"\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AReciprocal altruism\uFF09\uFF0C\u6216\u7A31\u4E92\u5229\u4E3B\u7FA9\u7B49\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF0C\u5176\u52D5\u6A5F\u662F\u900F\u904E\u9996\u5148\u5E6B\u52A9\u5176\u4ED6\u500B\u9AD4\uFF0C\u7136\u5F8C\u5F9E\u8A72\uFF08\u4E9B\uFF09\u500B\u9AD4\u7372\u5F97\u5229\u76CA\u3002 \u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u662F\u7531\u7F85\u4F2F\u7279\u00B7\u6CF0\u5F17\u58EB\uFF08Robert Trivers\uFF09\u57281971\u5E74\u63D0\u51FA\uFF1B\u6CF0\u5F17\u58EB\u4E26\u672A\u5C07\u5C0E\u81F4\u7FA4\u9AD4\u5171\u540C\u5229\u76CA\u7684\u6D3B\u52D5\uFF08\u4F8B\u5982\u806F\u5408\u63A0\u596A\u6027\u63A2\u96AA\uFF09\u5B9A\u7FA9\u70BA\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3002\u4ED6\u5C0D\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u81F3\u5C11\u5F37\u52A0\u4E86\u4E09\u500B\u689D\u4EF6\uFF1A\u884C\u52D5\u5FC5\u9808\u5E6B\u52A9\u63A5\u53D7\u8005\uFF0C\u4F46\u7D66\u7D66\u4E88\u8005\u5E36\u4F86\u4E00\u4E9B\u6210\u672C\uFF1B\u56DE\u5831\u5FC5\u9808\u5EF6\u9072\u9032\u884C\uFF0C\u4E14\u5176\u5BE6\u73FE\u5FC5\u9808\u5B58\u5728\u4E0D\u78BA\u5B9A\u6027\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\uFF0C\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u9700\u8981\u500B\u9AD4\u64C1\u6709\u8A18\u61B6\u529B\u3001\u6301\u4E45\u7684\u95DC\u4FC2\u548C\u7A69\u5B9A\u6027\u3002 \u6CF0\u5F17\u58EB\u6700\u521D\u5275\u5EFA\u4E86\u7528\u65BC\u6F14\u5316\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u7684\u6982\u5FF5\uFF0C\u4F46\u5B83\u5DF2\u88AB\u61C9\u7528\u65BC\u793E\u6703\u79D1\u5B78\u3002 \u4E92\u60E0\u7684\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u4E0D\u662F\u7121\u79C1\u7684\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u53EF\u80FD\u6703\u88AB\u8CEA\u7591\u5230\u5E95\u662F\u771F\u6B63\u7684\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF0C\u6216\u53EA\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u81EA\u79C1\u3002"@zh . . "En biolog\u00EDa evolutiva, el altruismo rec\u00EDproco es un tipo de altruismo biol\u00F3gico en que el organismo realiza un comportamiento beneficioso para otros que perjudica su propia aptitud biol\u00F3gica con la expectativa que el otro organismo responda en forma similar y lo beneficie m\u00E1s tarde. Robert Trivers desarroll\u00F3 este concepto para explicar la evoluci\u00F3n de la cooperaci\u00F3n entre animales.\u200B\u200B Se relaciona al concepto de toma y daca usado en la teor\u00EDa de juegos de matem\u00E1tica aplicada.\u200B"@es . . . . . . "\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0301\u0437\u043C (\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0301\u043A\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0301\u0437\u043C) \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u044B \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044F \u0441 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0432 \u0442\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u043D \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u0431\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043C \u0420\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0422\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043C (Robert L. Trivers). \u0420\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0437\u043C \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0439, \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u043A \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043C, \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0431\u0438\u043E\u0437\u043E\u043C. \u0414\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043F \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449 \u043D\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u043B\u044E\u0434\u044F\u043C, \u043D\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445: \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F \u043A\u043E\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0432 (\u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D\u044B \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0433\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443); \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043E\u0431\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043D\u044B \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440\u044B \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u043A\u0440\u044B\u0441 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430. \u042D\u0442\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u043F\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u00AB\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0435\u043C\u043C\u044B \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u00BB."@ru . . . . "Reciprocal altruism"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "In evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time. The concept was initially developed by Robert Trivers to explain the evolution of cooperation as instances of mutually altruistic acts. The concept is close to the strategy of \"tit for tat\" used in game theory."@en . . . . . "Altruizm odwzajemniony \u2013 polega na dokonywaniu akt\u00F3w altruizmu w sytuacjach, w kt\u00F3rych prawdopodobie\u0144stwo odwzajemnienia pomocy (przez obiekt) i prawdopodobie\u0144stwo potrzeby pomocy w przysz\u0142o\u015Bci jest jak najwi\u0119ksze. \"Ja pomog\u0119 mu teraz, a gdy ja b\u0119d\u0119 potrzebowa\u0107 pomocy, to on pomo\u017Ce mnie.\" Jednostki, kt\u00F3re radz\u0105 sobie same i nie spodziewaj\u0105 si\u0119 sytuacji, w kt\u00F3rej b\u0119d\u0105 potrzebowa\u0107 pomocy, nie b\u0119d\u0105 sk\u0142onne do altruizmu.Tak samo szansa pomocy jednostce egoistycznej, po kt\u00F3rej nie spodziewamy si\u0119 odwzajemnienia, te\u017C nie b\u0119dzie wysoka."@pl . "Dalam biologi evolusi, altruisme timbal-balik adalah perilaku organisme yang pada kurun waktu tertentu mengurangi kebugarannya (fitness) selagi meningkatkan kebugaran organisme lain dengan harapan organisme lain tersebut akan berperilaku sama pada kemudian hari. Konsep ini dikembangkan oleh Robert Trivers, menjelaskan evolusi kerja sama sebagai contoh tindakan altruistik mutual. Konsep ini serupa dengan strategi \"tit for tat\" dalam teori permainan. Pada 1987 dalam simposium tentang resiprositas, Trivers mengatakan bahwa, pada awalnya, ia mengumpulkan artikel yang berjudul \"The Evolution of Delayed Return Altruism\" (Evolusi Altruisme dengan Balasan Tertunda) tetapi Peninjau W. D. Hamilton menyarankan agar judul itu diubah menjadi \"The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism\" (Evolusi Altruisme Timbal-Balik). Trivers mengubah judul tanpa mengubah contoh pada naskah, memicu kebingungan atas contoh altruisme timbal balik selama 50 tahun belakangan. Karena keikutsertaan mereka dalam simposium itu, Rothstein dan Pierotti (1988) membahas masalah ini dan mengajukan definisi baru dalam topik altruisme, menjernihkan masalah yang dibuat oleh Trivers dan Hamilton. Mereka beranggapan bahwa Altruisme dengan Balasan Tertunda adalah konsep yang unggul dan menggunakan istilah resiprositas semu (\"pseudo-reciprocity\"), bukan Altruisme dengan Balasan Tertunda. Karena satu hal dan lainnya, artikel Rothstein and Pierotti tidak banyak diperhatikan tetapi tetap termasuk pengujian hubungan antara altruisme dan seleksi famili yang terbaik. Rothstein dan Pierotti juga menjelaskan mengapa contoh Altruisme Timbal-Balik Trivers sesungguhnya adalah contoh altruisme dengan balasan tertunda."@in . . "\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9"@zh . . "\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0438\u0301\u043C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0301\u0437\u043C (\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0301\u043A\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0301\u0437\u043C) \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u044B \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044F \u0441 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0432 \u0442\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u043D \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u0431\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043C \u0420\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0422\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043C (Robert L. Trivers). \u0420\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0437\u043C \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0439, \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u043A \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043C, \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0431\u0438\u043E\u0437\u043E\u043C. \u042D\u0442\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043E\u043F\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u00AB\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0435\u043C\u043C\u044B \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u00BB."@ru . . . . . . . . . "24519"^^ . "Na sociobiologia, altru\u00EDsmo rec\u00EDproco \u00E9 um processo que favorece coopera\u00E7\u00E3o entre parceiros rec\u00EDprocos. O termo foi proposto por Robert Trivers em um trabalho de 1971. Ele se baseia em conceitos de economia e matem\u00E1tica como a teoria dos jogos (ver Dilema do prisioneiro), em que participantes de uma rela\u00E7\u00E3o podem obter vantagens m\u00FAtuas se cooperarem."@pt . "\uC0C1\uD638\uC774\uD0C0\uC8FC\uC758"@ko . "Altruismo reciproco"@it . "Reziproker Altruismus ist eine Theorie, welche die Evolution von altruistischem Verhalten zwischen nichtverwandten Individuen durch nat\u00FCrliche Selektion erkl\u00E4ren will. Einen entscheidenden Ansto\u00DF gab Robert Trivers im Jahr 1971."@de . . "Reciprok altruism"@sv . . "Altruisme timbal-balik"@in . . . "Altruizm odwzajemniony \u2013 polega na dokonywaniu akt\u00F3w altruizmu w sytuacjach, w kt\u00F3rych prawdopodobie\u0144stwo odwzajemnienia pomocy (przez obiekt) i prawdopodobie\u0144stwo potrzeby pomocy w przysz\u0142o\u015Bci jest jak najwi\u0119ksze. \"Ja pomog\u0119 mu teraz, a gdy ja b\u0119d\u0119 potrzebowa\u0107 pomocy, to on pomo\u017Ce mnie.\" Jednostki, kt\u00F3re radz\u0105 sobie same i nie spodziewaj\u0105 si\u0119 sytuacji, w kt\u00F3rej b\u0119d\u0105 potrzebowa\u0107 pomocy, nie b\u0119d\u0105 sk\u0142onne do altruizmu.Tak samo szansa pomocy jednostce egoistycznej, po kt\u00F3rej nie spodziewamy si\u0119 odwzajemnienia, te\u017C nie b\u0119dzie wysoka."@pl . . "\u4E92\u6075\u7684\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF08\u3054\u3051\u3044\u3066\u304D\u308A\u305F\u3057\u3085\u304E\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u3042\u3068\u3067\u898B\u8FD4\u308A\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3068\u671F\u5F85\u3055\u308C\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u3042\u308B\u500B\u4F53\u304C\u4ED6\u306E\u500B\u4F53\u306E\u5229\u76CA\u306B\u306A\u308B\u884C\u70BA\u3092\u5373\u5EA7\u306E\u898B\u8FD4\u308A\u7121\u3057\u3067\u3068\u308B\u5229\u4ED6\u7684\u884C\u52D5\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u751F\u7269\u306F\u500B\u4F53\u30EC\u30D9\u30EB\u3067\u4ED6\u306E\u500B\u4F53\u3092\u52A9\u3051\u305F\u308A\u3001\u52A9\u3051\u3089\u308C\u305F\u308A\u3059\u308B\u884C\u52D5\u304C\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u89B3\u5BDF\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u95A2\u4FC2\u3059\u308B\u500B\u4F53\u9593\u306B\u6DF1\u3044\u8840\u7E01\u95A2\u4FC2\u304C\u3042\u308C\u3070\u8840\u7E01\u9078\u629E\u8AAC\u306B\u3088\u308B\u8AAC\u660E\u304C\u53EF\u80FD\u3060\u304C\u3001\u8840\u7E01\u95A2\u4FC2\u304C\u306A\u3044\u5834\u5408\uFF08\u305F\u3068\u3048\u3070\u5927\u578B\u9B5A\u3068\u30BD\u30A6\u30B8\u30A6\u30AA\u306E\u30DB\u30F3\u30BD\u30E1\u30EF\u30B1\u30D9\u30E9\uFF09\u306B\u306F\u3053\u306E\u30E1\u30AB\u30CB\u30BA\u30E0\u306E\u5B58\u5728\u304C\u4E88\u6E2C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3002"@ja . "\u4E92\u6075\u7684\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9"@ja . . "Altru\u00EDsmo rec\u00EDproco"@pt . . "1118408645"^^ . . . . "Dalam biologi evolusi, altruisme timbal-balik adalah perilaku organisme yang pada kurun waktu tertentu mengurangi kebugarannya (fitness) selagi meningkatkan kebugaran organisme lain dengan harapan organisme lain tersebut akan berperilaku sama pada kemudian hari. Konsep ini dikembangkan oleh Robert Trivers, menjelaskan evolusi kerja sama sebagai contoh tindakan altruistik mutual. Konsep ini serupa dengan strategi \"tit for tat\" dalam teori permainan."@in . "Reziproker Altruismus"@de . . "Altruizm odwzajemniony"@pl . . . "Altruisme r\u00E9ciproque"@fr . "L'altruisme r\u00E9ciproque dans le cadre de la biologie de l'\u00E9volution caract\u00E9rise une coop\u00E9ration altruiste entre deux organismes, reposant sur l'aide propos\u00E9e \u00E0 perte et sans condition par chacun des organismes, et cr\u00E9ant un b\u00E9n\u00E9fice commun."@fr . . . . . "\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0457\u0437\u043C (\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0457\u0437\u043C) \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043A\u0438, \u0437\u0430 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0437 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043A\u043E\u044E \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0438 \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0434\u043E \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043A\u0443, \u044F\u043A\u0449\u043E \u043E\u0447\u0456\u043A\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D \u0443\u0432\u0456\u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u043E\u0431\u0456\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433 . \u0420\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043F\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0457\u0437\u043C \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0438\u043D, \u0449\u043E \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0434\u043E \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0432, \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043C\u0431\u0456\u043E\u0437\u043E\u043C. \u0422\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043F \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043A\u0438 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0435 \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u044F\u043C, \u0430\u043B\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0456 \u043D\u0438\u0437\u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D: \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0446\u0438\u043F \u043A\u043E\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0432 (\u0447\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443); \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0432\u0438\u044F\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0449\u0443\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0457\u0437\u043C\u0443. \u0426\u044E \u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043A\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u043E\u043F\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u00AB\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0438 \u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043D\u044F\u00BB."@uk . . "\uC9C4\uD654 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uC0C1\uD638\uC774\uD0C0\uC8FC\uC758 \uB610\uB294 \uD638\uD61C\uC774\uD0C0\uC8FC\uC758(Reciprocal altruism)\uB294 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC720\uAE30\uCCB4\uAC00 \uB098\uC911\uC5D0 \uBE44\uC2B7\uD55C \uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uC791\uC6A9\uD560 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uAE30\uB300\uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uC720\uAE30\uCCB4\uAC00 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC720\uAE30\uCCB4\uC758 \uC774\uC775\uC744 \uC99D\uAC00\uC2DC\uD0A4\uBA74\uC11C \uC77C\uC2DC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBE44\uC6A9\uC744 \uC9C0\uBD88\uD558\uB294 \uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uD589\uB3D9\uD558\uB294 \uC804\uB7B5\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uAC1C\uB150\uC740 (Robert Trivers)\uAC00 \uCC98\uC74C\uC5D0 \uD638\uD61C(\uC0C1\uD638) \uC774\uD0C0\uC801 \uD589\uB3D9\uC758 \uC0AC\uB840\uB85C\uC11C \uD611\uB825 \uBC0F \uD611\uB3D9\uC758 \uC9C4\uD654\uB97C \uC124\uBA85\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uAC1C\uBC1C\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774 \uAC1C\uB150\uC740 \uAC8C\uC784 \uC774\uB860\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C \uD303\uD3EC\uD0EF(tit for tat) \uC804\uB7B5\uC774 \uAC00\uC7A5 \uD6A8\uC728\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC9C4\uD654\uB420\uC218\uC788\uB294 \uC804\uB7B5\uC73C\uB85C \uB2E4\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC9C4\uB2E4."@ko . "Reziproker Altruismus ist eine Theorie, welche die Evolution von altruistischem Verhalten zwischen nichtverwandten Individuen durch nat\u00FCrliche Selektion erkl\u00E4ren will. Einen entscheidenden Ansto\u00DF gab Robert Trivers im Jahr 1971."@de . . "L'altruisme r\u00E9ciproque dans le cadre de la biologie de l'\u00E9volution caract\u00E9rise une coop\u00E9ration altruiste entre deux organismes, reposant sur l'aide propos\u00E9e \u00E0 perte et sans condition par chacun des organismes, et cr\u00E9ant un b\u00E9n\u00E9fice commun."@fr . "In evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time. The concept was initially developed by Robert Trivers to explain the evolution of cooperation as instances of mutually altruistic acts. The concept is close to the strategy of \"tit for tat\" used in game theory. In 1987 Trivers told a symposium on reciprocity that he had originally submitted his article under the title \"The Evolution of Delayed Return Altruism\", but reviewer W. D. Hamilton suggested that he change the title to \"The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism\". Trivers changed the title, but not the examples in the manuscript, which has led to confusion about what were appropriate examples of reciprocal altruism for the last 50 years. In their contribution to that symposium, Rothstein and Pierotti (1988) addressed this issue and proposed new definitions concerning the topic of altruism, that clarified the issue created by Trivers and Hamilton. They proposed that Delayed Return Altruism was a superior concept and used the term pseudo-reciprocity in place of DRA. For some reason, the paper by Rothstein and Pierotti did not catch hold, but it remains one of the best examinations of the relationship between altruism and kin selection. Rothstein and Pierotti also explain why Trivers' examples of Reciprocal Altruism are actually examples of delayed return altruism."@en . . "En biolog\u00EDa evolutiva, el altruismo rec\u00EDproco es un tipo de altruismo biol\u00F3gico en que el organismo realiza un comportamiento beneficioso para otros que perjudica su propia aptitud biol\u00F3gica con la expectativa que el otro organismo responda en forma similar y lo beneficie m\u00E1s tarde. Robert Trivers desarroll\u00F3 este concepto para explicar la evoluci\u00F3n de la cooperaci\u00F3n entre animales.\u200B\u200B Se relaciona al concepto de toma y daca usado en la teor\u00EDa de juegos de matem\u00E1tica aplicada.\u200B"@es . . . "\uC9C4\uD654 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uC0C1\uD638\uC774\uD0C0\uC8FC\uC758 \uB610\uB294 \uD638\uD61C\uC774\uD0C0\uC8FC\uC758(Reciprocal altruism)\uB294 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC720\uAE30\uCCB4\uAC00 \uB098\uC911\uC5D0 \uBE44\uC2B7\uD55C \uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uC791\uC6A9\uD560 \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C \uAE30\uB300\uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uC720\uAE30\uCCB4\uAC00 \uB2E4\uB978 \uC720\uAE30\uCCB4\uC758 \uC774\uC775\uC744 \uC99D\uAC00\uC2DC\uD0A4\uBA74\uC11C \uC77C\uC2DC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBE44\uC6A9\uC744 \uC9C0\uBD88\uD558\uB294 \uBC29\uC2DD\uC73C\uB85C \uD589\uB3D9\uD558\uB294 \uC804\uB7B5\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774 \uAC1C\uB150\uC740 (Robert Trivers)\uAC00 \uCC98\uC74C\uC5D0 \uD638\uD61C(\uC0C1\uD638) \uC774\uD0C0\uC801 \uD589\uB3D9\uC758 \uC0AC\uB840\uB85C\uC11C \uD611\uB825 \uBC0F \uD611\uB3D9\uC758 \uC9C4\uD654\uB97C \uC124\uBA85\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uAC1C\uBC1C\uD588\uB2E4. \uC774 \uAC1C\uB150\uC740 \uAC8C\uC784 \uC774\uB860\uC5D0 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB41C \uD303\uD3EC\uD0EF(tit for tat) \uC804\uB7B5\uC774 \uAC00\uC7A5 \uD6A8\uC728\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC9C4\uD654\uB420\uC218\uC788\uB294 \uC804\uB7B5\uC73C\uB85C \uB2E4\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC9C4\uB2E4."@ko . . . . "Con il termine di 'altruismo reciproco' nel campo della biologia evolutiva e della sociobiologia si definisce il comportamento di un soggetto/organismo che rinuncia ad una parte di proprie risorse (tempo e/o energie) o si assume un determinato rischio per fornire un beneficio ad un altro soggetto/organismo con cui non \u00E8 strettamente legato dal punto di vista genetico, nell'aspettativa che il suo gesto venga ricambiato."@it . . . "44189"^^ . . . . . "\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0437\u043C"@ru . "\u4E92\u6075\u7684\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF08\u3054\u3051\u3044\u3066\u304D\u308A\u305F\u3057\u3085\u304E\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u3042\u3068\u3067\u898B\u8FD4\u308A\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3068\u671F\u5F85\u3055\u308C\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u3042\u308B\u500B\u4F53\u304C\u4ED6\u306E\u500B\u4F53\u306E\u5229\u76CA\u306B\u306A\u308B\u884C\u70BA\u3092\u5373\u5EA7\u306E\u898B\u8FD4\u308A\u7121\u3057\u3067\u3068\u308B\u5229\u4ED6\u7684\u884C\u52D5\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u751F\u7269\u306F\u500B\u4F53\u30EC\u30D9\u30EB\u3067\u4ED6\u306E\u500B\u4F53\u3092\u52A9\u3051\u305F\u308A\u3001\u52A9\u3051\u3089\u308C\u305F\u308A\u3059\u308B\u884C\u52D5\u304C\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u89B3\u5BDF\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u95A2\u4FC2\u3059\u308B\u500B\u4F53\u9593\u306B\u6DF1\u3044\u8840\u7E01\u95A2\u4FC2\u304C\u3042\u308C\u3070\u8840\u7E01\u9078\u629E\u8AAC\u306B\u3088\u308B\u8AAC\u660E\u304C\u53EF\u80FD\u3060\u304C\u3001\u8840\u7E01\u95A2\u4FC2\u304C\u306A\u3044\u5834\u5408\uFF08\u305F\u3068\u3048\u3070\u5927\u578B\u9B5A\u3068\u30BD\u30A6\u30B8\u30A6\u30AA\u306E\u30DB\u30F3\u30BD\u30E1\u30EF\u30B1\u30D9\u30E9\uFF09\u306B\u306F\u3053\u306E\u30E1\u30AB\u30CB\u30BA\u30E0\u306E\u5B58\u5728\u304C\u4E88\u6E2C\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Altruismo rec\u00EDproco"@es . 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"Con il termine di 'altruismo reciproco' nel campo della biologia evolutiva e della sociobiologia si definisce il comportamento di un soggetto/organismo che rinuncia ad una parte di proprie risorse (tempo e/o energie) o si assume un determinato rischio per fornire un beneficio ad un altro soggetto/organismo con cui non \u00E8 strettamente legato dal punto di vista genetico, nell'aspettativa che il suo gesto venga ricambiato. Il concetto venne introdotto dal biologo evoluzionista Robert Trivers per suggerire come un comportamento di tipo altruistico, per essersi evoluto nel mondo naturale doveva essersi rivelato efficace nell'apportare beneficio alla linea genetica di quello stesso soggetto/organismo, venendo ricambiato in misura sufficiente da diventare conveniente, rispetto ad altre strategie alternative."@it . . . . . . . "\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0454\u043C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0457\u0437\u043C"@uk . . "Na sociobiologia, altru\u00EDsmo rec\u00EDproco \u00E9 um processo que favorece coopera\u00E7\u00E3o entre parceiros rec\u00EDprocos. O termo foi proposto por Robert Trivers em um trabalho de 1971. Ele se baseia em conceitos de economia e matem\u00E1tica como a teoria dos jogos (ver Dilema do prisioneiro), em que participantes de uma rela\u00E7\u00E3o podem obter vantagens m\u00FAtuas se cooperarem."@pt . . . . "\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AReciprocal altruism\uFF09\uFF0C\u6216\u7A31\u4E92\u5229\u4E3B\u7FA9\u7B49\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF0C\u5176\u52D5\u6A5F\u662F\u900F\u904E\u9996\u5148\u5E6B\u52A9\u5176\u4ED6\u500B\u9AD4\uFF0C\u7136\u5F8C\u5F9E\u8A72\uFF08\u4E9B\uFF09\u500B\u9AD4\u7372\u5F97\u5229\u76CA\u3002 \u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u662F\u7531\u7F85\u4F2F\u7279\u00B7\u6CF0\u5F17\u58EB\uFF08Robert Trivers\uFF09\u57281971\u5E74\u63D0\u51FA\uFF1B\u6CF0\u5F17\u58EB\u4E26\u672A\u5C07\u5C0E\u81F4\u7FA4\u9AD4\u5171\u540C\u5229\u76CA\u7684\u6D3B\u52D5\uFF08\u4F8B\u5982\u806F\u5408\u63A0\u596A\u6027\u63A2\u96AA\uFF09\u5B9A\u7FA9\u70BA\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3002\u4ED6\u5C0D\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u81F3\u5C11\u5F37\u52A0\u4E86\u4E09\u500B\u689D\u4EF6\uFF1A\u884C\u52D5\u5FC5\u9808\u5E6B\u52A9\u63A5\u53D7\u8005\uFF0C\u4F46\u7D66\u7D66\u4E88\u8005\u5E36\u4F86\u4E00\u4E9B\u6210\u672C\uFF1B\u56DE\u5831\u5FC5\u9808\u5EF6\u9072\u9032\u884C\uFF0C\u4E14\u5176\u5BE6\u73FE\u5FC5\u9808\u5B58\u5728\u4E0D\u78BA\u5B9A\u6027\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\uFF0C\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u9700\u8981\u500B\u9AD4\u64C1\u6709\u8A18\u61B6\u529B\u3001\u6301\u4E45\u7684\u95DC\u4FC2\u548C\u7A69\u5B9A\u6027\u3002 \u6CF0\u5F17\u58EB\u6700\u521D\u5275\u5EFA\u4E86\u7528\u65BC\u6F14\u5316\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u7814\u7A76\u7684\u4E92\u60E0\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u7684\u6982\u5FF5\uFF0C\u4F46\u5B83\u5DF2\u88AB\u61C9\u7528\u65BC\u793E\u6703\u79D1\u5B78\u3002 \u4E92\u60E0\u7684\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\u4E0D\u662F\u7121\u79C1\u7684\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u53EF\u80FD\u6703\u88AB\u8CEA\u7591\u5230\u5E95\u662F\u771F\u6B63\u7684\u5229\u4ED6\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF0C\u6216\u53EA\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u81EA\u79C1\u3002"@zh . . .