@prefix rdf: . @prefix dbr: . @prefix dbo: . dbr:Plastic rdf:type dbo:ChemicalCompound . @prefix owl: . dbr:Plastic rdf:type owl:Thing . @prefix rdfs: . dbr:Plastic rdfs:label "\uD569\uC131\uC218\uC9C0"@ko , "Plaisteach"@ga , "Plast"@sv , "Resina sint\u00E8tica"@ca , "Mati\u00E8re plastique"@fr , "Kunststof"@nl , "\u5408\u6210\u6A39\u8102"@ja , "Plasto"@eo , "Pl\u00E1stico"@pt , "\u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A"@ar , "Plastik"@in , "Pl\u00E0stic"@ca , "Materie plastiche"@it , "Pl\u00E1stico"@es , "\u5851\u6599"@zh , "Plastiko"@eu , "Tworzywa sztuczne"@pl , "Resina artificiale"@it , "\uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F1"@ko , "\u041F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438"@uk , "Kunsthars"@nl , "\u03A0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC"@el , "\u017Bywice polimerowe"@pl , "\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0626\u0646"@ar , "Plastic"@en , "Plast"@cs , "Kunststoff"@de , "\u041F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044B"@ru ; rdfs:comment "\uD569\uC131\uC218\uC9C0(\u5408\u6210\u6A39\u8102, synthetic resin)\uB780 \uB098\uBB47\uC9C4(\uC218\uC9C0)\uC640 \uC720\uC0AC\uD55C \uC131\uC9C8\uC744 \uAC16\uB294 \uD569\uC131 \uACE0\uBD84\uC790\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko , "Le materie plastiche sono materiali organici a elevato peso molecolare, cio\u00E8 costituite da molecole con una catena molto lunga (macromolecole), che determinano in modo essenziale il quadro specifico delle caratteristiche dei materiali stessi. La IUPAC (Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata), nel definire le materie plastiche come \"materiali polimerici che possono contenere altre sostanze finalizzate a migliorarne le propriet\u00E0 o ridurre i costi\", raccomanda l'utilizzo del termine \"polimeri\" al posto di quello generico di \"plastiche\"."@it , "\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646\u062A\u062C\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0644\u0632\u062C\u0629 \u062A\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062C\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0636\u0648\u0639 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\u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0434\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 (\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435)."@ru , "Een kunsthars is een synthetische stof die dezelfde kenmerken heeft als een natuurlijke hars: het is gietbaar, zacht maar goed hechtend. Kunstharsen zijn vaak thermoplastisch, licht vervormbaar en meestal goed isolerend. Ze worden gebruikt als isolatiemateriaal, en, sinds de productie van kunstharsen flink gestegen is, ook als bouwstof. De eerste en bekendste kunsthars was bakeliet, een fenolhars. Andere kunstharssoorten zijn , polyurethaanhars en epoxyhars."@nl , "El pl\u00E1stico es un material constituido por compuestos org\u00E1nicos o sint\u00E9ticos que tienen la propiedad de ser maleables y por tanto pueden ser moldeados en objetos s\u00F3lidos de diversas formas. Esta propiedad confiere a los pl\u00E1sticos una gran variedad de aplicaciones.\u200B Su nombre deriva de la plasticidad, una propiedad de los materiales, que se refiere a la capacidad de deformarse sin llegar a romperse."@es , "\u5851\u6599\u662F\u6307\u4EE5\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u91CF\u7684\u5408\u6210\u6811\u8102/\u77F3\u6CB9\u4E3A\u4E3B\u8981\u7EC4\u5206\uFF0C\u52A0\u5165\u9002\u5F53\u6DFB\u52A0\u5242\uFF0C\u5982\u589E\u5851\u5242\u3001\u7A33\u5B9A\u5242\u3001\u6297\u6C27\u5316\u5242\u3001\u963B\u71C3\u5242\u3001\u6DA6\u6ED1\u5242\u3001\u7740\u8272\u5242\u7B49\uFF0C\u7ECF\u52A0\u5DE5\u6210\u578B\u7684\u5851\u6027\uFF08\u67D4\u97E7\u6027\uFF09\u6750\u6599\uFF0C\u6216\u56FA\u5316\u4EA4\u8054\u5F62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5851\u81A0\u6700\u65E9\u4F86\u81EA\u65BC1850\u5E74\u4EE3\u7684\u82F1\u570B\uFF0C\u81EA\u5F9E\u88AB\u958B\u767C\u4EE5\u4F86\uFF0C\u5404\u65B9\u9762\u7684\u7528\u9014\u65E5\u76CA\u5EE3\u6CDB\u3002 IUPAC\u5C0D\u5851\u6599\uFF08plastic\uFF09\u7684\u5B9A\u7FA9\u4E00\u500B\u7528\u4F86\u6307\u805A\u5408\u6750\u6599\u7684\u901A\u7528\u8A5E\u8A9E\uFF0C\u6750\u6599\u4E2D\u53EF\u80FD\u5305\u62EC\u5176\u4ED6\u53EF\u4EE5\u63D0\u6607\u6027\u80FD\u6216\u964D\u4F4E\u6210\u672C\u7684\u7269\u8CEA \u8A3B1\uFF1A\u4F7F\u7528\u6B64\u4E00\u8A5E\u8A9E\u800C\u4E0D\u7528\u805A\u5408\u7269\uFF08polymer\uFF09\u7684\u539F\u56E0\u662F\u5F8C\u8005\u5E38\u9020\u6210\u56F0\u64FE\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u4E0D\u5EFA\u8B70\u4F7F\u7528\u3002 \u8A3B2\uFF1A\u5728\u805A\u5408\u7269\u5DE5\u7A0B\u4E2D\uFF0C\u6B64\u4E00\u8A5E\u8A9E\u662F\u6307\u53EF\u4EE5\u6DF7\u5408\uFF0C\u800C\u4E14\u5728\u7279\u5B9A\u689D\u4EF6\u4E0B\u53EF\u4EE5\u61C9\u7528\u6D41\u52D5\u7279\u6027\u5728\u88FD\u9020\u4E0A\u7684\u6750\u6599 \u5851\u6599\u5206\u985E\u7684\u65B9\u5F0F\u6709\u8A31\u591A\u7A2E\u3002\u5E38\u7528\u805A\u5408\u7269\u4E2D\u9AA8\u67B6\u53CA\u5074\u93C8\u7684\u5316\u5B78\u7D50\u69CB\u4F86\u5206\u985E\u3002\u5176\u4E2D\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u6709\u4E19\u70EF\u91AF\u57FA\u5851\u6599\u3001\u805A\u916F\u5851\u6599\u3001\u77FD\u6C27\u6A39\u8102\u3001\u805A\u6C28\u916F\u53CA\u542B\u9E75\u7D20\u7684\u5851\u6599\u3002\u5851\u6599\u4E5F\u53EF\u4EE5\u4F9D\u5408\u6210\u6642\u7684\u53CD\u61C9\u4F86\u5206\u985E\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u7E2E\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u3001\u805A\u5408\u52A0\u6210\u53CA\u4EA4\u806F\u53CD\u61C9\u3002"@zh , "Plastics are a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that use polymers as a main ingredient. Their plasticity makes it possible for plastics to be moulded, extruded or pressed into solid objects of various shapes. This adaptability, plus a wide range of other properties, such as being lightweight, durable, flexible, and inexpensive to produce, has led to its widespread use. Plastics typically are made through human industrial systems. Most modern plastics are derived from fossil fuel-based chemicals like natural gas or petroleum; however, recent industrial methods use variants made from renewable materials, such as corn or cotton derivatives."@en , "Plasto estas artefarita materialo, kemie organika polimero; kutime plasto estas moldebla, formebla. Kelkaj plastoj devenas de naturaj organikaj polimeroj (nafto, celulozo ktp), transformataj fare de kemia procezo; aliaj estas tute sintezaj. Tia difino de plasto inkluzivas gumojn; tamen, gumoj povas esti tute naturaj, kaj artefaritaj gumoj estas ofte tre similaj al naturaj gumoj. Iuj preferas meti \u0109iujn gumojn ekster la aron de plastoj."@eo , "Kunststoffen of (Engels) plastics, zijn chemische verbindingen die door niet-natuurlijke scheikundige processen worden vervaardigd. Kunststof is materiaal dat is opgebouwd uit zeer grote moleculen (polymeren), die ontstaan door chemische synthese, dat wil zeggen een chemische reactie waardoor er een nieuwe synthetische stof ontstaat vanuit natuurlijke grondstoffen. De grondstoffen van de plastic-chemie zijn koolwaterstoffen afkomstig uit aardolieraffinage. Deze grondstoffen gaan tijdens de chemische synthese covalente of ionaire bindingen aan en vormen zo amorfe of kristallijne stoffen."@nl , "Plasty, zn\u00E1m\u00E9 tak\u00E9 pod n\u00E1zvem plastick\u00E9 hmoty nebo pod ne zcela p\u0159esn\u00FDm (obecn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm) n\u00E1zvem \u201Eum\u011Bl\u00E9 hmoty\u201C, ozna\u010Duj\u00ED \u0159adu syntetick\u00FDch nebo polosyntetick\u00FDch organick\u00FDch slou\u010Denin, polymern\u00EDch materi\u00E1l\u016F. \u010Casto obsahuj\u00ED dal\u0161\u00ED l\u00E1tky ke zlep\u0161en\u00ED u\u017Eitn\u00FDch vlastnost\u00ED, nap\u0159. odolnosti proti st\u00E1rnut\u00ED, zv\u00FD\u0161en\u00ED hou\u017Eevnatosti, pru\u017Enosti apod. Plasty mohou b\u00FDt formov\u00E1ny do p\u0159edm\u011Bt\u016F, f\u00F3li\u00ED, nebo vl\u00E1ken. Jejich n\u00E1zev je odvozen z faktu, \u017Ee mnoh\u00E9 jsou tvarovateln\u00E9 - maj\u00ED vlastnost zvanou . Plasty se vyzna\u010Duj\u00ED velkou variabilitou vlastnost\u00ED, jako je nap\u0159. tepeln\u00E1 odolnost, tvrdost, pru\u017Enost. Mezi jejich v\u00FDhody pat\u0159\u00ED n\u00EDzk\u00E1 hustota, chemick\u00E1 odolnost, jednotnost slo\u017Een\u00ED, struktury a dobr\u00E1 zpracovatelnost energeticky m\u00E1lo n\u00E1ro\u010Dn\u00FDmi technologiemi vhodn\u00FDmi pro masovou v\u00FDrobu . D\u00EDk"@cs , "\u039F \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03BF\u03B9\u03BD\u03AE \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03B3\u03C1\u03AC\u03C8\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03AE \u03B7\u03BC\u03B9\u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03BF\u03C1\u03B3\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03CE\u03BD \u03C5\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03B4\u03CC\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03BA\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03C5\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03AE \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03B2\u03AC\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2, \u03B5\u03BE \u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03CE\u03BD \u03B5\u03BE \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD \u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03B8\u03B5\u03BC\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03C5-, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03AD\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03C3\u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1, \u03BF\u03C1\u03B3\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03AE \u03BC\u03B7, \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B2\u03B5\u03BB\u03C4\u03AF\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BF\u03C4\u03AE\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 (\u03BC\u03B7\u03C7\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE, \u03B5\u03BC\u03C6\u03AC\u03BD\u03B9\u03C3\u03B7, \u03C7\u03C1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BA\u03BB\u03C0). \u039A\u03CD\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF \u03C3\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03AF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \"\u03B5\u03C0\u03BF\u03BE\u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2\" \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \"\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03C5\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2\"."@el , "Une mati\u00E8re plastique (le plastique en langage courant) est un polym\u00E8re g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement m\u00E9lang\u00E9 \u00E0 des additifs, colorants, charges (miscibles ou non dans la matrice polym\u00E8re). Il en existe une large gamme ; moul\u00E9s par injections, extrud\u00E9s, \u00E9tir\u00E9 en film, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement fa\u00E7onn\u00E9 \u00E0 chaud et sous pression, pour aboutir \u00E0 un semi-produit ou \u00E0 un objet, y compris fils et fibres (tissus), mastics, rev\u00EAtements , etc.. Il est utilis\u00E9 dans presque tous les secteurs d'activit\u00E9. Certains ont des propri\u00E9t\u00E9s jamais auparavant r\u00E9unies, par exemple la transparence et la r\u00E9sistance aux chocs."@fr , "En qu\u00EDmica i tecnologia, els pl\u00E0stics s\u00F3n materials org\u00E0nics polim\u00E8rics d'alta massa molecular. S\u00F3n mol\u00E8cules gegants formades per \u00E0toms de carboni juntament amb altres d'hidrogen, oxigen, i en menor mesura, clor, fluor, nitrogen o silici. Els pl\u00E0stics s\u00F3n s\u00F2lids amorfs, sint\u00E8tics o semisint\u00E8tics, que tenen una gran utilitat per a la ind\u00FAstria."@ca , "\u017Bywice polimerowe \u2013 substancje o konsystencji p\u0142ynnej, p\u00F3\u0142p\u0142ynnej lub mi\u0119kkiego cia\u0142a sta\u0142ego, wytworzone na drodze polimeryzacji, polikondensacji lub poliaddycji, b\u0119d\u0105ce mieszaninami (g\u0142\u00F3wnie oligomer\u00F3w i polimer\u00F3w) zawieraj\u0105cych reaktywne grupy funkcyjne, kt\u00F3re umo\u017Cliwiaj\u0105 dalsze prowadzenie polireakcji b\u0105d\u017A sieciowania."@pl , "\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0626\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062F: \u0644\u064E\u062F\u0650\u064A\u0652\u0646\u064E\u060C \u0644\u064E\u062F\u0650\u0646\u064E) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u064A\u0643 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Plastic)\u200F \u0647\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064B \u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627\u064B\u060C \u0648\u062A\u062A\u0645\u064A\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062C\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062A\u0634\u0643\u064A\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062B\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063A\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0623\u062C\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062E\u062A\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0642\u062F\u0631\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u064A\u0641\u060C \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062E\u0641\u064A\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062A\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C. \u062A\u0646\u062A\u062C \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0627\u064B\u060C \u0648\u062A\u064F\u0634\u062A\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062A\u0631\u0648\u0644\u060C \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629 \u0643\u064A\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0645\u062A\u062C\u062F\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u062A\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646."@ar , "Als Kunststoffe (auch Plaste, selten Technopolymere, umgangssprachlich Plastik) werden Werkstoffe bezeichnet, die haupts\u00E4chlich aus Makromolek\u00FClen bestehen. Wichtige Merkmale von Kunststoffen sind ihre technischen Eigenschaften, wie Formbarkeit, H\u00E4rte, Elastizit\u00E4t, Bruchfestigkeit, Temperatur-, W\u00E4rmeformbest\u00E4ndigkeit und chemische Best\u00E4ndigkeit, die sich durch die Wahl der Makromolek\u00FCle, Herstellungsverfahren und in der Regel durch Beimischung von Additiven in weiten Grenzen variieren lassen. Kunststoffe werden bez\u00FCglich ihrer physikalischen Eigenschaften in drei gro\u00DFen Gruppen unterteilt: Thermoplaste, Duroplaste und Elastomere. Die ISO 1043 legt f\u00FCr eine gro\u00DFe Anzahl von Kunststoffen Kurzzeichen fest."@de , "Les resines sint\u00E8tiques s\u00F3n materials amb una caracter\u00EDstica d'inter\u00E8s similar a les resines naturals de plantes: s\u00F3n l\u00EDquids viscosos que s\u00F3n capa\u00E7os d'endurir permanentment. Per altra banda, qu\u00EDmicament s\u00F3n molt diferents dels diversos compostos resinosos secretats per les plantes (vegeu resina per a la discussi\u00F3 dels productes naturals)."@ca , "Em qu\u00EDmica e tecnologia, os pl\u00E1sticos s\u00E3o materiais org\u00E2nicos polim\u00E9ricos sint\u00E9ticos, de constitui\u00E7\u00E3o macromolecular, dotada de grande maleabilidade (que apresentam a propriedade de adaptar-se em distintas formas), facilmente transform\u00E1vel mediante o emprego de calor e press\u00E3o e que serve de mat\u00E9ria-prima para a fabrica\u00E7\u00E3o dos mais variados objetos: vasos, sacolas, toalhas, embalagens, cortinas, bijuterias, carrocerias, roupas, canudos, sapatos e etc. S\u00E3o divididos em dois grupos de acordo com as suas caracter\u00EDsticas de fus\u00E3o ou derretimento: termopl\u00E1sticos e termorr\u00EDgidos."@pt , "Plast \u00E4r ett samlingsnamn f\u00F6r en stor grupp halvsyntetiska eller syntetiska material som numera anv\u00E4nds inom i stort sett alla tillverkningsomr\u00E5den. Plast best\u00E5r huvudsakligen av en eller flera polymerer som blandats med tillsatser. En polymer \u00E4r en stor molekyl som best\u00E5r av m\u00E5nga sm\u00E5 molekyler som bundit ihop f\u00F6r att skapa en l\u00E5ng kedja. Dessa sm\u00E5 upprepande molekyler kallas f\u00F6r monomerer. Med undantag av silikoner best\u00E5r polymererna av organiska f\u00F6reningar."@sv , "Con resina artificiale (o resina sintetica) si intende in genere un materiale viscoso, di aspetto simile alla resina vegetale, capace di indurirsi a freddo o a caldo. Si tratta in genere di un'ampia classe di differenti e complessi polimeri, che si possono ottenere con una grande variet\u00E0 di metodi e materie prime. Fra le resine sintetiche pi\u00F9 comuni citiamo le resine fenoliche, le resine acriliche, le resine epossidiche, le resine poliestere insature (UPR, Unsaturated Polyester Resin), le resine vinilestere (VE), le resine termoplastiche, le resine termoindurenti e gli elastomeri."@it , "Plastikoak kimika eta teknologiaren ikuspegitik, material organiko polimerikoak dira. Karbono, oxigeno eta hidrogenozko (eta neurri txikiagoan fluor, kloro, nitrogeno edo siliziozko) molekula erraldoiz osaturik daude, eta pisu molekular altua dute.Molekulen sorburua naturala edo sintetikoa izan daiteke. Naturalen artean, zelulosa, argizaria eta kautxua daude, eta sintetikoen artean, besteak beste, bakelita, polietilenoa eta nylona.Plastiko moderno gehienak gas naturala edo petrolioa bezalako erregai fosiletatik eratorriak dira; hala ere, azken metodo industrialek material berriztagarrietatik egindako lehengaiak erabiltzen dituzte, hala nola, artoaren edo kotoiaren eratorriak."@eu , "\u5408\u6210\u6A39\u8102\uFF08\u3054\u3046\u305B\u3044\u3058\u3085\u3057\u3001\u82F1: synthetic resin\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4EBA\u70BA\u7684\u306B\u88FD\u9020\u3055\u308C\u305F\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u5316\u5408\u7269\u304B\u3089\u306A\u308B\u7269\u8CEA\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3002\u5408\u6210\u6A39\u8102\u304B\u3089\u7D21\u7CF8\u3055\u308C\u305F\u7E4A\u7DAD\u306F\u5408\u6210\u7E4A\u7DAD\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3001\u5408\u6210\u6A39\u8102\u306F\u53EF\u5851\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3082\u306E\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002"@ja , "Ar dt\u00FAs, aon \u00E1bhar bog domh\u00FAnlaithe, ach anois rois\u00EDn\u00ED saorga org\u00E1nacha ar f\u00E9idir iad a bhogadh tr\u00ED th\u00E9amh is ansin a mh\u00FAnl\u00FA n\u00F3 a theilgean i bhfoirm \u00E9igin nua. Cuid acu at\u00E1 teirmith\u00E9achtach (mar shampla, rois\u00EDn fean\u00F3ilfhormaild\u00E9id), n\u00ED f\u00E9idir iad a bhogadh ar\u00EDs tr\u00ED th\u00E9amh, ach i bplaistigh eile at\u00E1 teirmeaplaisteach (mar shampla, poileitil\u00E9in is poilisteir\u00E9in) is f\u00E9idir iad a bhogadh ar an d\u00F3igh ch\u00E9anna ar\u00EDs is ar\u00EDs eile. Is f\u00E9idir plaistigh a dhearadh le breise\u00E1in \u00E9ags\u00FAla chun go mbeidh raon air\u00EDonna acu: cobhsa\u00EDocht faoi raon teochta, seoladh leictreach, insli\u00FA leictreach n\u00F3 teirmeach, dianscaoileadh n\u00E1d\u00FArtha tapa in ithir, agus eile."@ga , "\uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F1(\uC601\uC5B4: plastic)\uC740 \uC27D\uAC8C \uC6D0\uD558\uB294 \uBAA8\uC591\uC73C\uB85C \uAC00\uACF5\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4\uB294 \uC758\uBBF8\uC758 \uADF8\uB9AC\uC2A4\uC5B4 \uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F0\uCF54\uC2A4(plastikos)\uC5D0\uC11C \uC720\uB798\uD588\uC73C\uBA70, \uC5F4\uACFC \uC555\uB825\uC744 \uAC00\uD574 \uC131\uD615\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uACE0\uBD84\uC790\uD654\uD569\uBB3C\uC774\uB2E4. \uB9CE\uC740 \uC885\uB958\uAC00 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uC5F4\uC744 \uAC00\uD574\uC11C \uC7AC\uAC00\uACF5\uC774 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD55C\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C\uC11C \uC5F4\uAC00\uC18C\uC131\uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F1\uC640 \uC5F4\uACBD\uD654\uC131\uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F1\uB85C \uB098\uB20C \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F1\uC740 100\u2103 \uC774\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uAC00\uC5F4\uB420 \uB54C \uB179\uAC70\uB098 \uBD84\uD574\uB41C\uB2E4. \uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko , "Istilah plastik mencakup produk polimerisasi sintetik atau semi-sintetik. Plastik terbentuk dari kondensasi organik atau penambahan polimer dan bisa juga terdiri dari zat lain untuk meningkatkan kualitas plastik. Ada beberapa polimer alami yang termasuk plastik. Plastik dapat dibentuk menjadi film atau . Plastik didesain dengan variasi yang sangat banyak dalam properti yang dapat menoleransi panas, keras, ketahanan, dan lain-lain. Digabungkan dengan kemampuan adaptasinya, komposisi yang umum dan beratnya yang ringan, dipastikan plastik digunakan hampir di seluruh bidang industri."@in , "Tworzywa sztuczne \u2013 materia\u0142y sk\u0142adaj\u0105ce si\u0119 z polimer\u00F3w syntetycznych (wytworzonych sztucznie przez cz\u0142owieka i niewyst\u0119puj\u0105cych w naturze) lub zmodyfikowanych polimer\u00F3w naturalnych oraz dodatk\u00F3w modyfikuj\u0105cych takich jak np. nape\u0142niacze proszkowe lub w\u0142\u00F3kniste, stabilizatory termiczne, stabilizatory promieniowania UV, uniepalniacze, \u015Brodki antystatyczne, \u015Brodki spieniaj\u0105ce, barwniki itp.Termin \u201Etworzywa sztuczne\u201D funkcjonuje obok cz\u0119sto stosowanych okre\u015Ble\u0144 potocznych, np. plastik. Naj\u015Bci\u015Blejszym terminem obejmuj\u0105cym wszystkie materia\u0142y zawieraj\u0105ce jako g\u0142\u00F3wny sk\u0142adnik polimer, bez rozr\u00F3\u017Cniania, czy jest on pochodzenia sztucznego czy naturalnego, jest okre\u015Blenie \u201Etworzywa polimerowe\u201D."@pl , "\u041F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438 (\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438), \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u2014 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0456 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043B\u0438, \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0454 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0454 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0443 \u0443 \u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0434\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456, \u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043B\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u0432 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0438 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u041F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456, \u0443 \u0442\u043E\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u043D\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C. \u0421\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0454 \u043D\u0430\u0444\u0442\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437, \u043A\u0430\u043C'\u044F\u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u0456\u043B\u043B\u044F, \u0441\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456."@uk ; rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Global_plastic_pollution_treaty , dbr:Plastic_pollution , dbr:Timeline_of_plastic_development , dbr:Polymer , dbr:Health_effects_of_Bisphenol_A . @prefix skos: . dbr:Plastic skos:exactMatch . @prefix foaf: . dbr:Plastic foaf:depiction , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix dbc: . dbr:Plastic dcterms:subject dbc:Dielectrics , dbc:Plastics ; dbo:wikiPageID 26145195 ; dbo:wikiPageRevisionID 1123744792 ; dbo:wikiPageWikiLink dbc:Plastics , , dbr:Collagen , dbr:Plastic_pollution , dbr:Kinder_Joy , dbr:Alkane , dbr:Plastic_recycling , dbr:Cross-link , dbr:Chlorofluorocarbon , dbr:United_Nations_Assembly , dbr:Adipate , dbr:Natural_gum , dbr:Monomers , dbr:Polymer_degradation , , dbr:Pestalotiopsis , dbr:Conductive_polymers , dbr:SABIC , dbr:Biodegradable , dbr:OctaBDE , dbr:Urea-formaldehyde , dbr:Flavobacterium , , dbr:Masterbatch , dbr:BASF , dbr:Twaron , dbr:Timeline_of_materials_technology , , dbr:Pseudomonas_putida , dbr:Indorama_Ventures , dbr:Carbon_dioxide , dbr:Teflon , dbr:Aspergillus_sydowii , dbr:Body_armor , dbr:Europe , dbr:Thermoplastics , dbr:Plasticulture , dbr:Biodegradable_additives , dbr:Slovakia , dbr:Biodegradable_plastic , dbr:High_impact_polystyrene , dbr:Injection_molding_machine , dbr:Injection_moulding , dbr:Kevlar , dbr:Carbon_black , , dbr:Vulcanization , dbr:Marine_plastic_pollution , dbr:Polypropylene , dbr:Dioctyl_adipate , dbr:Cadmium , dbr:Colorant , dbr:Nomex , , dbr:Density , dbr:PentaBDE , dbr:Repeat_unit , dbr:Aminocaproic_acid , dbr:International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer , dbr:Consumer_Product_Safety_Improvement_Act , dbr:IPhone_5C , dbr:Thermal_cleaning , dbr:Leo_Baekeland , , dbr:Endocrine_disruptor , dbr:NAFTA , dbr:Polyurethane , dbr:Cellulose_acetate , dbr:Aerobic_digestion , dbr:Carbon-fiber-reinforced_polymers , dbr:Low-density_polyethylene , dbr:European_Union , dbr:Aramid , dbr:Benzyl_butyl_phthalate , dbr:Organic_light_emitting_diode , dbr:Halocarbon , dbc:Dielectrics , dbr:Oleamide , dbr:Pseudomonas_fluorescens , dbr:Backbone_chain , dbr:Injection_molding , dbr:China , dbr:Exxonmobil , dbr:Estrogen , dbr:Zinc_stearate , dbr:Thermoplastic , dbr:Polycarbonate , dbr:Alkylphenol , dbr:Polysulfone , dbr:Triethyl_citrate . @prefix ns9: . dbr:Plastic dbo:wikiPageWikiLink ns9:plastic , dbr:Sargasso_Sea , dbr:Charles_Goodyear , dbr:Galalith , dbr:Hardness , dbr:Calcium_stearate , , dbr:Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene , dbr:Acetyltributylcitrate , dbr:Laminar_flow , dbr:Nobel_laureate , dbr:Crystallization_of_polymers , dbr:Polyamide-imide , dbr:Polytetrafluoroethylene , dbr:UN_Mandate , dbr:Bratislava , dbr:Perspex , dbr:Sumgayit_Chemical_Industrial_Park , dbr:Bioplastic , dbr:Paraffin_wax , dbr:Acryl_group , dbr:Self-healing_plastic , dbr:Rotational_molding , dbr:Crystalline , dbr:Acrylic_paints , dbr:Synthetic_polymers , dbr:Middle_East , dbr:Acrylic_polymer , dbr:Acrylic_glass , dbr:Minamata_Convention_on_Mercury , dbr:Plumbing , dbr:Aspergillus_fumigatus , dbr:Dental_sealant , dbr:Polyetheretherketone , dbr:Cushioning , dbr:Kapton , dbr:Azerbaijan , dbr:Bakelite , dbr:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States , dbr:Thermoforming , dbr:Brominated_flame_retardants , dbr:Resin_identification_code , dbr:Hermann_Staudinger , dbr:Biocompatibility , dbr:High-performance_plastics , dbr:Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants , dbr:Materials_science , dbr:Nucleating_agent , dbr:Anaerobic_digestion , dbr:Noun , dbr:Bisphenol_A , dbr:Polymerization , dbr:Climate_change , dbr:Wing_mirror , dbr:Polystyrene , dbr:Biodegradability , , dbr:Riot_shield , dbr:List_of_alternatives_to_plastics , , , dbr:Microplastics , dbr:Braskem , dbr:Silicones , dbr:Petrochemical , dbr:New_car_smell , dbr:Amber , dbr:Shin-Etsu_Chemical , dbr:Monomer , dbr:Polymethyl_methacrylate , dbr:Roll-to-roll_processing , , dbr:Montreal_Protocol , dbr:Polyetherimide , dbr:Polyethylene , dbr:Plastics_engineering , dbr:Nylon_6 , dbr:Oil_refinery , dbr:Vinyl_chloride , dbr:Cotton , dbr:Polyethylene_terephthalate , , dbr:Oligomers , dbr:Casein , dbr:Fluid_statics , dbr:Polymer_stabilisers , dbr:Organic_compound , dbr:Polyurethanes , dbr:Intermediate_bulk_container , dbr:Condensation_reaction , dbr:Sustainable_packaging , dbr:Polymer_blend , dbr:Russia , dbr:Greenhouse_gas , dbr:Economies_of_scale , , , dbr:Flame_retardant , , dbr:Incineration , , dbr:Sinopec , , dbr:Nylon , , dbr:Commodity_plastics , dbr:Polymer , , dbr:Futuro , dbr:Plastic_compounding , dbr:High-density_polyethylene , dbr:Antioxidant , dbr:Film , dbr:Body_panel , dbr:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations , dbr:Tensile_strength , dbr:Environmental_Health_Perspectives , dbr:Petroleum , dbr:Nitric_acid , dbr:Bioplastics , dbr:Ultra-violet_radiation , dbr:Ionizing_radiation , dbr:Styrene , dbr:Amorphous , dbr:Thioethers , dbr:Progressive_bag_alliance , dbr:Dow_Chemical , dbr:Brevibacillus_borstelensis , dbr:Genetic_engineering , dbr:World_Health_Organization , dbr:Engineering_plastic , , dbr:Glass_transition_temperature , dbr:Phosphite_ester , dbr:Shellac , dbr:Heat_stabilizer , dbr:Disposable_nappy , , dbr:Biodegradable_plastics , dbr:Release_agent , dbr:Polar_fleece , dbr:Slovnaft , dbr:Sibur , dbr:Aspergillus_niger , dbr:Stretch_fabric , dbr:Phanerochaete_chrysosporium , dbr:Fatty_acid_amide , dbr:Giulio_Natta , dbr:Polymer_chemistry , dbr:Acinetobacter , dbr:Plastic_film , dbr:Vinyl_siding , dbr:Polymer_physics , dbr:Industrial_Revolution , dbr:Polymer_stabilizers , dbr:Corn , dbr:Blowing_agent , , dbr:LyondellBasell , dbr:Geotrichum_candidum , dbr:Spandex , dbr:Extrusion , dbr:Polyaddition , dbr:Wax_ester , dbr:Organophosphate , dbr:Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds , dbr:Imperial_Chemical_Industries , dbr:Parkesine , dbr:Hindered_amine_light_stabilizers , dbr:Light_activated_resin , dbr:Piping , dbr:Chromium , , dbr:Blow_molding , dbr:Oxidation , dbr:Product_packaging , dbr:Thermal_resistance , dbr:Polyimide , dbr:Polyisoprene , dbr:Leachate , dbr:Natural_gas , dbr:Diisononyl_phthalate , dbr:Calcium_carbonate , dbr:Compression_molding , dbr:Plastisol , dbr:Toxicity , dbr:Volatile_organic_compounds , dbr:Chlorinated_paraffins , dbr:Chlorinated_polyethylene , dbr:Plasticizer , dbr:Homogeneous , dbr:Ocean_Conservancy , dbr:Ozone_layer , dbr:Nocardia , dbr:Cellulose , dbr:Lead , dbr:Bioaccumulation , dbr:Plastics_industry , , dbr:Polyhydroxyalkanoates , dbr:Herman_Francis_Mark , dbr:Dye , dbr:Diisodecyl_phthalate , dbr:Thermosetting_polymer , dbr:Elastomer , dbr:Photo-oxidation_of_polymers , dbr:Garbage_patch , dbr:Polyester , dbr:Polyacetylene , dbr:Lentinus_tigrinus , dbr:Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene , , dbr:Plastic_colorant , dbr:Side_chains , dbr:Organic_polymers , dbr:Plastic_degradation_by_marine_bacteria , dbc:Organisms_breaking_down_plastic , dbr:Plastic_extrusion , dbr:Landfill , dbr:DuPont , dbr:Phthalate , dbr:Middle_Ages , dbr:Silicone , dbr:Plastics_extrusion , dbr:Global_plastic_pollution_treaty , dbr:North_America , dbr:Elastomeric , dbr:Film_blowing_machine , dbr:Polyvinyl_chloride , , dbr:Citrate , dbr:Sphingomonas , dbr:Dibutyl_phthalate , , dbr:Mesoamerican , , dbr:Talc , dbr:Phenols , dbr:Corn_construction , dbr:Mass_production , dbr:Pyrolysis ; dbo:wikiPageExternalLink , . @prefix ns10: . dbr:Plastic dbo:wikiPageExternalLink ns10:magazine-27442625 , , , , , , . @prefix ns11: . dbr:Plastic dbo:wikiPageExternalLink ns11:drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics , , , ; owl:sameAs . @prefix dbpedia-fi: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-fi:Muovi . @prefix dbpedia-lb: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-lb:Plastik , . @prefix dbpedia-cs: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-cs:Plast . @prefix dbpedia-eo: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-eo:Plasto , , , . @prefix ns16: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns16:Llirpu , , . @prefix ns17: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns17:Palastik . @prefix dbpedia-da: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-da:Plast , , , . @prefix dbpedia-nah: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-nah:Tecololli . @prefix ns20: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns20:CHpL . @prefix dbpedia-cy: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-cy:Plastig , , , . @prefix ns22: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns22:Plastmasas . @prefix dbpedia-br: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-br:Plastik . @prefix dbpedia-tr: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-tr:Plastik , . @prefix dbpedia-no: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-no:Plast . @prefix dbpedia-simple: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-simple:Plastic . @prefix dbpedia-sl: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-sl:Plastika . @prefix dbpedia-az: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-az:Plastmas . @prefix dbpedia-lmo: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-lmo:Plastega , . @prefix wikidata: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs wikidata:Q11474 . @prefix ns31: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns31:Plastics , wikidata:Q1418040 , , . @prefix dbpedia-als: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-als:Kunststoff , . @prefix dbpedia-nl: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-nl:Kunststof , , , dbpedia-nl:Kunsthars , , . @prefix dbpedia-et: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-et:Plastid , . @prefix dbpedia-pl: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-pl:Tworzywa_sztuczne . @prefix dbpedia-af: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-af:Plastiek . @prefix ns37: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns37:Plastika , , , . @prefix dbpedia-ms: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-ms:Plastik , . @prefix dbpedia-sw: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-sw:Plastiki , , . @prefix dbpedia-fy: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-fy:Plestik , . @prefix dbpedia-io: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-io:Plastiko . @prefix ns42: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns42:Plastike , . @prefix dbpedia-eu: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-eu:Plastiko . @prefix ns44: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns44:Plastik , , . @prefix ns45: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns45:Plastik_materiallar , , , . @prefix ns46: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns46:Plastic . @prefix dbpedia-an: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-an:Plastico , , . @prefix ns48: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns48:Plastikas , . @prefix ns49: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns49:Plastik , . @prefix dbpedia-war: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-war:Plastik . @prefix ns51: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns51:Plastico . @prefix dbpedia-gd: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-gd:Plastaig . @prefix dbpedia-it: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-it:Resina_artificiale . @prefix ns54: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns54:Plastica . @prefix dbpedia-sv: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-sv:Plast , . @prefix dbpedia-sq: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-sq:Plastika . @prefix ns57: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns57:Plastika . @prefix ns58: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns58:Plastik . @prefix dbpedia-id: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-id:Plastik , , . @prefix dbpedia-ga: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-ga:Plaisteach . @prefix dbpedia-bar: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-bar:Kunststoff . @prefix dbpedia-sk: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-sk:Plast , . @prefix dbpedia-is: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-is:Plast , dbpedia-da:Kunstharpiks . @prefix dbpedia-oc: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-oc:Plastic , . @prefix dbpedia-nn: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-nn:Plast , , , . @prefix dbpedia-de: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-de:Kunststoff , dbpedia-it:Materie_plastiche , . @prefix ns67: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs ns67:Plastik , , dbpedia-fi:Hartsi , , , . @prefix dbpedia-ro: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-ro:Plastic . @prefix dbpedia-sh: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-sh:Plastika , , . @prefix dbpedia-hr: . dbr:Plastic owl:sameAs dbpedia-hr:Plastika , . @prefix dbp: . @prefix dbt: . dbr:Plastic dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate dbt:Image_frame , dbt:Other_uses , dbt:Break , dbt:Div_flex_row , dbt:Div_flex_row_end , dbt:Technology_topics , dbt:CO2 , dbt:Reflist , dbt:Main , dbt:Multiple_image , dbt:Pp-semi-indef , dbt:Human_impact_on_the_environment , dbt:Authority_control , dbt:Use_American_English , dbt:HealthIssuesOfPlastics , dbt:Plastics , dbt:Rp , dbt:Verify_quote , dbt:Free-content_attribution , dbt:See_also , dbt:Convert , dbt:Clear , dbt:Wikiquote , dbt:Cite_web , dbt:Short_description , dbt:Labeling , dbt:Commons_category , dbt:Citation_needed , dbt:Colend , dbt:Colbegin , dbt:Sculptures , dbt:Excerpt , dbt:Align , dbt:Rubber ; dbo:thumbnail ; dbp:align "right"@en , "left"@en ; dbp:alt "A Slovnaft facility in Bratislava, Slovakia"@en , "See caption"@en , "A SOCAR Polymer polypropylene plant in Sumgayit, Azerbaijan"@en ; dbp:caption "Blow molding a plastic drinks bottle"@en , "A Slovnaft facility in Bratislava, Slovakia"@en , "A SOCAR Polymer polypropylene plant in Sumgayit, Azerbaijan"@en , "Annual global plastic production 1950\u20132015. Vertical lines denote the 1973\u20131975 recession and the financial crisis of 2007\u20132008 which caused brief reductions in plastic production."@en , "Short video on injection molding"@en ; dbp:content "Chart\n | width=500\n | height=250\n |vAnnotatonsLine=1975,2008\n |vAnnotatonsLabel=,\n | xGrid=\n | yGrid=\n | xAxisTitle=\n | yAxisTitle=Million metric tonnes\n | type=line\n | x=1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015\n | y=2,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,7,8,9,11,13,15,17,20,23,27,32,35,38,44,51,52,46,54,59,64,71,70,72,73,80,86,90,96,104,110,114,120,124,132,137,151,156,168,180,188,202,213,218,231,241,256,263,280,295,281,288,313,325,338,352,367,381\n |"@en ; dbp:date "February 2021"@en ; dbp:direction "vertical"@en , "Horizontal"@en ; dbp:header "Polypropylene plants"@en ; dbp:image "Blow molding process.jpg"@en , "Ilham Aliyev, Italian President Sergio Mattarella attended inauguration of polypropylene plant constructed in Sumgayit Chemical Industrial Park under SOCAR Polymer project 32.jpg"@en , "Slovnaft - new polypropylene plant PP3.JPG"@en , "Plastic Injection Molding.webm"@en ; dbp:license "Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO"@en ; dbp:publisher "United Nations Environment Programme"@en ; dbp:text "Should the full stop in this quote be placed outside of it instead? See Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation for more information."@en ; dbp:title "Drowning in Plastics \u2013 Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics"@en ; dbp:totalWidth 400 ; dbp:type "quote punctuation"@en ; dbp:width 600 , 160 ; dbo:abstract "\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646\u062A\u062C\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0644\u0632\u062C\u0629 \u062A\u062A\u062D\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062C\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0629\u060C \u062A\u062D\u062A\u0648\u064A 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\u0648\u0636\u0639\u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C\u00BB \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062B\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0643\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062E\u0631 \u064A\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u00AB\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062F\u00BB\u060C \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064A. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u062A\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062D\u062F \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060C \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C\u00BB. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062B\u0627\u0644\u060C \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064A\u062B\u0627\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0644\u064A\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u00AB\u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C\u00BB \u0623\u0648 \u00AB\u0631\u0627\u062A\u0646\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u00BB \u0623\u062B\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060C \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u064F\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631. \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0639\u060C \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u064A\u062A\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A \u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u064A\u062B\u0627\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062A\u062C \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0623\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0644\u064A\u0643 (\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064A \u0645\u064A\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0645\u064A\u062B\u0627\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0644\u0627\u062A) \u0623\u0648 \u00AB\u0623\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0644\u064A\u0643\u00BB."@ar , "Plasty, zn\u00E1m\u00E9 tak\u00E9 pod n\u00E1zvem plastick\u00E9 hmoty nebo pod ne zcela p\u0159esn\u00FDm (obecn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm) n\u00E1zvem \u201Eum\u011Bl\u00E9 hmoty\u201C, ozna\u010Duj\u00ED \u0159adu syntetick\u00FDch nebo polosyntetick\u00FDch organick\u00FDch slou\u010Denin, polymern\u00EDch materi\u00E1l\u016F. \u010Casto obsahuj\u00ED dal\u0161\u00ED l\u00E1tky ke zlep\u0161en\u00ED u\u017Eitn\u00FDch vlastnost\u00ED, nap\u0159. odolnosti proti st\u00E1rnut\u00ED, zv\u00FD\u0161en\u00ED hou\u017Eevnatosti, pru\u017Enosti apod. Plasty mohou b\u00FDt formov\u00E1ny do p\u0159edm\u011Bt\u016F, f\u00F3li\u00ED, nebo vl\u00E1ken. Jejich n\u00E1zev je odvozen z faktu, \u017Ee mnoh\u00E9 jsou tvarovateln\u00E9 - maj\u00ED vlastnost zvanou . Plasty se vyzna\u010Duj\u00ED velkou variabilitou vlastnost\u00ED, jako je nap\u0159. tepeln\u00E1 odolnost, tvrdost, pru\u017Enost. Mezi jejich v\u00FDhody pat\u0159\u00ED n\u00EDzk\u00E1 hustota, chemick\u00E1 odolnost, jednotnost slo\u017Een\u00ED, struktury a dobr\u00E1 zpracovatelnost energeticky m\u00E1lo n\u00E1ro\u010Dn\u00FDmi technologiemi vhodn\u00FDmi pro masovou v\u00FDrobu . D\u00EDky tomu nalezly pou\u017Eit\u00ED t\u00E9m\u011B\u0159 ve v\u0161ech pr\u016Fmyslov\u00FDch odv\u011Btv\u00EDch i v dom\u00E1cnostech. Slovo \u201Eplastick\u00FD\u201C m\u016F\u017Ee t\u00E9\u017E ozna\u010Dovat materi\u00E1l charakterizovan\u00FD ur\u010Dit\u00FDm chov\u00E1n\u00EDm p\u0159i deformaci pod \u2013 v\u00EDce informac\u00ED je obsa\u017Eeno v \u010Dl\u00E1nc\u00EDch a ta\u017Enost. Z r\u016Fzn\u00FDch plast\u016F se d\u00E1le vyr\u00E1b\u011Bj\u00ED slitiny \u2013 tzv. polymern\u00ED sm\u011Bsi. Vyu\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED se v automobilov\u00E9m pr\u016Fmyslu (p\u0159\u00EDstrojov\u00E9 desky, sou\u010D\u00E1sti interi\u00E9r\u016F, n\u00E1razn\u00EDky, disky), ve v\u00FDpo\u010Detn\u00ED a sd\u011Blovac\u00ED technice (kryty mobiln\u00EDch telefon\u016F), v elektronice nebo v elektrotechnice (z\u00E1str\u010Dky, vyp\u00EDna\u010De)."@cs , "Een kunsthars is een synthetische stof die dezelfde kenmerken heeft als een natuurlijke hars: het is gietbaar, zacht maar goed hechtend. Kunstharsen zijn vaak thermoplastisch, licht vervormbaar en meestal goed isolerend. Ze worden gebruikt als isolatiemateriaal, en, sinds de productie van kunstharsen flink gestegen is, ook als bouwstof. De eerste en bekendste kunsthars was bakeliet, een fenolhars. Andere kunstharssoorten zijn , polyurethaanhars en epoxyhars. Natuurlijke harsen komen met name voor in bomen, en hebben als functie het dichten van beschadigingen van de bast. Natuurlijke harsen worden onder invloed van zuurstof hard, bij de kunstharsen bepaalt de temperatuur vaak de fase van de stof."@nl , "Em qu\u00EDmica e tecnologia, os pl\u00E1sticos s\u00E3o materiais org\u00E2nicos polim\u00E9ricos sint\u00E9ticos, de constitui\u00E7\u00E3o macromolecular, dotada de grande maleabilidade (que apresentam a propriedade de adaptar-se em distintas formas), facilmente transform\u00E1vel mediante o emprego de calor e press\u00E3o e que serve de mat\u00E9ria-prima para a fabrica\u00E7\u00E3o dos mais variados objetos: vasos, sacolas, toalhas, embalagens, cortinas, bijuterias, carrocerias, roupas, canudos, sapatos e etc. A mat\u00E9ria-prima dos pl\u00E1sticos, geralmente, \u00E9 o petr\u00F3leo. Este \u00E9 formado por uma complexa mistura de compostos. Pelo fato de estes compostos possu\u00EDrem diferentes temperaturas de ebuli\u00E7\u00E3o, \u00E9 poss\u00EDvel separ\u00E1-los atrav\u00E9s de um processo conhecido como destila\u00E7\u00E3o ou craqueamento. A fra\u00E7\u00E3o nafta \u00E9 fornecida para as centrais qu\u00EDmicas e petroqu\u00EDmicas, onde passa por uma s\u00E9rie de processos, dando origem aos principais mon\u00F4meros, como, por exemplo, a creolina. S\u00E3o divididos em dois grupos de acordo com as suas caracter\u00EDsticas de fus\u00E3o ou derretimento: termopl\u00E1sticos e termorr\u00EDgidos."@pt , "Le materie plastiche sono materiali organici a elevato peso molecolare, cio\u00E8 costituite da molecole con una catena molto lunga (macromolecole), che determinano in modo essenziale il quadro specifico delle caratteristiche dei materiali stessi. Possono essere costituite da polimeri puri o miscelati con additivi o cariche varie. Le plastiche caricate sono composte dalla matrice (proprio il materiale plastico prescelto), all'interno della quale sono annegate fibre di carbonio, di vetro, di kevlar o anche di legno. I polimeri pi\u00F9 comuni sono sintetici, prodotti a partire dai derivati del petrolio, ma esistono anche quelli fatti con materiali derivanti da altre fonti. La IUPAC (Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata), nel definire le materie plastiche come \"materiali polimerici che possono contenere altre sostanze finalizzate a migliorarne le propriet\u00E0 o ridurre i costi\", raccomanda l'utilizzo del termine \"polimeri\" al posto di quello generico di \"plastiche\"."@it , "Tworzywa sztuczne \u2013 materia\u0142y sk\u0142adaj\u0105ce si\u0119 z polimer\u00F3w syntetycznych (wytworzonych sztucznie przez cz\u0142owieka i niewyst\u0119puj\u0105cych w naturze) lub zmodyfikowanych polimer\u00F3w naturalnych oraz dodatk\u00F3w modyfikuj\u0105cych takich jak np. nape\u0142niacze proszkowe lub w\u0142\u00F3kniste, stabilizatory termiczne, stabilizatory promieniowania UV, uniepalniacze, \u015Brodki antystatyczne, \u015Brodki spieniaj\u0105ce, barwniki itp.Termin \u201Etworzywa sztuczne\u201D funkcjonuje obok cz\u0119sto stosowanych okre\u015Ble\u0144 potocznych, np. plastik. Naj\u015Bci\u015Blejszym terminem obejmuj\u0105cym wszystkie materia\u0142y zawieraj\u0105ce jako g\u0142\u00F3wny sk\u0142adnik polimer, bez rozr\u00F3\u017Cniania, czy jest on pochodzenia sztucznego czy naturalnego, jest okre\u015Blenie \u201Etworzywa polimerowe\u201D. Tworzywa polimerowe stanowi\u0105 osobn\u0105 grup\u0119 materia\u0142\u00F3w obok materia\u0142\u00F3w ceramicznych, metali i ich stop\u00F3w oraz drewna, kt\u00F3re, ze wzgl\u0119du na budow\u0119 cz\u0105steczek celulozy, r\u00F3wnie\u017C nale\u017Cy zaliczy\u0107 do naturalnych materia\u0142\u00F3w polimerowych. Zaletami tworzyw sztucznych jest \u0142atwo\u015B\u0107 przetw\u00F3rstwa (niskie koszty wykonywania du\u017Cych serii gotowych wyrob\u00F3w w por\u00F3wnaniu do innych grup materia\u0142\u00F3w). Ta ostatnia cecha g\u0142\u00F3wnie zadecydowa\u0142a o wielkim rozwoju przemys\u0142u tworzyw polimerowych w XX wieku. Wadami tworzyw polimerowych s\u0105: ma\u0142a odporno\u015B\u0107 na wysokie temperatury i mniejsze w\u0142a\u015Bciwo\u015Bci mechaniczne (np. twardo\u015B\u0107, podatno\u015B\u0107 na pe\u0142zanie) w por\u00F3wnaniu np. do metali lub ceramiki. Pomimo \u017Ce w\u0142a\u015Bciwo\u015Bci mechaniczne wi\u0119kszo\u015Bci tworzyw polimerowych s\u0105 mniejsze w stosunku do metali, to w\u0142\u00F3kna z niekt\u00F3rych tworzyw polimerowych (np. aromatyczne poliamidy \u2013 Kevlar) mog\u0105 wykazywa\u0107 wi\u0119ksz\u0105 wytrzyma\u0142o\u015B\u0107 na rozci\u0105ganie (powy\u017Cej 3500 MPa) nawet w stosunku do wysokogatunkowych stali. Podobnie bardzo wysok\u0105 wytrzyma\u0142o\u015Bci\u0105 charakteryzuj\u0105 si\u0119 kompozyty polimerowe. Do wad tworzyw polimerowych zalicza si\u0119 bardzo d\u0142ugi czas rozk\u0142adu, je\u015Bli cz\u0142owiek dokonuje za\u015Bmiecania nimi \u015Brodowiska naturalnego, czy te\u017C podczas sk\u0142adowania ich na sk\u0142adowiskach odpad\u00F3w. Od pocz\u0105tku ich masowej produkcji 9% zosta\u0142o poddane recyklingowi, 12% spalono, a 79% zosta\u0142o wyrzuconych na sk\u0142adowiska odpad\u00F3w. R\u00F3wnocze\u015Bnie tworzywa polimerowe stanowi\u0105 doskona\u0142e materia\u0142y wt\u00F3rne do ponownego przerobu w technologiach recyklingu, gdzie na samym ko\u0144cu powinny one ko\u0144czy\u0107 \u201Eswoje \u017Cycie\u201D jako , ze wzgl\u0119du na wysok\u0105 warto\u015B\u0107 opa\u0142ow\u0105, cz\u0119sto por\u00F3wnywaln\u0105 do w\u0119gla. Pomimo zaawansowanych technologii w spalarniach odpad\u00F3w, kt\u00F3re eliminuj\u0105 emisj\u0119 szkodliwych zwi\u0105zk\u00F3w do \u015Brodowiska, wci\u0105\u017C obserwuje si\u0119 wysoki op\u00F3r spo\u0142eczny podczas wyboru lokalizacji spalarni odpad\u00F3w. Spalanie tworzyw polimerowych w gospodarstwach domowych jest zabronione, m.in. ze wzgl\u0119du na za nisk\u0105 temperatur\u0119 spalania, co powoduje emisj\u0119 do atmosfery silnie truj\u0105cych zwi\u0105zk\u00F3w. Od lat 50. do 2017 r. wyprodukowano 8,3 mld ton tworzyw sztucznych, a w latach 1988\u20132010 \u015Bwiatowa roczna produkcja wzros\u0142a z 75 mln do 245 mln ton rocznie. W 2016 r. \u015Bwiatowa produkcja tworzyw wzros\u0142a o 4% w stosunku do roku poprzedniego i wynios\u0142a 335 mln ton. W 2017 roku produkcja plastiku na \u015Bwiecie wynios\u0142a 348 mln ton. \u015Awiatowa produkcja tworzyw sztucznych w roku 2018 szacowana jest na 359 mln ton, co oznacza wzrost w odniesieniu do roku poprzedniego o 3%. Zaobserwowano, \u017Ce drobne odpady tworzyw sztucznych unosz\u0105 si\u0119 na powierzchni p\u00F3\u0142nocnego Oceanu Atlantyckiego i p\u00F3\u0142nocnego Oceanu Spokojnego. W latach 1988\u20132010 nie zaobserwowano wzrostu ilo\u015Bci tych odpad\u00F3w. Badania na Morzu Sargassowym sugeruj\u0105, \u017Ce morskie mikroorganizmy s\u0105 zdolne do rozk\u0142adania tworzyw sztucznych. Podczas bada\u0144 w 2009 roku stwierdzono w \u017Co\u0142\u0105dkach ryb z p\u00F3\u0142nocnego Oceanu Spokojnego obecno\u015B\u0107 tworzyw sztucznych (badano 141 okaz\u00F3w z 27 gatunk\u00F3w, tworzywa wykryto u 9,2%)."@pl , "Plastics are a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that use polymers as a main ingredient. Their plasticity makes it possible for plastics to be moulded, extruded or pressed into solid objects of various shapes. This adaptability, plus a wide range of other properties, such as being lightweight, durable, flexible, and inexpensive to produce, has led to its widespread use. Plastics typically are made through human industrial systems. Most modern plastics are derived from fossil fuel-based chemicals like natural gas or petroleum; however, recent industrial methods use variants made from renewable materials, such as corn or cotton derivatives. 9.2 billion tonnes of plastic are estimated to have been made between 1950 and 2017. More than half this plastic has been produced since 2004. In 2020, 400 million tonnes of plastic were produced. If global trends on plastic demand continue, it is estimated that by 2050 annual global plastic production will reach over 1,100 million tonnes. The success and dominance of plastics starting in the early 20th century has caused widespread environmental problems, due to their slow decomposition rate in natural ecosystems. Toward the end of the 20th century, the plastics industry promoted recycling in order to ease environmental concerns while continuing to produce virgin plastic and to push the responsibility of plastic pollution onto the consumer. The main companies producing plastics doubted the economic viability of recycling at the time, and the economic viability has never improved. Plastic collection and recycling is largely ineffective because of failures to solve the contemporary complexities of cleaning and sorting post-consumer plastics for effective reuse. Most plastic produced has not been reused, either being captured in landfills or persisting in the environment as plastic pollution. Plastic pollution can be found in all the world's major water bodies, for example, creating garbage patches in all of the world's oceans and contaminating terrestrial ecosystems. Of all the plastic discarded so far, some 14% has been incinerated and less than 10% has been recycled. In developed economies, about a third of plastic is used in packaging and roughly the same in buildings in applications such as piping, plumbing or vinyl siding. Other uses include automobiles (up to 20% plastic), furniture, and toys. In the developing world, the applications of plastic may differ; 42% of India's consumption is used in packaging. In the medical field, polymer implants and other medical devices are derived at least partially from plastic. Worldwide, about 50 kg of plastic is produced annually per person, with production doubling every ten years. The world's first fully synthetic plastic was Bakelite, invented in New York in 1907, by Leo Baekeland, who coined the term \"plastics\". Dozens of different types of plastics are produced today, such as polyethylene, which is widely used in product packaging, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), used in construction and pipes because of its strength and durability. Many chemists have contributed to the materials science of plastics, including Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger, who has been called \"the father of polymer chemistry\" and Herman Mark, known as \"the father of polymer physics\"."@en , "\uD569\uC131\uC218\uC9C0(\u5408\u6210\u6A39\u8102, synthetic resin)\uB780 \uB098\uBB47\uC9C4(\uC218\uC9C0)\uC640 \uC720\uC0AC\uD55C \uC131\uC9C8\uC744 \uAC16\uB294 \uD569\uC131 \uACE0\uBD84\uC790\uB97C \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko , "\u039F \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03BF\u03B9\u03BD\u03AE \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03B3\u03C1\u03AC\u03C8\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C5\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 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\u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03AD\u03C7\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03C3\u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1, \u03BF\u03C1\u03B3\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03AE \u03BC\u03B7, \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B2\u03B5\u03BB\u03C4\u03AF\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BF\u03C4\u03AE\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 (\u03BC\u03B7\u03C7\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE, \u03B5\u03BC\u03C6\u03AC\u03BD\u03B9\u03C3\u03B7, \u03C7\u03C1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BA\u03BB\u03C0). \u039A\u03CD\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF \u03C3\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03BA\u03B5\u03C5\u03AE\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03AF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \"\u03B5\u03C0\u03BF\u03BE\u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2\" \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \"\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03C5\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2\". \u03A5\u03C0\u03AC\u03C1\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03AF\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF \u03C0\u03BB\u03AE\u03B8\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03CE\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD. \u03A9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C3\u03BF, \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03BC\u03B5 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03BE\u03BF\u03C5\u03BC\u03B5 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B7\u03B3\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B5\u03C2: \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03BA\u03BB\u03B7\u03C1\u03C5\u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B1. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03C5\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03AE, \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03BA\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03B1\u03BB\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B7 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1, \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1\u03B4\u03AE \u03B5\u03C5\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03C9\u03B8\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03BA\u03C4\u03AE\u03C3\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03C7\u03AE\u03BC\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03B8\u03C5\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD\u03BC\u03B5, \u03BA\u03AC\u03B8\u03B5 \u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AC \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03BA\u03BB\u03B7\u03C1\u03C5\u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B1, \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03CE\u03C4\u03B7 \u03B8\u03AD\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03BC\u03B9\u03BE\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C3\u03C5\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2, \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03BA\u03B1\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03C5\u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03BA\u03BB\u03AE\u03C1\u03C5\u03BD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03C1\u03CC\u03C0\u03BF \u03BC\u03B7 \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03B5\u03C0\u03C4\u03CC. \u0394\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1\u03B4\u03AE, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B8\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C3\u03BA\u03BB\u03B7\u03C1\u03C5\u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC, \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03AE\u03BE\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2, \u03B4\u03B5 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BD\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03B7\u03B8\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B1\u03B9\u03C4\u03AD\u03C1\u03C9."@el , "Kunststoffen of (Engels) plastics, zijn chemische verbindingen die door niet-natuurlijke scheikundige processen worden vervaardigd. Kunststof is materiaal dat is opgebouwd uit zeer grote moleculen (polymeren), die ontstaan door chemische synthese, dat wil zeggen een chemische reactie waardoor er een nieuwe synthetische stof ontstaat vanuit natuurlijke grondstoffen. De grondstoffen van de plastic-chemie zijn koolwaterstoffen afkomstig uit aardolieraffinage. Deze grondstoffen gaan tijdens de chemische synthese covalente of ionaire bindingen aan en vormen zo amorfe of kristallijne stoffen. Men onderscheidt drie soorten kunststoffen: \n* Thermoplastensynthetische polymeren gevormd uit lineair geschakelde monomeren; 92% van alle geproduceerde kunststoffen zijn thermoplasten. Het betreft materialen die door blootstelling aan druk en/of warmte vloeibaar worden gemaakt en vervolgens in een matrijs worden geperst. Thermoplasten kunnen meerdere malen gerecycled worden. \n* Thermoharders \n* Elastomeren De twee laatstgenoemde soorten kunnen slechts eenmalig tot product worden verwerkt. Opnieuw verhitten leidt tot ontbinding."@nl , "Con resina artificiale (o resina sintetica) si intende in genere un materiale viscoso, di aspetto simile alla resina vegetale, capace di indurirsi a freddo o a caldo. Si tratta in genere di un'ampia classe di differenti e complessi polimeri, che si possono ottenere con una grande variet\u00E0 di metodi e materie prime. Fra le resine sintetiche pi\u00F9 comuni citiamo le resine fenoliche, le resine acriliche, le resine epossidiche, le resine poliestere insature (UPR, Unsaturated Polyester Resin), le resine vinilestere (VE), le resine termoplastiche, le resine termoindurenti e gli elastomeri. Una resina sintetica non viene in genere commercializzata come tale, ma ne vengono venduti i suoi precursori, nella forma di due componenti separati \u2014 l'oligomero e l'agente reticolante \u2014 che vengono miscelati al momento dell'uso. La miscelazione innesca la reazione di reticolazione che trasforma l'oligomero, solitamente un liquido oleoso poco viscoso capace di adattarsi ai pi\u00F9 piccoli dettagli dello stampo, nel polimero solido, una materia plastica solitamente trasparente che pu\u00F2 venire successivamente lavorata, colorata e decorata."@it , "\u041F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u0430\u0301\u0441\u0441\u044B (\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0301\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u0430\u0301\u0441\u0441\u044B), \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0301\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u2014 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044B, \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F (\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440\u044B). \u0418\u0441\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0432. \u041D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044B\u00BB \u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u044D\u0442\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044B \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043D\u044B \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044C \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u043E\u0445\u043B\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u043E\u043C \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E (\u0432\u044F\u0437\u043A\u043E\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u044D\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E) \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0434\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u0435 (\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043A\u043B\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435)."@ru , "Plast \u00E4r ett samlingsnamn f\u00F6r en stor grupp halvsyntetiska eller syntetiska material som numera anv\u00E4nds inom i stort sett alla tillverkningsomr\u00E5den. Plast best\u00E5r huvudsakligen av en eller flera polymerer som blandats med tillsatser. En polymer \u00E4r en stor molekyl som best\u00E5r av m\u00E5nga sm\u00E5 molekyler som bundit ihop f\u00F6r att skapa en l\u00E5ng kedja. Dessa sm\u00E5 upprepande molekyler kallas f\u00F6r monomerer. Med undantag av silikoner best\u00E5r polymererna av organiska f\u00F6reningar. Genom att variera vilka tillsatser som anv\u00E4nds och vilken typ av monomerer och hur l\u00E5ng polymerkedjan \u00E4r kan man f\u00E5 fram en m\u00E4ngd olika typer av plast med m\u00E5nga olika egenskaper och anv\u00E4ndningsomr\u00E5den. Detta, tillsammans med att plaster blir enklare och enklare att \u00E5tervinna har resulterat i att plast blivit en oumb\u00E4rlig del av det moderna samh\u00E4llet. Det \u00E4r d\u00E4rf\u00F6r sv\u00E5rt att ers\u00E4tta plasten, vilket hade varit \u00F6nskv\u00E4rt eftersom plastf\u00F6roreningar \u00E4r ett v\u00E4xande och allvarligt milj\u00F6problem. Mikroplaster finns utspridda i naturen och har till exempel sp\u00E5rats i m\u00E4nskligt blod. Bland annat har EU vidtagit \u00E5tg\u00E4rder i f\u00F6rs\u00F6k att minska plastavfallet i naturen. Den 3 juli 2021 f\u00F6rbj\u00F6ds tillverkning av eng\u00E5ngsplast i EU. Ett EU-m\u00E5l \u00E4r att 55 procent av allt f\u00F6rpackningsavfall i plast ska \u00E5tervinnas \u00E5r 2030, bland annat f\u00F6r att begr\u00E4nsa f\u00F6rbr\u00E4nningen som leder till \u00F6kade v\u00E4xthusgaser i atmosf\u00E4ren. Plaster delas upp i tv\u00E5 huvudgrupper, termo- och h\u00E4rdplaster. Termoplaster mjuknar vid sm\u00E4ltning och kan formas om medan h\u00E4rdplaster inte kan sm\u00E4ltas ner utan att dess kemiska struktur f\u00F6rst\u00F6rs, detta p\u00E5 grund av att plasten h\u00E4rdas vid tillverkning. Termoplaster kan s\u00E5ledes sm\u00E4ltas ned och formas om men inte h\u00E4rdplaster. I j\u00E4mf\u00F6relse med andra material som tr\u00E4, metall och glas \u00E4r plast ett relativt sett ungt material som fick sitt genombrott i mitten av 1900-talet. Sedan dess har anv\u00E4ndningen \u00F6kat med i snitt 9 procent per \u00E5r, globalt sett, och plast har idag en bred anv\u00E4ndning inom tillverkningsindustrin. \u00C5r 2009 var tillverkningen 230 miljoner ton.. Ordet plast h\u00E4rstammar fr\u00E5n grekiskans \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 (plastikos) som betyder formbar eller l\u00E4mplig f\u00F6r gjutning, alternativt fr\u00E5n \u03C0\u03BB\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 (plastos) som betyder formad eller gjuten."@sv , "Istilah plastik mencakup produk polimerisasi sintetik atau semi-sintetik. Plastik terbentuk dari kondensasi organik atau penambahan polimer dan bisa juga terdiri dari zat lain untuk meningkatkan kualitas plastik. Ada beberapa polimer alami yang termasuk plastik. Plastik dapat dibentuk menjadi film atau . Plastik didesain dengan variasi yang sangat banyak dalam properti yang dapat menoleransi panas, keras, ketahanan, dan lain-lain. Digabungkan dengan kemampuan adaptasinya, komposisi yang umum dan beratnya yang ringan, dipastikan plastik digunakan hampir di seluruh bidang industri. Plastik dapat juga merujuk ke setiap barang yang memiliki karakter yang deformasi atau gagal karena , lihat dan . Plastik dapat dikategorisasikan dengan banyak cara, tetapi paling umum dengan melihat tulang-belakang polimernya (vinyl{chloride}, polyethylene, acrylic, silicone, urethane, dll.). Klasifikasi lainnya juga umum. Plastik merupakan polimer; rantai panjang atom yang mengikat satu sama lain. Rantai ini membentuk banyak unit molekul berulang, atau \"monomer\". Plastik umumnya terdiri dari polimer karbon saja atau dengan oksigen, nitrogen, chlorine atau belerang di tulang belakang. (beberapa minat komersial juga berdasar silikon). Tulang-belakang adalah bagian dari rantai di jalur utama yang menghubungkan unit monomer menjadi kesatuan. Untuk mengeset properti plastik grup molekuler berlainan \"bergantung\" dari tulang-belakang (biasanya \"digantung\" sebagai bagian dari monomer sebelum menyambungkan monomer bersama untuk membentuk rantai polimer). Pengesetan ini oleh grup \"pendant\" telah membuat plastik menjadi bagian tak terpisahkan di kehidupan abad 21 dengan memperbaiki properti dari polimer tersebut. Pengembangan plastik berasal dari penggunaan material alami (seperti: permen karet, \"shellac\") sampai ke material alami yang dimodifikasi secara kimia (seperti: karet alami, \"nitrocellulose\") dan akhirnya ke molekul buatan-manusia (seperti: epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene)."@in , "Ar dt\u00FAs, aon \u00E1bhar bog domh\u00FAnlaithe, ach anois rois\u00EDn\u00ED saorga org\u00E1nacha ar f\u00E9idir iad a bhogadh tr\u00ED th\u00E9amh is ansin a mh\u00FAnl\u00FA n\u00F3 a theilgean i bhfoirm \u00E9igin nua. Cuid acu at\u00E1 teirmith\u00E9achtach (mar shampla, rois\u00EDn fean\u00F3ilfhormaild\u00E9id), n\u00ED f\u00E9idir iad a bhogadh ar\u00EDs tr\u00ED th\u00E9amh, ach i bplaistigh eile at\u00E1 teirmeaplaisteach (mar shampla, poileitil\u00E9in is poilisteir\u00E9in) is f\u00E9idir iad a bhogadh ar an d\u00F3igh ch\u00E9anna ar\u00EDs is ar\u00EDs eile. Is f\u00E9idir plaistigh a dhearadh le breise\u00E1in \u00E9ags\u00FAla chun go mbeidh raon air\u00EDonna acu: cobhsa\u00EDocht faoi raon teochta, seoladh leictreach, insli\u00FA leictreach n\u00F3 teirmeach, dianscaoileadh n\u00E1d\u00FArtha tapa in ithir, agus eile."@ga , "Plasto estas artefarita materialo, kemie organika polimero; kutime plasto estas moldebla, formebla. Kelkaj plastoj devenas de naturaj organikaj polimeroj (nafto, celulozo ktp), transformataj fare de kemia procezo; aliaj estas tute sintezaj. Tia difino de plasto inkluzivas gumojn; tamen, gumoj povas esti tute naturaj, kaj artefaritaj gumoj estas ofte tre similaj al naturaj gumoj. Iuj preferas meti \u0109iujn gumojn ekster la aron de plastoj."@eo , "\u5851\u6599\u662F\u6307\u4EE5\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u91CF\u7684\u5408\u6210\u6811\u8102/\u77F3\u6CB9\u4E3A\u4E3B\u8981\u7EC4\u5206\uFF0C\u52A0\u5165\u9002\u5F53\u6DFB\u52A0\u5242\uFF0C\u5982\u589E\u5851\u5242\u3001\u7A33\u5B9A\u5242\u3001\u6297\u6C27\u5316\u5242\u3001\u963B\u71C3\u5242\u3001\u6DA6\u6ED1\u5242\u3001\u7740\u8272\u5242\u7B49\uFF0C\u7ECF\u52A0\u5DE5\u6210\u578B\u7684\u5851\u6027\uFF08\u67D4\u97E7\u6027\uFF09\u6750\u6599\uFF0C\u6216\u56FA\u5316\u4EA4\u8054\u5F62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5851\u81A0\u6700\u65E9\u4F86\u81EA\u65BC1850\u5E74\u4EE3\u7684\u82F1\u570B\uFF0C\u81EA\u5F9E\u88AB\u958B\u767C\u4EE5\u4F86\uFF0C\u5404\u65B9\u9762\u7684\u7528\u9014\u65E5\u76CA\u5EE3\u6CDB\u3002 IUPAC\u5C0D\u5851\u6599\uFF08plastic\uFF09\u7684\u5B9A\u7FA9\u4E00\u500B\u7528\u4F86\u6307\u805A\u5408\u6750\u6599\u7684\u901A\u7528\u8A5E\u8A9E\uFF0C\u6750\u6599\u4E2D\u53EF\u80FD\u5305\u62EC\u5176\u4ED6\u53EF\u4EE5\u63D0\u6607\u6027\u80FD\u6216\u964D\u4F4E\u6210\u672C\u7684\u7269\u8CEA \u8A3B1\uFF1A\u4F7F\u7528\u6B64\u4E00\u8A5E\u8A9E\u800C\u4E0D\u7528\u805A\u5408\u7269\uFF08polymer\uFF09\u7684\u539F\u56E0\u662F\u5F8C\u8005\u5E38\u9020\u6210\u56F0\u64FE\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u4E0D\u5EFA\u8B70\u4F7F\u7528\u3002 \u8A3B2\uFF1A\u5728\u805A\u5408\u7269\u5DE5\u7A0B\u4E2D\uFF0C\u6B64\u4E00\u8A5E\u8A9E\u662F\u6307\u53EF\u4EE5\u6DF7\u5408\uFF0C\u800C\u4E14\u5728\u7279\u5B9A\u689D\u4EF6\u4E0B\u53EF\u4EE5\u61C9\u7528\u6D41\u52D5\u7279\u6027\u5728\u88FD\u9020\u4E0A\u7684\u6750\u6599 \u5851\u6599\u5206\u985E\u7684\u65B9\u5F0F\u6709\u8A31\u591A\u7A2E\u3002\u5E38\u7528\u805A\u5408\u7269\u4E2D\u9AA8\u67B6\u53CA\u5074\u93C8\u7684\u5316\u5B78\u7D50\u69CB\u4F86\u5206\u985E\u3002\u5176\u4E2D\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u6709\u4E19\u70EF\u91AF\u57FA\u5851\u6599\u3001\u805A\u916F\u5851\u6599\u3001\u77FD\u6C27\u6A39\u8102\u3001\u805A\u6C28\u916F\u53CA\u542B\u9E75\u7D20\u7684\u5851\u6599\u3002\u5851\u6599\u4E5F\u53EF\u4EE5\u4F9D\u5408\u6210\u6642\u7684\u53CD\u61C9\u4F86\u5206\u985E\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u7E2E\u5408\u53CD\u61C9\u3001\u805A\u5408\u52A0\u6210\u53CA\u4EA4\u806F\u53CD\u61C9\u3002"@zh , "\u5408\u6210\u6A39\u8102\uFF08\u3054\u3046\u305B\u3044\u3058\u3085\u3057\u3001\u82F1: synthetic resin\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4EBA\u70BA\u7684\u306B\u88FD\u9020\u3055\u308C\u305F\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u5316\u5408\u7269\u304B\u3089\u306A\u308B\u7269\u8CEA\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3002\u5408\u6210\u6A39\u8102\u304B\u3089\u7D21\u7CF8\u3055\u308C\u305F\u7E4A\u7DAD\u306F\u5408\u6210\u7E4A\u7DAD\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3001\u5408\u6210\u6A39\u8102\u306F\u53EF\u5851\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3082\u306E\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002"@ja , "En qu\u00EDmica i tecnologia, els pl\u00E0stics s\u00F3n materials org\u00E0nics polim\u00E8rics d'alta massa molecular. S\u00F3n mol\u00E8cules gegants formades per \u00E0toms de carboni juntament amb altres d'hidrogen, oxigen, i en menor mesura, clor, fluor, nitrogen o silici. Els pl\u00E0stics s\u00F3n s\u00F2lids amorfs, sint\u00E8tics o semisint\u00E8tics, que tenen una gran utilitat per a la ind\u00FAstria. El terme, en la seva significaci\u00F3 m\u00E9s general, s'aplica a les subst\u00E0ncies de diferents estructures i naturaleses que no tenen un punt fix d'ebullici\u00F3 i posseeixen durant un interval de temperatures propietats d'elasticitat i flexibilitat que permeten modelar i adaptar-les a diferents formes i aplicacions. Tanmateix, en sentit restringit, denota certs tipus de materials sint\u00E8tics obtinguts mitjan\u00E7ant fen\u00F2mens de polimeritzaci\u00F3 o multiplicaci\u00F3 artificial dels \u00E0toms de carboni en les llargues cadenes moleculars de compostos org\u00E0nics derivats del petroli i altres subst\u00E0ncies naturals."@ca , "Les resines sint\u00E8tiques s\u00F3n materials amb una caracter\u00EDstica d'inter\u00E8s similar a les resines naturals de plantes: s\u00F3n l\u00EDquids viscosos que s\u00F3n capa\u00E7os d'endurir permanentment. Per altra banda, qu\u00EDmicament s\u00F3n molt diferents dels diversos compostos resinosos secretats per les plantes (vegeu resina per a la discussi\u00F3 dels productes naturals). Existeixen diversos tipus de sint\u00E8tics. Alguns estan fabricats per esterificaci\u00F3 o ensabonat de compostos org\u00E0nics. Altres s\u00F3n pl\u00E0stics termoestables en qu\u00E8 s'aplica la \"resina\" al reactiu o al producte, o a ambdues coses. La \"resina\" es pot aplicar a un dels dos mon\u00F2mers en un copol\u00EDmer (l'altre \u00E9s anomenat un \"enduridor\", com en les resines epoxi). Per a aquells pl\u00E0stics termoestables que requereixen nom\u00E9s un mon\u00F2mer, el mon\u00F2mer de compost \u00E9s la \"resina\". Per exemple, el metacrilat de metil l\u00EDquid sovint s'anomena la \"resina\" o \"resina colada\" mentre est\u00E0 en estat l\u00EDquid, abans que es polimeritza i \"fixa\". Despr\u00E9s de l'ajust, el PMMA resultant se li canvia sovint al nom a vidre acr\u00EDlic, o \"acr\u00EDlic\". (Aquest \u00E9s el mateix material anomenat plexigl\u00E0s i Lucite)."@ca , "\u017Bywice polimerowe \u2013 substancje o konsystencji p\u0142ynnej, p\u00F3\u0142p\u0142ynnej lub mi\u0119kkiego cia\u0142a sta\u0142ego, wytworzone na drodze polimeryzacji, polikondensacji lub poliaddycji, b\u0119d\u0105ce mieszaninami (g\u0142\u00F3wnie oligomer\u00F3w i polimer\u00F3w) zawieraj\u0105cych reaktywne grupy funkcyjne, kt\u00F3re umo\u017Cliwiaj\u0105 dalsze prowadzenie polireakcji b\u0105d\u017A sieciowania. Powszechnie termin ten jest jednak nieprecyzyjnie stosowany w szerokim znaczeniu. Mo\u017Ce bowiem dotyczy\u0107 ka\u017Cdego materia\u0142u wyj\u015Bciowego wykorzystywanego do produkcji tworzyw sztucznych, pow\u0142ok organicznych, lakier\u00F3w itp., b\u0105d\u017A te\u017C ju\u017C usieciowanej \u017Cywicy. Nazywa si\u0119 tak r\u00F3wnie\u017C materia\u0142y polimerowe stosowane m.in. w syntezie na pod\u0142o\u017Cu sta\u0142ym, oraz jako , reagenty, katalizatory i . Takie wykorzystywanie tego terminu jest jednak niezalecane przez Mi\u0119dzynarodow\u0105 Uni\u0119 Chemii Czystej i Stosowanej (IUPAC). Usieciowane \u017Cywice powinny by\u0107 nazywane tworzywami sztucznymi lub (w przypadku braku dodatk\u00F3w) polimerami."@pl , "El pl\u00E1stico es un material constituido por compuestos org\u00E1nicos o sint\u00E9ticos que tienen la propiedad de ser maleables y por tanto pueden ser moldeados en objetos s\u00F3lidos de diversas formas. Esta propiedad confiere a los pl\u00E1sticos una gran variedad de aplicaciones.\u200B Su nombre deriva de la plasticidad, una propiedad de los materiales, que se refiere a la capacidad de deformarse sin llegar a romperse. Los pl\u00E1sticos son normalmente pol\u00EDmeros org\u00E1nicos de alto peso molecular. Usualmente son sintetizados, com\u00FAnmente a partir de derivados qu\u00EDmicos del petr\u00F3leo (petroqu\u00EDmicos). Sin embargo, tambi\u00E9n existen, un n\u00FAmero muy peque\u00F1o de pl\u00E1sticos hechos a partir de fuentes renovables, tales como el \u00E1cido polil\u00E1ctico derivado del almid\u00F3n de ma\u00EDz\u200B o la celulosa derivada del algod\u00F3n.\u200B Tambi\u00E9n existen pl\u00E1sticos producidos por bacterias como los polihidroxialcanoatos.\u200B Los pl\u00E1sticos derivados de petroqu\u00EDmicos son de f\u00E1cil fabricaci\u00F3n y sus costos son muy bajos. Por ello, sus aplicaciones son m\u00FAltiples y en diversas escalas. El 51% de los pl\u00E1sticos del mundo son producidos en Asia; China sola es responsable por el 31% de la producci\u00F3n mundial. Latinoam\u00E9rica, en cambio, produce el 4%.\u200B Adem\u00E1s los pl\u00E1sticos se utilizan en edificaci\u00F3n y construcciones, movilidad y transporte, dispositivos el\u00E9ctricos y electr\u00F3nicos, agricultura, atenci\u00F3n sanitaria y otros campos.\u200B Los tipos m\u00E1s importantes de pl\u00E1sticos utilizados en el comercio europeo son el polietileno (PE), polipropileno (PP), poliestireno (PS), policloruro de vinilo (PVC), tereftalato de polietileno (PET) y poliuretano (PU).\u200B\u200B"@es , "\uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F1(\uC601\uC5B4: plastic)\uC740 \uC27D\uAC8C \uC6D0\uD558\uB294 \uBAA8\uC591\uC73C\uB85C \uAC00\uACF5\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4\uB294 \uC758\uBBF8\uC758 \uADF8\uB9AC\uC2A4\uC5B4 \uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F0\uCF54\uC2A4(plastikos)\uC5D0\uC11C \uC720\uB798\uD588\uC73C\uBA70, \uC5F4\uACFC \uC555\uB825\uC744 \uAC00\uD574 \uC131\uD615\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uACE0\uBD84\uC790\uD654\uD569\uBB3C\uC774\uB2E4. \uB9CE\uC740 \uC885\uB958\uAC00 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uC5F4\uC744 \uAC00\uD574\uC11C \uC7AC\uAC00\uACF5\uC774 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD55C\uC9C0\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C\uC11C \uC5F4\uAC00\uC18C\uC131\uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F1\uC640 \uC5F4\uACBD\uD654\uC131\uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F1\uB85C \uB098\uB20C \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB300\uBD80\uBD84\uC758 \uD50C\uB77C\uC2A4\uD2F1\uC740 100\u2103 \uC774\uC0C1\uC73C\uB85C \uAC00\uC5F4\uB420 \uB54C \uB179\uAC70\uB098 \uBD84\uD574\uB41C\uB2E4. \uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko , "Plastikoak kimika eta teknologiaren ikuspegitik, material organiko polimerikoak dira. Karbono, oxigeno eta hidrogenozko (eta neurri txikiagoan fluor, kloro, nitrogeno edo siliziozko) molekula erraldoiz osaturik daude, eta pisu molekular altua dute.Molekulen sorburua naturala edo sintetikoa izan daiteke. Naturalen artean, zelulosa, argizaria eta kautxua daude, eta sintetikoen artean, besteak beste, bakelita, polietilenoa eta nylona.Plastiko moderno gehienak gas naturala edo petrolioa bezalako erregai fosiletatik eratorriak dira; hala ere, azken metodo industrialek material berriztagarrietatik egindako lehengaiak erabiltzen dituzte, hala nola, artoaren edo kotoiaren eratorriak."@eu , "\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0626\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062F: \u0644\u064E\u062F\u0650\u064A\u0652\u0646\u064E\u060C \u0644\u064E\u062F\u0650\u0646\u064E) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u064A\u0643 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Plastic)\u200F \u0647\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 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"\u041F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438 (\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456 \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438), \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u2014 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043D\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0456 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043B\u0438, \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0454 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0454 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0443 \u0443 \u0432'\u044F\u0437\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0434\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0435\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456, \u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u043B\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u2014 \u0432 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0438 \u043A\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u041F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456, \u0443 \u0442\u043E\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u043D\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C. \u0421\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0454 \u043D\u0430\u0444\u0442\u0430, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437, \u043A\u0430\u043C'\u044F\u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0443\u0433\u0456\u043B\u043B\u044F, \u0441\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456."@uk , "Une mati\u00E8re plastique (le plastique en langage courant) est un polym\u00E8re g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement m\u00E9lang\u00E9 \u00E0 des additifs, colorants, charges (miscibles ou non dans la matrice polym\u00E8re). Il en existe une large gamme ; moul\u00E9s par injections, extrud\u00E9s, \u00E9tir\u00E9 en film, g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement fa\u00E7onn\u00E9 \u00E0 chaud et sous pression, pour aboutir \u00E0 un semi-produit ou \u00E0 un objet, y compris fils et fibres (tissus), mastics, rev\u00EAtements , etc.. Il est utilis\u00E9 dans presque tous les secteurs d'activit\u00E9. Certains ont des propri\u00E9t\u00E9s jamais auparavant r\u00E9unies, par exemple la transparence et la r\u00E9sistance aux chocs. Avec environ 400 millions de t/an (en 2022), quantit\u00E9 susceptible de doubler avant 2040, \u00E0 90 % issus d'hydrocarbures fossiles il est devenu omnipr\u00E9sent. Et seul environ 9 % du plastique est recycl\u00E9 (12 % incin\u00E9r\u00E9s et le reste mis en d\u00E9charge ou perdu dans la nature, peu \u00E0 peu d\u00E9grad\u00E9 en microplastiques et en nanoplastiques), ce qui fait du d\u00E9chet plastique un probl\u00E8me pr\u00E9occupant.En mars 2022, les dirigeants mondiaux et les ministres de l'environnement ont entam\u00E9 des n\u00E9gociations pour un premier trait\u00E9 international (juridiquement contraignant) au monde visant \u00E0 \u00E9liminer la pollution plastique."@fr , "Als Kunststoffe (auch Plaste, selten Technopolymere, umgangssprachlich Plastik) werden Werkstoffe bezeichnet, die haupts\u00E4chlich aus Makromolek\u00FClen bestehen. Wichtige Merkmale von Kunststoffen sind ihre technischen Eigenschaften, wie Formbarkeit, H\u00E4rte, Elastizit\u00E4t, Bruchfestigkeit, Temperatur-, W\u00E4rmeformbest\u00E4ndigkeit und chemische Best\u00E4ndigkeit, die sich durch die Wahl der Makromolek\u00FCle, Herstellungsverfahren und in der Regel durch Beimischung von Additiven in weiten Grenzen variieren lassen. Kunststoffe werden bez\u00FCglich ihrer physikalischen Eigenschaften in drei gro\u00DFen Gruppen unterteilt: Thermoplaste, Duroplaste und Elastomere. Die ISO 1043 legt f\u00FCr eine gro\u00DFe Anzahl von Kunststoffen Kurzzeichen fest. Kunststoffe werden zu Formteilen, Halbzeugen, Fasern oder Folien weiterverarbeitet. Sie dienen als Verpackungsmaterialien, Textilfasern, W\u00E4rmed\u00E4mmung, Rohre, Bodenbel\u00E4ge, Bestandteile von Lacken, Klebstoffen und Kosmetika, in der Elektrotechnik als Material f\u00FCr Isolierungen, Leiterplatten, Geh\u00E4use, im Fahrzeugbau als Material f\u00FCr Reifen, Polsterungen, Armaturenbretter, Benzintanks und vieles mehr. Die jeweiligen Makromolek\u00FCle eines Kunststoffes sind Polymere und daher aus wiederholenden Grundeinheiten aufgebaut. Die Gr\u00F6\u00DFe der Makromolek\u00FCle eines Polymers variiert zwischen einigen tausend bis \u00FCber eine Million Grundeinheiten. Beispielsweise besteht das Polymer Polypropylen (Kurzzeichen PP) aus sich vielfach wiederholenden Propyleneinheiten. Die Polymere k\u00F6nnen unverzweigte, verzweigte oder vernetzte Molek\u00FCle sein. Die Polymere k\u00F6nnen aus Naturstoffen gewonnen oder rein synthetisch sein. Synthetische Polymere werden durch Kettenpolymerisation, Polyaddition oder Polykondensation aus Monomeren oder Prepolymeren erzeugt. Halbsynthetische Kunststoffe entstehen durch die Modifikation nat\u00FCrlicher Polymere (vorwiegend Zellulose zu Zelluloid), w\u00E4hrend andere bio-basierte Kunststoffe wie Polymilchs\u00E4ure oder Polyhydroxybutters\u00E4ure durch die Fermentation von Zucker oder St\u00E4rke hergestellt werden. Zwischen 1950 und 2015 wurden weltweit rund 8,3 Mrd. Tonnen Kunststoff hergestellt \u2013 dies ergibt etwa 1 Tonne pro Kopf der Weltbev\u00F6lkerung. Die H\u00E4lfte der Produktion stammt aus den letzten 13 Jahren. Von dieser Menge wurden ca. 6,3 Mrd. Tonnen zu Abfall, der zu 9 % recycelt, zu 12 % verbrannt und zu 79 % auf M\u00FCllhalden deponiert wurde bzw. sich in der Umwelt anreichert. Kunststoffe im Allgemeinen stehen wegen und in der Kritik."@de ; dbp:documenturl ns11:drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics ; dbp:licenseStatementUrl . @prefix gold: . dbr:Plastic gold:hypernym dbr:Material . @prefix prov: . dbr:Plastic prov:wasDerivedFrom . @prefix xsd: . dbr:Plastic dbo:wikiPageLength "89423"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger . @prefix ns76: . dbr:Plastic dcterms:isPartOf ns76:target . @prefix wikipedia-en: . dbr:Plastic foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf wikipedia-en:Plastic .