die Verfassungsform des R\u00F6mischen Reiches in der Zeit zwischen dem Ende der K\u00F6nigsherrschaft (angeblich im Jahr 509 v. Chr.) und der Einrichtung des Prinzipats am 13. Januar 27 v. Chr. durch den Machtverzicht des r\u00F6mischen Senats, mit der die Epoche der r\u00F6mischen Kaiserzeit beginnt. Die R\u00F6mische Republik l\u00E4sst sich am ehesten als Mischverfassung mit aristokratischen und gewissen demokratischen Elementen bezeichnen. Zugleich spielte im Staatsleben der R\u00F6mer das kultische Element eine gro\u00DFe Rolle, das durch monarchisch gepr\u00E4gte Institutionen Einfluss auf die res publica nahm. Im engeren Sinne steht der Begriff \u201Er\u00F6mische Republik\u201C f\u00FCr die Geschichte des R\u00F6mischen Reiches im genannten Zeitraum. Im antiken lateinischen Sprachgebrauch hingegen bezeichnete res publica auch allgemein den r\u00F6mischen Staat, und zwar von der Gr\u00FCndung der Stadt Rom bis zum Ende der sp\u00E4tantiken Kaiserzeit. Zudem wurde auch von r\u00F6mischer Herrschaft freien italischen Gemeinwesen zuerkannt, res publica zu sein. F\u00FCr die Zeit der eigentlichen Republik, also der Staatsform zwischen K\u00F6nigtum und Kaiserzeit, wurde zur Pr\u00E4zisierung die Bezeichnung res publica libera (freier Staat, Freistaat) verwendet."@de . . . "\u5171\u548C\u653F\u30ED\u30FC\u30DE"@ja . "Carthage and Rome"@en . . "Erromatar Errepublika (latinez Res Publica Romanorum) K.a. 510etik Inperio bihurtu zen arteko Erromako eta Erromaren menpeko lurrak gobernatzeko sistema izan zen. Ez dago argi zein den Erromatar Inperioaren lehendabiziko urtea. Nolanahi ere, data ohikoena K.a. 27ko urtarrilaren 16a da, egun hartan Senatuak Octaviori Augusto titulua eman baitzion."@eu . "625"^^ . . . 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"Rome"@en . "Rep\u00FAblica Romana (em latim: Res Publica Romana) foi um per\u00EDodo da antiga civiliza\u00E7\u00E3o romana onde o governo operou como uma rep\u00FAblica. Come\u00E7ou com a queda da monarquia, tradicionalmente datada cerca de 509 a.C., e sua substitui\u00E7\u00E3o pelo governo chefiado por dois c\u00F4nsules, eleitos anualmente pelos cidad\u00E3os e aconselhados pelo senado. Uma complexa constitui\u00E7\u00E3o gradualmente foi desenvolvida, centrada nos princ\u00EDpios de uma separa\u00E7\u00E3o dos poderes e de freios e contrapesos. Exceto em tempos de terr\u00EDvel emerg\u00EAncia nacional, of\u00EDcios p\u00FAblicos foram limitados por um ano, de modo que, em teoria ao menos, nenhum indiv\u00EDduo exercesse poder absoluto sobre seus concidad\u00E3os."@pt . . . . "Romerska republiken"@sv . . "RM"@en . . . . . "Map of the Roman Republic"@en . "Dexter"@en . . . . . "Repubblica romana"@it . "Hind"@en . . "Als R\u00F6mische Republik (lateinisch res publica, w\u00F6rtlich eigentlich \u201E\u00F6ffentliche Sache, \u00F6ffentliche Angelegenheit\u201C, meist in der Bedeutung \u201EGemeinwesen\u201C, auf moderne Verh\u00E4ltnisse \u00FCbertragen auch \u201EStaat\u201C) bezeichnet man die Verfassungsform des R\u00F6mischen Reiches in der Zeit zwischen dem Ende der K\u00F6nigsherrschaft (angeblich im Jahr 509 v. Chr.) und der Einrichtung des Prinzipats am 13. Januar 27 v. Chr. durch den Machtverzicht des r\u00F6mischen Senats, mit der die Epoche der r\u00F6mischen Kaiserzeit beginnt. Die R\u00F6mische Republik l\u00E4sst sich am ehesten als Mischverfassung mit aristokratischen und gewissen demokratischen Elementen bezeichnen. Zugleich spielte im Staatsleben der R\u00F6mer das kultische Element eine gro\u00DFe Rolle, das durch monarchisch gepr\u00E4gte Institutionen Einfluss auf die res publica nahm."@de . . . "509"^^ . . "Eric"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Romia Respubliko"@eo . . . . . . "Derow"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La Rep\u00FAblica romana\u200B (en lat\u00EDn: R\u0113s p\u016Bblica Popul\u012B R\u014Dm\u0101n\u012B, R\u014Dma o Sen\u0101tus Populusque R\u014Dm\u0101nus)\u200B fue un periodo de la historia de Roma caracterizado por el r\u00E9gimen republicano como forma de estado, que se extiende desde el 509 a. C., cuando se puso fin a la Monarqu\u00EDa romana con la expulsi\u00F3n del \u00FAltimo rey, Lucio Tarquinio el Soberbio, hasta el 27 a. C., fecha en que tuvo su inicio el Imperio romano con la designaci\u00F3n de Octaviano como princeps y Augusto."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lucullus, Pompey, and the East"@en . . . "486"^^ . "The origins of Rome"@en . . "1950000"^^ . . . . . "Erromatar Errepublika"@eu . . . . . "PS"@en . . . "Drummond"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "456"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Rosenstein"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u039C\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF \u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE \u0394\u03B7\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03AF\u03B1 (\u039B\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BD.: Res publica Romana) \u03B5\u03BD\u03BD\u03BF\u03BF\u03CD\u03BC\u03B5 \u03B5\u03BA\u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03CA\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BF\u03B9 \u03A1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BA\u03B4\u03B9\u03CE\u03BA\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF \u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u0395\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03BA\u03BF , \u03B5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03AF\u03B4\u03C1\u03C5\u03C3\u03B1\u03BD \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C5\u03BC\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 Res Publica.\u0397 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B7\u03BC\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03B1\u03C4\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03AE \u03C1\u03B5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5\u03BC\u03C0\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BE\u03B5\u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03BA\u03B8\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03B9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03C4\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u0395\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B9\u03BB\u03B9\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B7\u03C2, \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03A4\u03B1\u03C1\u03BA\u03CD\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03A5\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AE\u03C6\u03B1\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5 (Tarquinius Superbus), \u03C4\u03BF 509 \u03C0.\u03A7. \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039F\u03BA\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03B9\u03B1\u03BD\u03BF\u03CD \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039C\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03BD\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BD\u03B1\u03C5\u03BC\u03B1\u03C7\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03BA\u03C4\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5, \u03C4\u03BF 31 \u03C0.\u03A7."@el . . . "309"^^ . . . "\u7F57\u9A6C\u5171\u548C\u56FD"@zh . . . . . . . "290"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Res publica Romana"@en . "Rep\u00FAblica Romana"@pt . "The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana [\u02C8re\u02D0s \u02C8pu\u02D0blika ro\u02D0\u02C8ma\u02D0na]) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire, Rome's control rapidly expanded during this period\u2014from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world."@en . "La Romia Respubliko (de \u011Dis -27) estis la etapo de Romio kiam \u011Di estis respubliko. Dum la jaro , post la , la romianoj forigis la re\u011Don (kiu ne estis romano, sed etruskano) kaj starigis la Respublikon. La \u0109efaj organoj de la registaro estis la Senato de ri\u0109aj bienposedantoj, kaj la du Konsuloj, elektitaj por unu jaro. Sed anka\u016D la popolo, per la tribunusoj kaj vo\u0109donadoj, havis potencon. La ekvilibro inter la popolo (pleboj) kaj la grandaj bienposedantoj (la patricioj) estis tre grava, \u0109ar multaj aliaj \u015Dtatoj ruini\u011Dis kiam la ri\u0109ularo a\u016D la popolo gajnis tro da potenco kaj detruis la esperon kaj vivon de la alia. Tiu ekvilibro ne estis paca, atingitis post akraj luktoj de la plebo, estis ofte manipulata de la ri\u0109uloj (pli poste, la ri\u0109igita parto de la plebo kaj la patricoj, alia klaso grava estis la kavaliroj).La privatigo de konkeritaj terenoj fare de la ri\u0109uloj kontra\u016D la mizeri\u011Do de la etbienistoj proletari\u011Dintaj instigis la Tiberius, kaj poste Kaius je provi reformoj, sed la ri\u0109ula klaso kripligis iliajn penojn kaj fine mortigis ilin. Komence la censoroj nur devis anstata\u016Di la konsulojn kiel popol-listigistoj. Do ili apartigis la popolanojn la\u016D triboj kaj centurioj, kaj enskribis la novaj civitanojn. Por tion fari, unu el la censoroj kunvokis la popolon en la Marsan kampon. Kune de la popola listigo ili ekzamenis la \u0109evalistojn (recognitio equorum, ekzameno la \u0109evalojn). Poste ili anka\u016D elektis la senaton (lectio senatus). Per tiu povo ili rapide ricevis la ekzamenon de la moroj (cura morum): ili povis eligi senatanojn el la senato a\u016D \u0109evalistojn el la \u0109evalistaro (tre pova en la centuriaj komicoj), pro ties malbonaj moroj. Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo Romia konkero de Italio. La Respubliko la\u016Dgrade konkeris Italion kaj post la tri Punikaj Militoj inter -264 kaj -146 Kartagon, sian \u0109efan rivalon en la Mediteraneo. La Sie\u011Do de Sirakuzo, farita de la Romia Respubliko, okazis en 214-212 a.K., fine de kiu estis venkita Sirakuzo, \u011Dis tiam greka polis situa en la orienta marbordo de Sicilio. La romianoj detruis la urbon kaj kiel konsekvenco, ili atingis la kontrolon de la oriento de Sicilio, jam en la sudo de la itala duoninsulo. Post la disfalo de Kartago, en la finaj cent jaroj de la Respubliko, Romio kreskis grande pro militoj eksterlandaj, sed anka\u016D estis interne \u015Dirita pro la militoj inter la sukcesaj generaloj. Samtempe, la granda trezoro, kiu enfluis el la venkitaj landoj, koruptis la registaron, kiu la\u016Dvice donis tro da potenco al la generaloj. Do la Respubliko spiralis al sia detruo. La rolantoj, kiuj partoprenis en tiu mortospiralo estas famaj: Cezaro, Cicerono, Antonio, Kleopatra, Oktavio, Pompejo, Marko Bruto, Katono, Krasso, ktp. Je -27, Oktavio fari\u011Dis A\u016Dgusto Cezaro kaj la imperiestro de Romio. La imperio naski\u011Dis."@eo . . . . . . . . .