. . "\u062A\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0627\u0621 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ) \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062D\u062F \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u064A\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0648\u062C\u062F \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062A\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062A\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643\u064A. \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0648\u0627\u062C\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064A\u0633\u062A \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062A\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062A\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643\u064A \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062A\u062A\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062A\u060C \u0648\u0647\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062A\u0623\u062A\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u062A\u0647\u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062F \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0647\u062A\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064A\u062F\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . "Nerovnov\u00E1\u017En\u00E1 termodynamika je podoborem termodynamiky, kter\u00FD se zab\u00FDv\u00E1 se studiem termodynamick\u00FDch syst\u00E9m\u016F v nerovnov\u00E1\u017En\u00E9m stavu a lze j\u00ED d\u00E1le \u010Dlenit na line\u00E1rn\u00ED a neline\u00E1rn\u00ED. se zab\u00FDv\u00E1 studiem syst\u00E9m\u016F dostate\u010Dn\u011B bl\u00EDzko rovnov\u00E1\u017En\u00E9ho stavu, kdy je mo\u017En\u00E9 pova\u017Eovat z\u00E1vislost zobecn\u011Bn\u00FDch termodynamick\u00FDch tok\u016F na sil\u00E1ch je\u0161t\u011B za line\u00E1rn\u00ED. studuje stavy syst\u00E9mu vzd\u00E1len\u00E9mu od rovnov\u00E1hy nebo syst\u00E9mu v siln\u011B nerovnov\u00E1\u017En\u00E9m stavu."@cs . "1123817757"^^ . "Ein Nichtgleichgewichtssystem ist in der Thermodynamik ein offenes System, welches sich nicht im Zustand des thermodynamischen Gleichgewichts befindet. Es steht mit seiner Umgebung in Wechselwirkung und tauscht mit ihr Energie oder Materie aus. Beispiele f\u00FCr Nichtgleichgewichtssysteme sind die Erde und deren Atmosph\u00E4re (siehe Wetter) sowie alle Lebewesen. Nichtgleichgewichtssysteme k\u00F6nnen bei geeigneten Bedingungen Dissipative Strukturen ausbilden. Siehe auch: \n* Flie\u00DFgleichgewicht"@de . . . . . . "Termodin\u00E1mica del no equilibrio"@es . . . . . "\u041D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u044B \u0432\u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044F \u0438 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043C\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044B. \u0412\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043E \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043C \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043C, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0434\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044F."@ru . . "La thermodynamique hors \u00E9quilibre est le domaine de recherche \u00E9tudiant les ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes de relaxation et de transport au voisinage de l'\u00E9quilibre thermodynamique. Il s'agit l\u00E0 de ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes dissipatifs donc irr\u00E9versibles, li\u00E9s \u00E0 une augmentation de l'entropie. Les m\u00E9thodes pr\u00E9sent\u00E9es ici rel\u00E8vent de la thermodynamique proprement dite, qui permet de donner les lois caract\u00E9risant un ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne. Ces ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes sont \u00E9galement d\u00E9crits par la th\u00E9orie cin\u00E9tique qui, au-del\u00E0 de la physique statistique d\u00E9crivant un milieu \u00E0 l'\u00E9quilibre, permet d'acc\u00E9der aux lois de transport et de relaxation et de plus \u00E0 l'expression des coefficients pr\u00E9sents dans celles-ci par passage du niveau cin\u00E9tique au niveau continu. Ces m\u00E9thodes sont les m\u00E9thodes statistiques de la physique statistique hors d'\u00E9quilibre, la m\u00E9thode des moments et celle des d\u00E9veloppements asymptotiques dans le cas de la m\u00E9thode de Chapman-Enskog pour un gaz."@fr . . "Termodinamika itzulezina denboraren mendeko sistema termodinamikoak, eraldaketa itzulezinak eta sistema irekiak aztertzen dituen termodinamikaren atala da."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646"@ar . . . . . . . . "\u041D\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0430"@ru . . . "\u041D\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441"@uk . . . "\u975E\u5E73\u8861\u614B\u71B1\u529B\u5B78\u662F\u71B1\u529B\u5B78\u7684\u4E00\u9580\u5206\u652F\uFF0C\u7814\u7A76\u6642\u8B8A\u71B1\u529B\u5B78\u7CFB\u7D71\u3001\u4E0D\u53EF\u9006\u8F49\u8B8A\u548C\u958B\u59CB\u7CFB\u7D71\u3002\u975E\u5E73\u8861\u614B\u71B1\u529B\u5B78\uFF0C\u548C\u76F8\u5C0D\uFF0C\u662F\u7814\u7A76\u5728\u975E\u96F6\u5408\u529B\u3001\u6D41\u52D5\u53CA\u7522\u751F\u71B5\uFF0C\u4F46\u6C92\u6709\u6642\u9593\u8B8A\u52D5\u7684\u4E2D\u6700\u6210\u529F\u7684\u4E00\u9580\u5B78\u79D1\u3002\u65E9\u671F\u6240\u767C\u73FE\u7684\u975E\u5E73\u8861\u614B\u7CFB\u7D71\u70BABZ\u5316\u5B78\u632F\u76EA\u5668\u3002"@zh . "Thermodynamique hors \u00E9quilibre"@fr . . . . . . "46977"^^ . . . "La thermodynamique hors \u00E9quilibre est le domaine de recherche \u00E9tudiant les ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes de relaxation et de transport au voisinage de l'\u00E9quilibre thermodynamique. Il s'agit l\u00E0 de ph\u00E9nom\u00E8nes dissipatifs donc irr\u00E9versibles, li\u00E9s \u00E0 une augmentation de l'entropie. Les m\u00E9thodes pr\u00E9sent\u00E9es ici rel\u00E8vent de la thermodynamique proprement dite, qui permet de donner les lois caract\u00E9risant un ph\u00E9nom\u00E8ne."@fr . . . "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of macroscopic quantities (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions. Almost all systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, for they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems and to chemical reactions. Some systems and processes are, however, in a useful sense, near enough to thermodynamic equilibrium to allow description with useful accuracy by currently known non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Nevertheless, many natural systems and processes will always remain far beyond the scope of non-equilibrium thermodynamic methods due to the existence of non variational dynamics, where the concept of free energy is lost. The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. One fundamental difference between equilibrium thermodynamics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics lies in the behaviour of inhomogeneous systems, which require for their study knowledge of rates of reaction which are not considered in equilibrium thermodynamics of homogeneous systems. This is discussed below. Another fundamental and very important difference is the difficulty or impossibility, in general, in defining entropy at an instant of time in macroscopic terms for systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium; it can be done, to useful approximation, only in carefully chosen special cases, namely those that are throughout in local thermodynamic equilibrium."@en . . . . . . "Ein Nichtgleichgewichtssystem ist in der Thermodynamik ein offenes System, welches sich nicht im Zustand des thermodynamischen Gleichgewichts befindet. Es steht mit seiner Umgebung in Wechselwirkung und tauscht mit ihr Energie oder Materie aus. Prinzipiell k\u00F6nnen alle Systeme, die einen Gleichgewichtszustand oder mehrere einnehmen k\u00F6nnen, dann als Nichtgleichgewichtssysteme bezeichnet werden, wenn sie durch eine St\u00F6rung von au\u00DFen auf Dauer aus dem station\u00E4ren Gleichgewicht gebracht werden oder sich zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Entstehung noch nicht im Gleichgewicht befinden und sich erst equilibrieren. Die St\u00F6rung ist dabei ein Energie- oder Materiefluss oder beides. Irreversible Prozesse verlaufen in der Thermodynamik definitionsgem\u00E4\u00DF \u00FCber Nichtgleichgewichtszust\u00E4nde. Beispiele f\u00FCr Nichtgleichgewichtssysteme sind die Erde und deren Atmosph\u00E4re (siehe Wetter) sowie alle Lebewesen. Nichtgleichgewichtssysteme k\u00F6nnen bei geeigneten Bedingungen Dissipative Strukturen ausbilden. Siehe auch: \n* Flie\u00DFgleichgewicht"@de . . "\u975E\u5E73\u8861\u614B\u71B1\u529B\u5B78"@zh . . . . . . . . "La termodinamica del non equilibrio \u00E8 una branca della termodinamica che consiste nello studio di sistemi termodinamici dipendenti dal tempo, trasformazioni irreversibili e sistemi aperti; questa branca della termodinamica, in confronto con la termodinamica classica, ha pi\u00F9 applicazioni pratiche in quanto attiene a fenomeni molto pi\u00F9 frequenti dove sono presenti flussi, forze e produzioni di entropia. Uno dei primi sistemi in non-equilibrio ad essere scoperto fu l'oscillatore chimico Belousov-Zhabotinsky."@it . "La termodinamica del non equilibrio \u00E8 una branca della termodinamica che consiste nello studio di sistemi termodinamici dipendenti dal tempo, trasformazioni irreversibili e sistemi aperti; questa branca della termodinamica, in confronto con la termodinamica classica, ha pi\u00F9 applicazioni pratiche in quanto attiene a fenomeni molto pi\u00F9 frequenti dove sono presenti flussi, forze e produzioni di entropia. Uno dei primi sistemi in non-equilibrio ad essere scoperto fu l'oscillatore chimico Belousov-Zhabotinsky."@it . "\uBE44\uD3C9\uD615\uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559"@ko . . . "Nerovnov\u00E1\u017En\u00E1 termodynamika je podoborem termodynamiky, kter\u00FD se zab\u00FDv\u00E1 se studiem termodynamick\u00FDch syst\u00E9m\u016F v nerovnov\u00E1\u017En\u00E9m stavu a lze j\u00ED d\u00E1le \u010Dlenit na line\u00E1rn\u00ED a neline\u00E1rn\u00ED. se zab\u00FDv\u00E1 studiem syst\u00E9m\u016F dostate\u010Dn\u011B bl\u00EDzko rovnov\u00E1\u017En\u00E9ho stavu, kdy je mo\u017En\u00E9 pova\u017Eovat z\u00E1vislost zobecn\u011Bn\u00FDch termodynamick\u00FDch tok\u016F na sil\u00E1ch je\u0161t\u011B za line\u00E1rn\u00ED. studuje stavy syst\u00E9mu vzd\u00E1len\u00E9mu od rovnov\u00E1hy nebo syst\u00E9mu v siln\u011B nerovnov\u00E1\u017En\u00E9m stavu."@cs . . "Termodinamica del non equilibrio"@it . . . "Termodinamika itzulezin"@eu . . . "Nerovnov\u00E1\u017En\u00E1 termodynamika"@cs . . . "Nichtgleichgewichtssystem"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Termodinamika itzulezina denboraren mendeko sistema termodinamikoak, eraldaketa itzulezinak eta sistema irekiak aztertzen dituen termodinamikaren atala da."@eu . . "\u975E\u5E73\u8861\u614B\u71B1\u529B\u5B78\u662F\u71B1\u529B\u5B78\u7684\u4E00\u9580\u5206\u652F\uFF0C\u7814\u7A76\u6642\u8B8A\u71B1\u529B\u5B78\u7CFB\u7D71\u3001\u4E0D\u53EF\u9006\u8F49\u8B8A\u548C\u958B\u59CB\u7CFB\u7D71\u3002\u975E\u5E73\u8861\u614B\u71B1\u529B\u5B78\uFF0C\u548C\u76F8\u5C0D\uFF0C\u662F\u7814\u7A76\u5728\u975E\u96F6\u5408\u529B\u3001\u6D41\u52D5\u53CA\u7522\u751F\u71B5\uFF0C\u4F46\u6C92\u6709\u6642\u9593\u8B8A\u52D5\u7684\u4E2D\u6700\u6210\u529F\u7684\u4E00\u9580\u5B78\u79D1\u3002\u65E9\u671F\u6240\u767C\u73FE\u7684\u975E\u5E73\u8861\u614B\u7CFB\u7D71\u70BABZ\u5316\u5B78\u632F\u76EA\u5668\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . 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"La termodin\u00E1mica del no equilibrio es la rama de la termodin\u00E1mica que estudia los sistemas termodin\u00E1micos que se encuentran fuera del equilibrio termodin\u00E1mico. La mayor parte de los sistemas que se encuentran en la naturaleza no est\u00E1n en equilibrio termodin\u00E1mico, puesto que est\u00E1n cambiando o se les puede obligar a cambiar en el tiempo y est\u00E1n sujetos continua o discontinuamente a flujos de materia y energ\u00EDa hacia otros sistemas y a reacciones qu\u00EDmicas. La termodin\u00E1mica del no equilibrio trata con los procesos de transporte y con las tasas de reacci\u00F3n qu\u00EDmicas.\u200B Muchos sistemas en la naturaleza permanecen todav\u00EDa fuera del campo de estudio de los m\u00E9todos termodin\u00E1micos conocidos."@es . "\uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559 \uC740 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uD3C9\uD615\uC5D0 \uC788\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC9C0\uB9CC \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC744 \uC9C0\uC815\uD558\uB294 \uB370 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uB294 \uBCC0\uC218\uC758 \uC678\uC0BD\uC744 \uB098\uD0C0\uB0B4\uB294 \uAC70\uC2DC\uC801 \uC591(\uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC0C1\uD0DC \uBCC0\uC218)\uC73C\uB85C \uC124\uBA85\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uBB3C\uB9AC\uC801 \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC744 \uB2E4\uB8E8\uB294 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559 \uC758 \uD55C \uBD84\uC57C\uC774\uB2E4. \uD3C9\uD615. \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC740 \uC218\uC1A1 \uACFC\uC815 \uACFC \uD654\uD559 \uBC18\uC751 \uC18D\uB3C4\uC640 \uAD00\uB828\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC790\uC5F0\uC5D0\uC11C \uBC1C\uACAC\uB418\uB294 \uAC70\uC758 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC740 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uD3C9\uD615 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uC5D0 \uC788\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB2E4. \uADF8 \uC774\uC720\uB294 \uC2DC\uAC04\uC774 \uC9C0\uB0A8\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uBCC0\uD654\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uBCC0\uD654\uD558\uB3C4\uB85D \uCD09\uBC1C\uB420 \uC218 \uC788\uACE0, \uB2E4\uB978 \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uACFC \uD654\uD559 \uBC18\uC751 \uC0AC\uC774\uC758 \uBB3C\uC9C8 \uBC0F \uC5D0\uB108\uC9C0 \uD750\uB984\uC5D0 \uC9C0\uC18D\uC801\uC774\uACE0 \uBD88\uC5F0\uC18D\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC601\uD5A5\uC744 \uBC1B\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC77C\uBD80 \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C \uBC0F \uD504\uB85C\uC138\uC2A4\uB294 \uC720\uC6A9\uD55C \uC758\uBBF8\uC5D0\uC11C \uD604\uC7AC \uC54C\uB824\uC9C4 \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574 \uC720\uC6A9\uD55C \uC815\uD655\uB3C4\uB85C \uC124\uBA85\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB3C4\uB85D \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uD3C9\uD615\uC5D0 \uCDA9\uBD84\uD788 \uAC00\uAE5D\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7FC\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uBD88\uAD6C\uD558\uACE0 \uB9CE\uC740 \uC790\uC5F0\uACC4\uC640 \uACFC\uC815\uC740 \uC790\uC720 \uC5D0\uB108\uC9C0 \uC758 \uAC1C\uB150\uC774 \uC190\uC2E4\uB418\uB294 \uBE44\uBCC0\uB3D9 \uC5ED\uD559\uC758 \uC874\uC7AC\uB85C \uC778\uD574 \uD56D\uC0C1 \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uBC29\uBC95\uC758 \uBC94\uC704\uB97C \uD6E8\uC52C \uB118\uC5B4 \uC720\uC9C0\uB41C\uB2E4. \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC758 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB294 \uD3C9\uD615\uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uB2E4\uB8E8\uB294 \uAC83\uBCF4\uB2E4 \uB354 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uAC1C\uB150\uC744 \uD544\uC694\uB85C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uD3C9\uD615\uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uACFC \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615\uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559 \uC0AC\uC774\uC758 \uADFC\uBCF8\uC801\uC778 \uCC28\uC774\uC810 \uC911 \uD558\uB098\uB294 \uBD88\uADE0\uC77C \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC758 \uAC70\uB3D9\uC5D0 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70, \uC774\uB294 \uADE0\uC9C8 \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC758 \uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uACE0\uB824\uB418\uC9C0 \uC54A\uB294 \uBC18\uC751 \uC18D\uB3C4\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC5F0\uAD6C \uC9C0\uC2DD\uC744 \uD544\uC694\uB85C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC544\uB798\uC5D0\uC11C \uC124\uBA85\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB610 \uB2E4\uB978 \uADFC\uBCF8\uC801\uC774\uACE0 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uCC28\uC774\uC810\uC740 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uD3C9\uD615\uC774 \uC544\uB2CC \uC2DC\uC2A4\uD15C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uAC70\uC2DC\uC801 \uC6A9\uC5B4\uB85C \uD55C \uC21C\uAC04\uC758 \uC5D4\uD2B8\uB85C\uD53C\uB97C \uC815\uC758\uD558\uB294 \uAC83\uC774 \uC5B4\uB835\uAC70\uB098 \uBD88\uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uB2E4\uB294 \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC83\uC740 \uC2E0\uC911\uD558\uAC8C \uC120\uD0DD\uB41C \uD2B9\uBCC4\uD55C \uACBD\uC6B0, \uC989 \uAD6D\uBD80\uC801 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uD3C9\uD615\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0\uC5D0\uB9CC \uC720\uC6A9\uD55C \uADFC\uC0AC\uAC12\uC73C\uB85C \uC218\uD589\uB420 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC740 \uBB3C\uB9AC\uC801 \uACFC\uC815\uC758 \uC2DC\uAC04 \uACBD\uACFC\uB97C \uBB34\uC2DC\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB300\uC870\uC801\uC73C\uB85C, \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC740 \uC2DC\uAC04 \uACBD\uACFC\uB97C \uC5F0\uC18D\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC790\uC138\uD788 \uC124\uBA85\uD558\uB824\uACE0 \uC2DC\uB3C4\uD55C\uB2E4. \uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC740 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uD3C9\uD615\uC758 \uCD08\uAE30 \uBC0F \uCD5C\uC885 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uB97C \uAC16\uB294 \uD504\uB85C\uC138\uC2A4\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACE0\uB824\uB97C \uC81C\uD55C\uD55C\uB2E4. \uD504\uB85C\uC138\uC2A4\uC758 \uC2DC\uAC04 \uACFC\uC815\uC740 \uC758\uB3C4\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBB34\uC2DC\uB41C\uB2E4. \uACB0\uACFC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC740 \uC628\uB3C4 \uBC0F \uC555\uB825\uC758 \uC2DC\uAC04 \uBCC0\uD654\uC728\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uD5C8\uC6A9\uB41C \uBCC0\uC218\uB85C\uB3C4 \uC124\uBA85\uD560 \uC218 \uC5C6\uB294 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uD3C9\uD615\uC5D0\uC11C \uBA40\uB9AC \uB5A8\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uB97C \uD1B5\uACFC\uD558\uB294 \uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uD5C8\uC6A9\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4, \uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C \uD504\uB85C\uC138\uC2A4\uB294 \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC73C\uB85C \uC124\uBA85\uD560 \uC218 \uC5C6\uB294 \uACA9\uB82C\uD55C \uD3ED\uBC1C\uC744 \uD3EC\uD568\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC740 \uC774\uB860\uC801 \uAC1C\uBC1C\uC744 \uC704\uD574 \"\uC900\uC815\uC801 \uACFC\uC815\"\uC758 \uC774\uC0C1\uD654\uB41C \uAC1C\uB150\uC744 \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC900\uC815\uC801 \uACFC\uC815\uC740 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC801 \uD3C9\uD615 \uC0C1\uD0DC\uC758 \uC5F0\uC18D \uACBD\uB85C\uB97C \uB530\uB77C \uAC1C\uB150\uC801(\uC2DC\uAC04\uC744 \uCD08\uC6D4\uD558\uACE0 \uBB3C\uB9AC\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBD88\uAC00\uB2A5\uD55C) \uBD80\uB4DC\uB7EC\uC6B4 \uC218\uD559\uC801 \uACBD\uB85C\uC774\uB2E4. \uD604\uC2E4\uC5D0\uC11C \uC77C\uC5B4\uB0A0 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uACFC\uC815\uC774\uB77C\uAE30 \uBCF4\uB2E4\uB294 \uBBF8\uBD84\uAE30\uD558\uD559\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uC5F0\uC2B5\uC774\uB2E4. \uBC18\uBA74\uC5D0, \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC740 \uC5F0\uC18D\uC801\uC778 \uC2DC\uAC04 \uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uC124\uBA85\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uC0C1\uD0DC \uBCC0\uC218 \uAC00 \uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC758 \uC0C1\uD0DC \uBCC0\uC218\uC640 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uBC00\uC811\uD55C \uAD00\uB828\uC774 \uC788\uC5B4\uC57C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uC774\uAC83\uC740 \uBE44\uD3C9\uD615 \uC5F4\uC5ED\uD559\uC758 \uBC94\uC704\uB97C \uD06C\uAC8C \uC81C\uD55C\uD558\uACE0 \uAC1C\uB150\uC801 \uD2C0\uC5D0 \uB9CE\uC740 \uC694\uAD6C\uB97C \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of macroscopic quantities (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with transport processes and with the rates of chemical reactions."@en . . . . "\u041D\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0301\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0456\u0301\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0301\u0441 \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441, \u0437\u0430 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0456 \u0437 \u043E\u0442\u043E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C. \u0417\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u043C\u0456\u043D\u044E\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0435\u043D\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0447\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043A\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0456\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043C. \u0417\u0430 \u043D\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0434\u0456\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0456\u043A\u0438, \u0437\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0456\u0457. \u041A\u0440\u0456\u043C \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0445 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043F\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044F \u0435\u0444\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043C \u043D\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0446\u0435\u0441\u043E\u043C \u0454 \u0431\u0456\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044F."@uk . . . . . . . "Non-equilibrium thermodynamics"@en . . . . . . . "472429"^^ . . . . . . . . "La termodin\u00E1mica del no equilibrio es la rama de la termodin\u00E1mica que estudia los sistemas termodin\u00E1micos que se encuentran fuera del equilibrio termodin\u00E1mico. La mayor parte de los sistemas que se encuentran en la naturaleza no est\u00E1n en equilibrio termodin\u00E1mico, puesto que est\u00E1n cambiando o se les puede obligar a cambiar en el tiempo y est\u00E1n sujetos continua o discontinuamente a flujos de materia y energ\u00EDa hacia otros sistemas y a reacciones qu\u00EDmicas. La termodin\u00E1mica del no equilibrio trata con los procesos de transporte y con las tasas de reacci\u00F3n qu\u00EDmicas.\u200B Muchos sistemas en la naturaleza permanecen todav\u00EDa fuera del campo de estudio de los m\u00E9todos termodin\u00E1micos conocidos. El estudio de sistemas fuera de equilibrio requiere conceptos m\u00E1s generales que son estudiados por la termodin\u00E1mica del equilibrio. Una diferencia fundamental entre la termodin\u00E1mica del equilibrio y la del no equilibrio se encuentra en el comportamiento de los sistemas inhomog\u00E9neos, los cuales requieren para su estudio el conocimiento de las tasas de reacci\u00F3n que no est\u00E1n consideradas en la termodin\u00E1mica del equilibrio de los sistemas homog\u00E9neos. Otra diferencia fundamental es la dificultad para definir la entrop\u00EDa en t\u00E9rminos macrosc\u00F3picos para sistemas que no est\u00E1n en equilibrio.\u200B\u200B"@es . . .