"Th\u00E9orie synth\u00E9tique de l'\u00E9volution"@fr . . . . . . "Eboluzioaren teoria sintetikoa"@eu . "La s\u00EDntesi evolutiva moderna (tamb\u00E9 anomenada s\u00EDntesi neodarwinista o neodarwinisme), en general, significa la integraci\u00F3 de la teoria de l'evoluci\u00F3 de les esp\u00E8cies per selecci\u00F3 natural de Charles Darwin, la teoria gen\u00E8tica de Gregor Mendel com a base de l'her\u00E8ncia biol\u00F2gica, la mutaci\u00F3 gen\u00E8tica aleat\u00F2ria com a font de variaci\u00F3 i la gen\u00E8tica de poblacions matem\u00E0tica. Les figures importants en el desenvolupament de la s\u00EDntesi moderna s\u00F3n: R. A. Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, , , Sewall Wright, , , , Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord Simpson i ."@ca . . . . "\uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC740 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC758 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uC804\uACF5 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB41C \uC9C4\uD654\uC640 \uAD00\uB828\uD55C \uC774\uB860\uC744 \uC885\uD569\uD55C \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C, \uC624\uB298\uB0A0 \uB300\uB2E4\uC218\uC758 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uC778\uC815\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB294 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC774\uB2E4. \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC740 \uB2E4\uC708\uC758 \uC790\uC5F0\uC120\uD0DD\uC758 \uAC1C\uB150\uC5D0\uC11C \uCD9C\uBC1C\uD558\uC5EC \uBA58\uB378\uC758 \uC720\uC804\uBC95\uCE59\uC758 \uBC1C\uACAC, 20\uC138\uAE30 \uCD08 \uC9D1\uB2E8\uC720\uC804\uD559\uC758 \uC131\uACFC \uB4F1\uC744 \uC885\uD569\uD55C \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C 1936\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1947\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC57D 10\uC5EC\uB144\uC5D0 \uAC78\uCCD0 \uD615\uC131\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1942\uB144 \uD5C9\uC2AC\uB9AC\uAC00 \u300A\uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\u300B\uB97C \uCD9C\uD310\uD558\uC5EC \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC774\uB780 \uBA85\uCE6D\uC774 \uB110\uB9AC \uC54C\uB824\uC9C0\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uAC19\uC740 \uC8FC\uC81C\uB85C \uD53C\uC154, \uB3C4\uBE0C\uC794\uC2A4\uD0A4, , , \uC5D0\uB978\uC2A4\uD2B8 \uB9C8\uC774\uC5B4, \uB4F1\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uC800\uC11C\uB97C \uCD9C\uD310\uD558\uC5EC \uACF5\uD5CC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC758 \uAC01 \uBD84\uC57C\uAC00 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uB09C\uD574\uD558\uB2E4\uB294 \uC810\uACFC \uC8FC\uC694 \uD559\uD30C \uAC04\uC5D0 \uC9C4\uD654\uC758 \uC6D0\uC778\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACAC\uD574\uAC00 \uB2EC\uB790\uB2E4\uB294 \uC810 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0 \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC758 \uC885\uD569\uC740 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uC5B4\uB835\uACE0 \uBCF5\uC7A1\uD55C \uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uAC70\uCCD0\uC57C\uD588\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uAC70\uCE58\uACE0, \uC9C4\uD654\uD604\uC0C1 \uC790\uCCB4\uAC00 \uAD00\uCC30\uC774 \uB418\uAE30 \uC2DC\uC791\uD558\uBA74\uC11C, \uD604\uB300\uC5D0\uB294 \uC99D\uBA85\uB41C \uACFC\uD559\uC774\uB860\uC73C\uB85C\uC11C \uC874\uC7AC\uD558\uBA70, \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC5D0\uB294 \uC720\uC804\uD559, \uC138\uD3EC\uD559, \uACC4\uD1B5\uD559, \uC2DD\uBB3C\uD559, \uD615\uD0DC\uD559, \uC0DD\uD0DC\uD559, \uACE0\uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559 \uB4F1 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559 \uC804\uBC18\uC5D0 \uAC78\uCE5C \uD559\uBB38 \uBD84\uC57C\uAC00 \uB450\uB8E8 \uB9DD\uB77C\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654\uC774\uB860\uC758 \uC131\uB9BD \uC774\uD6C4\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uAC01 \uBD84\uC57C\uC758 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB294 \uC5EC\uC804\uD788 \uD65C\uBC1C\uD788 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70 \uC774\uB294 \uB85C \uC774\uC5B4\uC9C4\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . "Novdarvinismo (a\u016D nordarwinismo, a\u016D moderna sintezo) estas evoluisma teorio nuntempe pli akreditita en la sciencula kampo. \u011Ci devenas el integri\u011Do inter: 1. \n* Teorio pri evolucio de la specioj per la natura selektado la\u016D Charles Darwin; 2. \n* Teorio de la heredeco de Johann Gregor Mendel surbaze de la biologia heredo reviziita sub la lumo de la moderna genetiko, inkluzive de la hazardaj genetikaj mutacioj kiel ka\u016Dzo de san\u011Doj; 3. \n* Matematika formulo de la ; 4. \n* Analizo de la datenoj de la paleontologio."@eo . . . . "Sintesis evolusioner modern"@in . "Neodarwinismus (jin\u00FDmi n\u00E1zvy t\u00E9\u017E nov\u00E1 synt\u00E9za, modern\u00ED synt\u00E9za, evolu\u010Dn\u00ED synt\u00E9za) je slou\u010Den\u00ED my\u0161lenek n\u011Bkolika biologick\u00FDch obor\u016F, kter\u00E1 je v sou\u010Dasnosti \u0161iroce uzn\u00E1vanou teori\u00ED evoluce. Synt\u00E9za prob\u00EDhala v prvn\u00ED polovin\u011B 20. stolet\u00ED a je spolu s Darwinov\u00FDm zalo\u017Een\u00EDm evolu\u010Dn\u00ED biologie pova\u017Eov\u00E1na za jednu z nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch revoluc\u00ED v biologii. Podn\u011Btem k synt\u00E9ze byl v\u00FDvoj v popula\u010Dn\u00ED genetice ve 20. a 30. letech, kter\u00FD uk\u00E1zal slu\u010Ditelnost mendelovsk\u00E9 genetiky s p\u0159irozen\u00FDm v\u00FDb\u011Brem. Synt\u00E9za je st\u00E1le z velk\u00E9 \u010D\u00E1sti sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED v\u011Bdeck\u00E9ho paradigmatu. Modern\u00ED synt\u00E9za vy\u0159e\u0161ila probl\u00E9my a spory zp\u016Fsoben\u00E9 specializac\u00ED a \u0161patnou komunikac\u00ED mezi biology na po\u010D\u00E1tku 20. stolet\u00ED. V centru t\u011Bchto spor\u016F byla ot\u00E1zka, zda je mendelovsk\u00E1 genetika slu\u010Diteln\u00E1 s postupnou evoluc\u00ED p\u0159\u00EDrodn\u00EDm v\u00FDb\u011Brem. Darwinova teorie p\u0159irozen\u00E9ho v\u00FDb\u011Bru vych\u00E1zela z existence jist\u00E9 variability mezi jedinci, Darwin v\u0161ak netu\u0161il, jak\u00FDm zp\u016Fsobem vznik\u00E1, naopak Mendel tvrdil, \u017Ee rozd\u00EDly mezi jedinci jsou zp\u016Fsobeny d\u011Bdi\u010Dnost\u00ED jist\u00FDch \"vloh\" (alel), domn\u00EDval se v\u0161ak, \u017Ee tento polymorfismus je stabiln\u00ED a druh jako celek se \u017E\u00E1dn\u00FDm zp\u016Fsobem nevyv\u00EDj\u00ED. Neodarwinistick\u00E1 evoluce v\u0161ak uk\u00E1zala, \u017Ee se Mendel a Darwin nevylu\u010Duj\u00ED, ale naopak se potvrzuj\u00ED \u2013 n\u00E1hodn\u00E9 mutace (\"chyby\") zp\u016Fsob\u00ED existenci r\u016Fzn\u00FDch alel, kter\u00E9 se d\u011Bd\u00ED z generace na generaci a p\u0159itom na jejich nositele p\u016Fsob\u00ED p\u0159irozen\u00FD v\u00FDb\u011Br a dlouhodob\u011B se tak udr\u017E\u00ED jen nositel\u00E9, kte\u0159\u00ED se d\u00EDky sv\u00FDm alel\u00E1m l\u00E9pe adaptuj\u00ED. Dal\u0161\u00ED ot\u00E1zkou bylo, zda v\u00FDrazn\u00E9 a dlouhodob\u00E9 zm\u011Bny (makroevoluce) pozorovan\u00E9 paleontology jsou vysv\u011Btliteln\u00E9 drobn\u00FDmi zm\u011Bnami v populac\u00EDch (mikroevoluce). Synt\u00E9za shrnula poznatky z mnoha biologick\u00FDch obor\u016F, hlavn\u011B z genetiky, cytologie, systematiky, botaniky, morfologie, ekologie a paleontologie. Za zakladatele neodarwinismu je pova\u017Eov\u00E1n August Weismann. Term\u00EDn modern\u00ED evolu\u010Dn\u00ED synt\u00E9za zavedl Julian Huxley ve sv\u00E9 knize Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (\u010Desky doslova Evoluce: modern\u00ED synt\u00E9za) z roku 1942. Mezi dal\u0161\u00EDmi v\u00FDrazn\u00FDmi postavami synt\u00E9zy byli Ronald Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, J. B. S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, , Ernst Mayr, , , George Gaylord Simpson a George Ledyard Stebbins."@cs . "S\u00EDntese evolutiva moderna"@pt . . "Sintesis evolusioner modern merupakan perpaduan gagasan berbagai bidang keahilian biologi yang menjelaskan evolusi secara logis. Sintesis modern umumnya diterima luas oleh kebanyakan ahli biologi. Sintesis modern dikembangkan selama satu dasawarsa (1936\u20131947) dan perkembangan genetika populasi (1918\u20131932) merupakan gaya dorong lahirnya sintesis modern. Sintesis modern menunjukkan bahwa genetika Mendel konsisten dengan seleksi alam dan evolusi gradual. Sintesis evolusioner modern juga dirujuk sebagai sintesis baru, sintesis modern, dan sintesis evolusioner."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u73B0\u4EE3\u6F14\u5316\u7EFC\u8BBA"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La sintesi moderna dell'evoluzione (o teoria moderna dell'evoluzione, nota anche come neodarwinismo o neodarvinismo) \u00E8 la teoria evoluzionistica attualmente pi\u00F9 accreditata in campo scientifico. Essa deriva dall'integrazione tra: Gli scienziati che hanno contribuito principalmente allo sviluppo del neodarwinismo sono Thomas Hunt Morgan, R. A. Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, J.B.S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, William D. Hamilton, , Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord Simpson, , Motoo Kimura."@it . "\u73FE\u4EE3\u6F14\u5316\u7D9C\u8AD6\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AModern evolutionary synthesis\uFF09\uFF0C\u4E5F\u7A31\u70BA\u65B0\u7D9C\u5408\u3001\u73FE\u4EE3\u7D9C\u5408\u6216\u662F\u73FE\u4EE3\u9054\u723E\u6587\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3002 \u57281936\u5E74\u548C1947\u5E74\u4E4B\u9593\u7522\u751F\u7D9C\u8AD6\uFF0C\u53CD\u6620\u6F14\u8B8A\u5982\u4F55\u9032\u884C\u7684\u5171\u8B58\u3002\u8D77\u6E90\u662F\u9054\u723E\u6587\u89E3\u91CB\u6F14\u5316\u7684\u5929\u64C7\u7406\u8AD6\uFF0C\u8207\u5B5F\u5FB7\u723E\u907A\u50B3\u5B9A\u5F8B\u7684\u7D50\u5408\u3002\u540C\u6642\u4E5F\u5C07\u57FA\u672C\u7684\u5B5F\u5FB7\u723E\u907A\u50B3\u5B78\uFF0C\u6539\u9020\u70BA\u6578\u5B78\u5316\u7684\u7FA4\u9AD4\u907A\u50B3\u5B78\u3002\u5728\u5F88\u5927\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0A\uFF0C\u7D9C\u8AD6\u4ECD\u7136\u662F\u5728\u6F14\u5316\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u76EE\u524D\u7684\u6A21\u5F0F\u3002 \u73FE\u4EE3\u7D9C\u5408\u7406\u8AD6\u5C07\u5169\u500B\u91CD\u8981\u767C\u73FE\u7D50\u5408\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5C31\u662F\u6F14\u5316\u9078\u64C7\u55AE\u4F4D\uFF08\u57FA\u56E0\uFF09\u8207\u6F14\u5316\u6A5F\u5236\uFF08\u5929\u64C7\uFF09\u3002\u4E5F\u7D71\u5408\u4E86\u8A31\u591A\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u7684\u5206\u652F\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u907A\u50B3\u5B78\u3001\u7D30\u80DE\u5B78\u3001\u7CFB\u7D71\u5206\u985E\u5B78\u3001\u690D\u7269\u5B78\u8207\u53E4\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u7B49\u7B49\u3002 \u5EFA\u7ACB\u4E26\u767C\u5C55\u73FE\u4EE3\u7D9C\u5408\u7406\u8AD6\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u4E86\u6578\u5B78\u5BB6\u7F57\u7EB3\u5FB7\u00B7\u8D39\u5E0C\u5C14\u3001\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u5BB6\u4F11\u5384\u5C14\u00B7\u8D56\u7279\u8207J\u00B7B\u00B7S\u00B7\u970D\u723E\u4E39\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u6469\u6839\u3001\u8D39\u5965\u591A\u897F\u00B7\u591A\u5E03\u7136\u65AF\u57FA\u3001\u6731\u5229\u5B89\u00B7\u8D6B\u80E5\u9ECE\u3001\u6069\u65AF\u7279\u00B7\u9EA5\u723E\u3001\u4E54\u6CBB\u00B7\u76D6\u6D1B\u5FB7\u00B7\u8F9B\u666E\u68EE\u3001\u7B49\u4EBA\u3002"@zh . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062F\u0629 \u062A\u062E\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062A \u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064B\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u064A\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629. \u064A\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 -\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0646\u062A\u062C \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064A\u0646 1936 \u06481947- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062C\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u064A. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062B\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0646 1918 \u06481932 \u0645\u062D\u0641\u0632\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u060C \u0641\u0642\u062F \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062B\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062F\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062F\u0631\u062C. \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639 -\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u062F \u0628\u0639\u064A\u062F- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A."@ar . "\u0421\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0421\u0422\u042D), \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. modern synthesis; neo-Darwinian synthesis), \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u044F \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437\u043E\u043C \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043B\u0438\u043D, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043E, \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430. \u0421\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043E\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044E, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0443, \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0431\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044E \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043B\u0438\u043D\u044B. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u00AB\u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00BB \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043A \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u0414\u0436\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u043A\u0441\u043B\u0438 \u00ABEvolution: The Modern Synthesis\u00BB (1942)."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Neodarwinismus (jin\u00FDmi n\u00E1zvy t\u00E9\u017E nov\u00E1 synt\u00E9za, modern\u00ED synt\u00E9za, evolu\u010Dn\u00ED synt\u00E9za) je slou\u010Den\u00ED my\u0161lenek n\u011Bkolika biologick\u00FDch obor\u016F, kter\u00E1 je v sou\u010Dasnosti \u0161iroce uzn\u00E1vanou teori\u00ED evoluce. Synt\u00E9za prob\u00EDhala v prvn\u00ED polovin\u011B 20. stolet\u00ED a je spolu s Darwinov\u00FDm zalo\u017Een\u00EDm evolu\u010Dn\u00ED biologie pova\u017Eov\u00E1na za jednu z nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDch revoluc\u00ED v biologii. Podn\u011Btem k synt\u00E9ze byl v\u00FDvoj v popula\u010Dn\u00ED genetice ve 20. a 30. letech, kter\u00FD uk\u00E1zal slu\u010Ditelnost mendelovsk\u00E9 genetiky s p\u0159irozen\u00FDm v\u00FDb\u011Brem. Synt\u00E9za je st\u00E1le z velk\u00E9 \u010D\u00E1sti sou\u010D\u00E1st\u00ED v\u011Bdeck\u00E9ho paradigmatu."@cs . . . . . . . "La th\u00E9orie synth\u00E9tique de l'\u00E9volution (ou TSE) est une th\u00E9orie darwinienne de l'\u00E9volution bas\u00E9e sur la s\u00E9lection naturelle de variations al\u00E9atoires du g\u00E9nome. Elle est aussi appel\u00E9e synth\u00E8se n\u00E9odarwinienne, th\u00E9orie n\u00E9odarwinienne de l'\u00E9volution ou plus simplement n\u00E9odarwinisme. Cette th\u00E9orie est une synth\u00E8se de diverses th\u00E9ories biologiques du XIXe si\u00E8cle et du d\u00E9but du XXe si\u00E8cle, dont les lois de Mendel, la g\u00E9n\u00E9tique des populations et la s\u00E9lection naturelle. Elle fut men\u00E9e au cours des ann\u00E9es 1930 et 1940 par, notamment, R. A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, Bernhard Rensch, George Gaylord Simpson et George Ledyard Stebbins. Appel\u00E9e th\u00E9orie synth\u00E9tique par Julian Huxley en 1942, cette th\u00E9orie constitue une extension de la th\u00E9orie originale de Charles Darwin, laquelle ignorait encore les m\u00E9canismes de l'h\u00E9r\u00E9dit\u00E9 sur lesquels avait travaill\u00E9 Mendel. C'est \u00AB le paradigme qui a domin\u00E9 la th\u00E9orie de l'\u00E9volution dans la seconde moiti\u00E9 du XXe si\u00E8cle \u00BB utilis\u00E9 comme une connaissance acquise dans les \u00E9tudes scientifiques en biologie. L'id\u00E9e de m\u00E9canismes cellulaires associ\u00E9s \u00E0 la s\u00E9lection de g\u00E8nes est rejet\u00E9e dans cette th\u00E9orie synth\u00E9tique, m\u00EAme si certaines th\u00E9ories issues de la biologie mol\u00E9culaire et de l'\u00E9pig\u00E9n\u00E9tique remontent \u00E0 la cr\u00E9ation de ces disciplines dans les ann\u00E9es 1940 \u00E0 1960. Excluant la possibilit\u00E9 de transmission des caract\u00E8res acquis, question que Darwin tenta de r\u00E9soudre en reprenant l'hypoth\u00E8se de la pangen\u00E8se dans son trait\u00E9 de la variation , cette synth\u00E8se ne retient donc comme m\u00E9canismes acceptables de l'\u00E9volution que la s\u00E9lection naturelle qui exerce un tri orient\u00E9 sur les mutations al\u00E9atoires du patrimoine g\u00E9n\u00E9tique. Cette th\u00E9orie est remise en cause d\u00E8s ses pr\u00E9mices du fait que les micro-variations al\u00E9atoires du g\u00E9nome (i.e. les mutations g\u00E9n\u00E9tiques) \u00E0 l'origine d'une \u00E9volution n\u00E9cessairement lente du ph\u00E9notype, ne permettent pas d'appr\u00E9hender l'ensemble de la complexit\u00E9 du processus \u00E9volutif. D'autres mod\u00E8les d'\u00E9volution (certains \u00E9tant assimil\u00E9s \u00E0 du n\u00E9odarwinisme, improprement car synonyme de TSE), sont ainsi propos\u00E9s : th\u00E9orie neutraliste de l'\u00E9volution (mutations neutres au regard de la s\u00E9lection naturelle qui n'expliquent pas les sauts \u00E9volutifs), th\u00E9orie endosymbiotique, qui rend mieux compte de m\u00E9canismes d'\u00E9volution rapide et de co\u00E9volutions, et th\u00E9orie saltationniste, qui met l'accent sur des mutations de grande ampleur, provoquant des \u00AB sauts \u00BB \u00E9volutifs."@fr . . . . . . "Sintesi moderna dell'evoluzione"@it . . . . . "Sintesis evolusioner modern merupakan perpaduan gagasan berbagai bidang keahilian biologi yang menjelaskan evolusi secara logis. Sintesis modern umumnya diterima luas oleh kebanyakan ahli biologi. Sintesis modern dikembangkan selama satu dasawarsa (1936\u20131947) dan perkembangan genetika populasi (1918\u20131932) merupakan gaya dorong lahirnya sintesis modern. Sintesis modern menunjukkan bahwa genetika Mendel konsisten dengan seleksi alam dan evolusi gradual. Julian Huxley menciptakan istilah ini ketika ia menulis bukunya Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (1942). Tokoh sintesis modern lainnya meliputi R. A. Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, J.B.S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, , Ernst Mayr, Bernhard Rensch, Sergei Chetverikov, George Gaylord Simpson, dan G. Ledyard Stebbins. Sintesis modern memecahkan permasalahan dan ketidakjelasan yang disebabkan oleh spesialisasi bidang biologi, di mana terdapat komunikasi yang buruk antar ahli biologi pada awal abad ke-21. Penemuan para ahli genetika pada awalnya sulit untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kerangka evolusi gradual dan mekanisme seleksi alam. Sintesis modern menggabungkan kedua ilmu tersebut, manakala memberikan bukti bahwa kajian populasi pada lapangan sangatlah krusial terhadap teori evolusioner. Sintesis modern menyatukan gagasan-gagasan berbagai cabang biologi yang telah lama terpisah, utamanya genetika, sitologi, sistematika, botani, morfologi, ekologi, dan paleontologi. Sintesis evolusioner modern juga dirujuk sebagai sintesis baru, sintesis modern, dan sintesis evolusioner."@in . . . . . . . . "73269"^^ . . . . . "A s\u00EDntese evolutiva moderna, tamb\u00E9m conhecida como s\u00EDntese moderna, s\u00EDntese evolutiva, s\u00EDntese neodarwiniana e neodarwinismo, geralmente denota a combina\u00E7\u00E3o da teoria da evolu\u00E7\u00E3o de Charles Darwin e Alfred Russel Wallace, \u00E0s ideias mendelianas de hereditariedade em uma estrutura matem\u00E1tica conjunta. Julian Huxley cunhou o termo \"s\u00EDntese moderna\" em seu livro de 1942, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. As ideias do s\u00E9culo XIX de sele\u00E7\u00E3o natural e gen\u00E9tica Mendeliana foram unidas \u00E0 gen\u00E9tica populacional, no in\u00EDcio do s\u00E9culo XX. A s\u00EDntese moderna tamb\u00E9m abordou a rela\u00E7\u00E3o entre a macroevolu\u00E7\u00E3o e a microevolu\u00E7\u00E3o. Entre os nomes mais importantes para o desenvolvimento da s\u00EDntese moderna, destacam-se Thomas Hunt Morgan, Ronald Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, J. B. S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, William D. Hamilton, , Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord Simpson e G. Ledyard Stebbins. Essencialmente, a s\u00EDntese moderna introduziu a conex\u00E3o entre duas importantes descobertas: as unidades de evolu\u00E7\u00E3o (genes) com o mecanismo de evolu\u00E7\u00E3o (sele\u00E7\u00E3o natural). Ela tamb\u00E9m representa a unifica\u00E7\u00E3o de v\u00E1rios ramos da biologia que, anteriormente, tinham pouco em comum, em particular, a gen\u00E9tica, a citologia, a sistem\u00E1tica, a bot\u00E2nica e a paleontologia."@pt . "\uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Modern evolution\u00E4r syntes"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0456\u044F \u0435\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0456\u0457"@uk . . . "Modern evolution\u00E4r syntes, \u00E4ven kallad neodarwinism eller nydarwinism, sammanf\u00F6r Charles Darwins teorier om arternas evolution och det naturliga urvalet med Gregor Mendels teori om generna som grunden till det biologiska arvet. Framst\u00E5ende personer i utformandet av den moderna evolution\u00E4ra syntesen inkluderar Ronald Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, J.B.S. Haldane, , Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, och George Gaylord Simpson."@sv . . . . . . . "Eboluzioaren teoria sintetikoa edo, besterik gabe, teoria sintetikoa, XX. mendearen lehen erdian, biologiaren eremu guztietan egin ziren aurrerapenei esker neodarwinismotik eboluzioaren ideiaren inguruan egindako interpretazio berria da."@eu . "Eboluzioaren teoria sintetikoa edo, besterik gabe, teoria sintetikoa, XX. mendearen lehen erdian, biologiaren eremu guztietan egin ziren aurrerapenei esker neodarwinismotik eboluzioaren ideiaren inguruan egindako interpretazio berria da. 1930. urtean, genetikaren alorrean egindako aurkikuntzen bidez, zientzialari talde batek eboluzioaren teoria berria egin ahal izan zuten. Teoria horren arabera, mutazioak, birkonbinazio genetikoa eta hautespen naturala ziren eboluzio-aldaketaren motor nagusiak.Teoria horrek, biologiaren hainbat eremu batzen baititu; esaterako, genetika, paleontologia, biokimika eta ekologia."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"S\u00EDntesi evolutiva moderna"@ca . "A s\u00EDntese evolutiva moderna, tamb\u00E9m conhecida como s\u00EDntese moderna, s\u00EDntese evolutiva, s\u00EDntese neodarwiniana e neodarwinismo, geralmente denota a combina\u00E7\u00E3o da teoria da evolu\u00E7\u00E3o de Charles Darwin e Alfred Russel Wallace, \u00E0s ideias mendelianas de hereditariedade em uma estrutura matem\u00E1tica conjunta. Julian Huxley cunhou o termo \"s\u00EDntese moderna\" em seu livro de 1942, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. As ideias do s\u00E9culo XIX de sele\u00E7\u00E3o natural e gen\u00E9tica Mendeliana foram unidas \u00E0 gen\u00E9tica populacional, no in\u00EDcio do s\u00E9culo XX. A s\u00EDntese moderna tamb\u00E9m abordou a rela\u00E7\u00E3o entre a macroevolu\u00E7\u00E3o e a microevolu\u00E7\u00E3o."@pt . "La th\u00E9orie synth\u00E9tique de l'\u00E9volution (ou TSE) est une th\u00E9orie darwinienne de l'\u00E9volution bas\u00E9e sur la s\u00E9lection naturelle de variations al\u00E9atoires du g\u00E9nome. Elle est aussi appel\u00E9e synth\u00E8se n\u00E9odarwinienne, th\u00E9orie n\u00E9odarwinienne de l'\u00E9volution ou plus simplement n\u00E9odarwinisme."@fr . . . . . "La sintesi moderna dell'evoluzione (o teoria moderna dell'evoluzione, nota anche come neodarwinismo o neodarvinismo) \u00E8 la teoria evoluzionistica attualmente pi\u00F9 accreditata in campo scientifico. Essa deriva dall'integrazione tra: 1. \n* La teoria dell'evoluzione delle specie per selezione naturale di Charles Darwin; 2. \n* La teoria dell'ereditariet\u00E0 di Gregor Mendel sulle basi dell'eredit\u00E0 biologica rivista alla luce della moderna genetica, comprese le mutazioni genetiche casuali come sorgente della variazione; 3. \n* La forma matematica della genetica delle popolazioni; 4. \n* L'analisi dei dati della paleontologia. In sintesi, il neodarwinismo consiste nel considerare il gene come unit\u00E0 fondamentale dell'eredit\u00E0 e bersaglio del meccanismo evoluzionistico della selezione naturale. La sintesi neodarwiniana unifica diverse branche della biologia che in precedenza avevano pochi punti di contatto, in particolare la genetica, la citologia, la sistematica, la botanica e la paleontologia. Gli scienziati che hanno contribuito principalmente allo sviluppo del neodarwinismo sono Thomas Hunt Morgan, R. A. Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, J.B.S. Haldane, Sewall Wright, William D. Hamilton, , Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord Simpson, , Motoo Kimura."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Novdarvinismo (a\u016D nordarwinismo, a\u016D moderna sintezo) estas evoluisma teorio nuntempe pli akreditita en la sciencula kampo. \u011Ci devenas el integri\u011Do inter: 1. \n* Teorio pri evolucio de la specioj per la natura selektado la\u016D Charles Darwin; 2. \n* Teorio de la heredeco de Johann Gregor Mendel surbaze de la biologia heredo reviziita sub la lumo de la moderna genetiko, inkluzive de la hazardaj genetikaj mutacioj kiel ka\u016Dzo de san\u011Doj; 3. \n* Matematika formulo de la ; 4. \n* Analizo de la datenoj de la paleontologio. La scienculoj kiuj kontribuis al la precipa kreski\u011Do de novdarvinismo estas Thomas Hunt Morgan, , , , , , , Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord Simpson, kaj ... Mallongvorte, novdarvinismo ellaboras specifan koncepton kiu emas konsideri fundamenta unuo de la heredo la genon kiel celon de la evolucia me\u0125anismo, nome de la natura selektado. La novdarvinismo unuigas diversajn bran\u0109ojn de la biologio, kiuj anta\u016De havis malmultajn kontaktajn punktojn, nome genetiko, \u0109elbiologio, sistematiko, botaniko kaj paleontologio."@eo . . "\u0421\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0421\u0422\u042D), \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. modern synthesis; neo-Darwinian synthesis), \u2014 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u044F \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0437\u043E\u043C \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043B\u0438\u043D, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043E, \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430. \u0421\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043E\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044E, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0443, \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0431\u0438\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044E \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043B\u0438\u043D\u044B. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u00AB\u0441\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00BB \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043A \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u0414\u0436\u0443\u043B\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u043A\u0441\u043B\u0438 \u00ABEvolution: The Modern Synthesis\u00BB (1942)."@ru . . . . . "\uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC740 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC758 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uC804\uACF5 \uBD84\uC57C\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB41C \uC9C4\uD654\uC640 \uAD00\uB828\uD55C \uC774\uB860\uC744 \uC885\uD569\uD55C \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C, \uC624\uB298\uB0A0 \uB300\uB2E4\uC218\uC758 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uC778\uC815\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB294 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC774\uB2E4. \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC740 \uB2E4\uC708\uC758 \uC790\uC5F0\uC120\uD0DD\uC758 \uAC1C\uB150\uC5D0\uC11C \uCD9C\uBC1C\uD558\uC5EC \uBA58\uB378\uC758 \uC720\uC804\uBC95\uCE59\uC758 \uBC1C\uACAC, 20\uC138\uAE30 \uCD08 \uC9D1\uB2E8\uC720\uC804\uD559\uC758 \uC131\uACFC \uB4F1\uC744 \uC885\uD569\uD55C \uAC83\uC73C\uB85C 1936\uB144\uBD80\uD130 1947\uB144\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC57D 10\uC5EC\uB144\uC5D0 \uAC78\uCCD0 \uD615\uC131\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1942\uB144 \uD5C9\uC2AC\uB9AC\uAC00 \u300A\uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\u300B\uB97C \uCD9C\uD310\uD558\uC5EC \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC774\uB780 \uBA85\uCE6D\uC774 \uB110\uB9AC \uC54C\uB824\uC9C0\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC774\uD6C4 \uAC19\uC740 \uC8FC\uC81C\uB85C \uD53C\uC154, \uB3C4\uBE0C\uC794\uC2A4\uD0A4, , , \uC5D0\uB978\uC2A4\uD2B8 \uB9C8\uC774\uC5B4, \uB4F1\uACFC \uAC19\uC740 \uD559\uC790\uB4E4\uC774 \uC800\uC11C\uB97C \uCD9C\uD310\uD558\uC5EC \uACF5\uD5CC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559\uC758 \uAC01 \uBD84\uC57C\uAC00 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uB09C\uD574\uD558\uB2E4\uB294 \uC810\uACFC \uC8FC\uC694 \uD559\uD30C \uAC04\uC5D0 \uC9C4\uD654\uC758 \uC6D0\uC778\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uACAC\uD574\uAC00 \uB2EC\uB790\uB2E4\uB294 \uC810 \uB54C\uBB38\uC5D0 \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC758 \uC885\uD569\uC740 \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uC5B4\uB835\uACE0 \uBCF5\uC7A1\uD55C \uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uAC70\uCCD0\uC57C\uD588\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uAC70\uCE58\uACE0, \uC9C4\uD654\uD604\uC0C1 \uC790\uCCB4\uAC00 \uAD00\uCC30\uC774 \uB418\uAE30 \uC2DC\uC791\uD558\uBA74\uC11C, \uD604\uB300\uC5D0\uB294 \uC99D\uBA85\uB41C \uACFC\uD559\uC774\uB860\uC73C\uB85C\uC11C \uC874\uC7AC\uD558\uBA70, \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC774\uB860\uC5D0\uB294 \uC720\uC804\uD559, \uC138\uD3EC\uD559, \uACC4\uD1B5\uD559, \uC2DD\uBB3C\uD559, \uD615\uD0DC\uD559, \uC0DD\uD0DC\uD559, \uACE0\uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559 \uB4F1 \uC0DD\uBB3C\uD559 \uC804\uBC18\uC5D0 \uAC78\uCE5C \uD559\uBB38 \uBD84\uC57C\uAC00 \uB450\uB8E8 \uB9DD\uB77C\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD604\uB300 \uC9C4\uD654\uC774\uB860\uC758 \uC131\uB9BD \uC774\uD6C4\uC5D0\uB3C4 \uAC01 \uBD84\uC57C\uC758 \uC9C4\uD654 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB294 \uC5EC\uC804\uD788 \uD65C\uBC1C\uD788 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70 \uC774\uB294 \uB85C \uC774\uC5B4\uC9C4\uB2E4."@ko . . "Die Synthetische Evolutionstheorie erkl\u00E4rt den Artenwandel, einschlie\u00DFlich der Bauplan-Transformationen (Makroevolution), seit ca. 1950. Sie ist die konsistente Erweiterung der klassischen Evolutionstheorien von Charles Darwin und Alfred Russel Wallace, erweitert von August Weismann, durch vereinte Erkenntnisse der Genetik, Populationsbiologie, Pal\u00E4ontologie, Zoologie, Botanik und Systematik. In Darwins Werk Die Entstehung der Arten (1859; 6. Auflage 1872) fehlten diese Befunde, die erst nach seinem Tod entdeckt bzw. entwickelt wurden, zun\u00E4chst durch die Forschungen von Weismann. Bis zur Synthese waren diese Disziplinen voneinander getrennt. Die Synthetische Evolutionstheorie wird manchmal mit dem \u201ENeodarwinismus\u201C verwechselt. Der Zoologe August Weismann (1834\u20131914) lieferte die Konzepte zur Neodarwin\u2019schen Theorie, die Evolutionsbiologen im 20. Jahrhundert weiterentwickelt haben. Etabliert wurde die Synthetische Evolutionstheorie 1937 erstmals von Theodosius Dobzhansky und 1942 durch Ernst Mayr und Julian Huxley. Die Synthetische Theorie der biologischen Evolution wird durch neue Forschungsergebnisse st\u00E4ndig erg\u00E4nzt."@de . . "La s\u00EDntesis evolutiva moderna (tambi\u00E9n llamada simplemente nueva s\u00EDntesis, s\u00EDntesis moderna, s\u00EDntesis evolutiva, teor\u00EDa sint\u00E9tica, s\u00EDntesis neodarwinista o neodarwinismo) significa en general la integraci\u00F3n de la teor\u00EDa de la evoluci\u00F3n de las especies por la selecci\u00F3n natural de Charles Darwin, la teor\u00EDa gen\u00E9tica de Gregor Mendel como base de la herencia gen\u00E9tica, la mutaci\u00F3n aleatoria como fuente de variaci\u00F3n y la gen\u00E9tica de poblaciones. Los principales art\u00EDfices de esta integraci\u00F3n fueron Dobzhansky, Mayr y Simpson, complementados por Fisher, Haldane y Wright. Esencialmente, la s\u00EDntesis moderna introdujo dos descubrimientos importantes: la unidad de la evoluci\u00F3n (los genes) con el mecanismo de la evoluci\u00F3n (la selecci\u00F3n natural). Tambi\u00E9n representa la unificaci\u00F3n de varias ramas de la biolog\u00EDa que anteriormente ten\u00EDan poco en com\u00FAn, especialmente la gen\u00E9tica, la citolog\u00EDa, la sistem\u00E1tica, la bot\u00E1nica y la paleontolog\u00EDa."@es . . . . . "\u73FE\u4EE3\u6F14\u5316\u7D9C\u8AD6\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AModern evolutionary synthesis\uFF09\uFF0C\u4E5F\u7A31\u70BA\u65B0\u7D9C\u5408\u3001\u73FE\u4EE3\u7D9C\u5408\u6216\u662F\u73FE\u4EE3\u9054\u723E\u6587\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3002 \u57281936\u5E74\u548C1947\u5E74\u4E4B\u9593\u7522\u751F\u7D9C\u8AD6\uFF0C\u53CD\u6620\u6F14\u8B8A\u5982\u4F55\u9032\u884C\u7684\u5171\u8B58\u3002\u8D77\u6E90\u662F\u9054\u723E\u6587\u89E3\u91CB\u6F14\u5316\u7684\u5929\u64C7\u7406\u8AD6\uFF0C\u8207\u5B5F\u5FB7\u723E\u907A\u50B3\u5B9A\u5F8B\u7684\u7D50\u5408\u3002\u540C\u6642\u4E5F\u5C07\u57FA\u672C\u7684\u5B5F\u5FB7\u723E\u907A\u50B3\u5B78\uFF0C\u6539\u9020\u70BA\u6578\u5B78\u5316\u7684\u7FA4\u9AD4\u907A\u50B3\u5B78\u3002\u5728\u5F88\u5927\u7A0B\u5EA6\u4E0A\uFF0C\u7D9C\u8AD6\u4ECD\u7136\u662F\u5728\u6F14\u5316\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u76EE\u524D\u7684\u6A21\u5F0F\u3002 \u73FE\u4EE3\u7D9C\u5408\u7406\u8AD6\u5C07\u5169\u500B\u91CD\u8981\u767C\u73FE\u7D50\u5408\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5C31\u662F\u6F14\u5316\u9078\u64C7\u55AE\u4F4D\uFF08\u57FA\u56E0\uFF09\u8207\u6F14\u5316\u6A5F\u5236\uFF08\u5929\u64C7\uFF09\u3002\u4E5F\u7D71\u5408\u4E86\u8A31\u591A\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u7684\u5206\u652F\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u907A\u50B3\u5B78\u3001\u7D30\u80DE\u5B78\u3001\u7CFB\u7D71\u5206\u985E\u5B78\u3001\u690D\u7269\u5B78\u8207\u53E4\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u7B49\u7B49\u3002 \u5EFA\u7ACB\u4E26\u767C\u5C55\u73FE\u4EE3\u7D9C\u5408\u7406\u8AD6\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u4E86\u6578\u5B78\u5BB6\u7F57\u7EB3\u5FB7\u00B7\u8D39\u5E0C\u5C14\u3001\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u5BB6\u4F11\u5384\u5C14\u00B7\u8D56\u7279\u8207J\u00B7B\u00B7S\u00B7\u970D\u723E\u4E39\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u6469\u6839\u3001\u8D39\u5965\u591A\u897F\u00B7\u591A\u5E03\u7136\u65AF\u57FA\u3001\u6731\u5229\u5B89\u00B7\u8D6B\u80E5\u9ECE\u3001\u6069\u65AF\u7279\u00B7\u9EA5\u723E\u3001\u4E54\u6CBB\u00B7\u76D6\u6D1B\u5FB7\u00B7\u8F9B\u666E\u68EE\u3001\u7B49\u4EBA\u3002 \u751F\u7269\u5B78\u5BB6\u4FDD\u7F85\u00B7\u624E\u5361\u91CC\u00B7\u9081\u723E\u65AF\u5F37\u8ABF\u73FE\u4ECA\u64C1\u76EE\u524D\u5DF2\u6709\u5927\u91CF\u66F8\u7C4D\u548C\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982PubMed\u6578\u64DA\u5EAB\u4E2D\u5927\u7D04\u6709 150,000 \u7BC7\u95DC\u653E\u9032\u6F14\u5316\u8AD6\u7684\u521D\u7D1A\u7814\u7A76\u6587\u7AE0\u4EE5\u53CA\u8AAA\u660E\u7D55\u5927\u591A\u6578\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u5BB6\u652F\u6301\u9032\u5316\u4E26\u5229\u7528NCSE\u4E2D\u53CD\u5C0D\u79D1\u5B78\u795E\u5275\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u5354\u6703\u7684\u8072\u660E\u53CD\u99C1\u5B89\u00B7\u5EAB\u723E\u7279\u8A8D\u70BA\u9032\u5316\u8AD6\u6C92\u6709\u4EFB\u4F55\u8B49\u64DA\u652F\u6301\u7684\u8A00\u8AD6\u3002\u8A8D\u70BA\u9032\u5316\u662F\u4E00\u500B\u4E3B\u8981\u7684\u7D71\u4E00\u79D1\u5B78\u6982\u5FF5\u3002\u4E00\u9805\u57281991\u5E74\u6240\u4F5C\u7684\u84CB\u6D1B\u666E\u6C11\u8ABF\u986F\u793A\uFF0C\u6709\u5927\u7D0455%\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\uFF08\u5305\u62EC\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u9818\u57DF\u4EE5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ED6\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\uFF09\u76F8\u4FE1\u81EA\u7136\u9032\u5316\uFF0C\u4E0A\u5E1D\u4E26\u6C92\u6709\u53C3\u8207\u5176\u4E2D\uFF0C\u8ABF\u67E5\u7D50\u679C\u4EA6\u986F\u793A\u81F3\u5C11\u670940%\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u76F8\u4FE1\u795E\u5C0E\u6F14\u5316\u8AD6\u3002\u51FA\u7248\u7684\u300AJCI\uFF1A\u81E8\u5E8A\u7814\u7A76\u96DC\u8A8C\u300B\u4E2D\u7684\u300A\u634D\u885B\u79D1\u5B78\u6559\u80B2\u5C0D\u6297\u667A\u80FD\u8A2D\u8A08\uFF1A\u884C\u52D5\u865F\u53EC\u300B\u6307\u51FA\u653F\u6CBB\u51CC\u99D5\u4E86\u79D1\u5B78\u6559\u80B2\uFF0C\u5FC5\u9808\u8B93\u79D1\u5B78\u6559\u80B2\u56DE\u5230\u79D1\u5B78\u5373\u9032\u5316\u8AD6\u7684\u672C\u8EAB\uFF0C\u4E26\u8A8D\u70BA\u795E\u5275\u8AD6\u662F\u507D\u79D1\u5B78\u4E14\u8207\u9032\u5316\u8AD6\u662F\u5C0D\u7ACB\u7684\u3002\u800C\u5728\u4E16\u754C\u4E0A\u6700\u65E9\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u671F\u520A\u4E4B\u4E00\u300A\u81EA\u7136\u300B\u4E2D\uFF0C\u670922\u4F4D\u751F\u7269\u5B78\u5BB6\u8CEA\u7591\u9032\u5316\u8AD6\u7684\u771F\u5BE6\u6027\uFF0C\u4E26\u6307\u51FA:\u300C\u6211\u5011\u6C92\u6709\u95DC\u65BC\u9032\u5316\u8AD6\u7684\u7D55\u5C0D\u8B49\u64DA\uFF0C\u6211\u5011\u53EA\u6709\u652F\u6301\u5B83\u7684\u58D3\u5012\u6027\u7684\u65C1\u8B49\uFF0C\u540C\u6642\uFF0C\u76EE\u524D\u9084\u6C92\u6709\u66F4\u597D\u7684\u9078\u64C7\u3002 \u4F46\u662F\uFF0C\u5982\u679C\u73FE\u5728\u6709\u4E00\u500B\u66F4\u597D\u7684\u7406\u8AD6\u51FA\u73FE\uFF0C\u9032\u5316\u8AD6\u660E\u5929\u5C31\u6703\u88AB\u62CB\u68C4\u3002\u300D"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . "Modern synthesis (20th century)"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. The synthesis combined the ideas of natural selection, Mendelian genetics, and population genetics. It also related the broad-scale macroevolution seen by palaeontologists to the small-scale microevolution of local populations. The synthesis was defined differently by its founders, with Ernst Mayr in 1959, G. Ledyard Stebbins in 1966, and Theodosius Dobzhansky in 1974 offering differing basic postulates, though they all include natural selection, working on heritable variation supplied by mutation. Other major figures in the synthesis included E. B. Ford, Bernhard Rensch, Ivan Schmalhausen, and George Gaylord Simpson. An early event in the modern synthesis was R. A. Fisher's 1918 paper on mathematical population genetics, though William Bateson, and separately Udny Yule, had already started to show how Mendelian genetics could work in evolution in 1902."@en . . . . . "97536"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "De moderne synthese (Engels: Modern Synthesis), ook wel de nieuwe synthese (Engels: New Synthesis) genoemd, is een onder biologen algemeen geaccepteerde theorie die kennis uit meerdere takken van de biologie, zoals paleontologie, populatiegenetica, de erfelijkheidsleer van Mendel en de evolutietheorie van Charles Darwin, evenals de biologische wetenschap als geheel, van een degelijk theoretisch fundament voorziet. De moderne synthese ('samenvoeging') is als theorie ontwikkeld in de periode tussen 1936 en 1947, onder invloed van de opkomst van de populatiegenetica. In 1942 werd deze moderne biologische theorievorming beschreven in het boek van Julian Huxley, dat nog steeds als een van de belangrijkste boekwerken binnen de biologie geldt."@nl . . . "Modern\u00ED evolu\u010Dn\u00ED synt\u00E9za"@cs . . "Synthetische Evolutionstheorie"@de . . . "Die Synthetische Evolutionstheorie erkl\u00E4rt den Artenwandel, einschlie\u00DFlich der Bauplan-Transformationen (Makroevolution), seit ca. 1950. Sie ist die konsistente Erweiterung der klassischen Evolutionstheorien von Charles Darwin und Alfred Russel Wallace, erweitert von August Weismann, durch vereinte Erkenntnisse der Genetik, Populationsbiologie, Pal\u00E4ontologie, Zoologie, Botanik und Systematik. In Darwins Werk Die Entstehung der Arten (1859; 6. Auflage 1872) fehlten diese Befunde, die erst nach seinem Tod entdeckt bzw. entwickelt wurden, zun\u00E4chst durch die Forschungen von Weismann. Bis zur Synthese waren diese Disziplinen voneinander getrennt."@de . . . . . . . "S\u00EDntesis evolutiva moderna"@es . . . . . . "De moderne synthese (Engels: Modern Synthesis), ook wel de nieuwe synthese (Engels: New Synthesis) genoemd, is een onder biologen algemeen geaccepteerde theorie die kennis uit meerdere takken van de biologie, zoals paleontologie, populatiegenetica, de erfelijkheidsleer van Mendel en de evolutietheorie van Charles Darwin, evenals de biologische wetenschap als geheel, van een degelijk theoretisch fundament voorziet."@nl . . . . . "La s\u00EDntesis evolutiva moderna (tambi\u00E9n llamada simplemente nueva s\u00EDntesis, s\u00EDntesis moderna, s\u00EDntesis evolutiva, teor\u00EDa sint\u00E9tica, s\u00EDntesis neodarwinista o neodarwinismo) significa en general la integraci\u00F3n de la teor\u00EDa de la evoluci\u00F3n de las especies por la selecci\u00F3n natural de Charles Darwin, la teor\u00EDa gen\u00E9tica de Gregor Mendel como base de la herencia gen\u00E9tica, la mutaci\u00F3n aleatoria como fuente de variaci\u00F3n y la gen\u00E9tica de poblaciones. Los principales art\u00EDfices de esta integraci\u00F3n fueron Dobzhansky, Mayr y Simpson, complementados por Fisher, Haldane y Wright."@es . . . . . . 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"La s\u00EDntesi evolutiva moderna (tamb\u00E9 anomenada s\u00EDntesi neodarwinista o neodarwinisme), en general, significa la integraci\u00F3 de la teoria de l'evoluci\u00F3 de les esp\u00E8cies per selecci\u00F3 natural de Charles Darwin, la teoria gen\u00E8tica de Gregor Mendel com a base de l'her\u00E8ncia biol\u00F2gica, la mutaci\u00F3 gen\u00E8tica aleat\u00F2ria com a font de variaci\u00F3 i la gen\u00E8tica de poblacions matem\u00E0tica. Les figures importants en el desenvolupament de la s\u00EDntesi moderna s\u00F3n: R. A. Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, , , Sewall Wright, , , , Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord Simpson i . Essencialment, la s\u00EDntesi moderna introdu\u00ED la connexi\u00F3 entre dos descobriments importants: la unitat de l'evoluci\u00F3 (els gens) amb el mecanisme de l'evoluci\u00F3 (la selecci\u00F3). Tamb\u00E9 representa la uni\u00F3 de diverses branques de la biologia que anteriorment tenien poc en com\u00FA, especialment la gen\u00E8tica, la citologia, la sistem\u00E0tica, la bot\u00E0nica i la paleontologia."@ca . . . . . "Moderne synthese"@nl . . . . . "The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. The synthesis combined the ideas of natural selection, Mendelian genetics, and population genetics. It also related the broad-scale macroevolution seen by palaeontologists to the small-scale microevolution of local populations."@en . . . . . . . "Novdarvinismo"@eo . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0442\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u044F \u044D\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0438\u0438"@ru . . "1123328260"^^ . . . . . "Modern evolution\u00E4r syntes, \u00E4ven kallad neodarwinism eller nydarwinism, sammanf\u00F6r Charles Darwins teorier om arternas evolution och det naturliga urvalet med Gregor Mendels teori om generna som grunden till det biologiska arvet. Framst\u00E5ende personer i utformandet av den moderna evolution\u00E4ra syntesen inkluderar Ronald Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, J.B.S. Haldane, , Julian Huxley, Ernst Mayr, och George Gaylord Simpson."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .