. . . . "Liste de concepts logiques"@fr . . . . . . . . . . "Em l\u00F3gica, pode-se distinguir tr\u00EAs tipos de racioc\u00EDnio l\u00F3gico: dedu\u00E7\u00E3o, indu\u00E7\u00E3o e abdu\u00E7\u00E3o. Dada uma premissa, uma conclus\u00E3o, e uma regra segundo a qual a premissa implica a conclus\u00E3o, eles podem ser explicados da seguinte forma: \n* Dedu\u00E7\u00E3o corresponde a determinar a conclus\u00E3o. Utiliza-se a regra e a sua premissa para chegar a uma conclus\u00E3o, por exemplo: \"Quando chove, a relva fica molhada. Hoje choveu, portanto a relva est\u00E1 molhada.\" \u00C9 comum associar-se os matem\u00E1ticos a este tipo de racioc\u00EDnio. \n* Indu\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 determinar a regra. \u00C9 aprender a regra a partir de diversos exemplos de como a conclus\u00E3o segue da premissa. Exemplo: \"A relva ficou molhada em todas as vezes que choveu. Ent\u00E3o, se chover amanh\u00E3, a relva ficar\u00E1 molhada.\" \u00C9 comum associar os cientistas a este estilo de racioc\u00EDnio. \n* Abdu\u00E7\u00E3o significa determinar a premissa. Usa-se a conclus\u00E3o e a regra para defender que a premissa poderia explicar a conclus\u00E3o. Exemplo: \"Quando chove, a relva fica molhada. A relva est\u00E1 molhada, ent\u00E3o deve ter chovido.\" Associa-se este tipo de racioc\u00EDnio aos m\u00E9dicos e detetives etc."@pt . . . "\u908F\u8F2F\u63A8\u7406\u4E2D\u6709\u4E09\u7A2E\u65B9\u5F0F\uFF1A\u6F14\u7ECE\u3001\u5F52\u7EB3\u548C\u6EAF\u56E0\u3002\u7D66\u5B9A\u524D\u63D0\u3001\u7D50\u8AD6\u548C\u898F\u5247\uFF0C\u800C\u524D\u63D0\u5C0E\u81F4\u7D50\u8AD6\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\uFF1A \u524D\u63D0\uFF1A\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF0F\u666E\u904D\u6B21\uFF0F\u67D0\u6B21\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\u89C4\u5219\uFF1A\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u7ED3\u8BBA\uFF1A\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF0F\u666E\u904D\u6B21\uFF0F\u67D0\u6B21\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5 \n* \u6F14\u7E79\uFF08Deductive reasoning\uFF09\uFF1A\u7528\u4F86\u6C7A\u5B9A\u7D50\u8AD6\u3002\u5B83\u4F7F\u7528\u898F\u5247\u548C\u524D\u63D0\u4F86\u63A8\u5C0E\u51FA\u7D50\u8AD6\u3002\u6578\u5B78\u5BB6\u901A\u5E38\u4F7F\u7528\u9019\u7A2E\u63A8\u7406\u3002\u8209\u4F8B\uFF1A\"\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\uFF08\u67D0\u6B21\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF0C\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\"\u3002 \n* \u6B78\u7D0D\uFF08Inductive reasoning\uFF09\uFF1A\u7528\u4F86\u6C7A\u5B9A\u898F\u5247\u3002\u5B83\u85C9\u7531\u5927\u91CF\u7684\u524D\u63D0\u548C\u7D50\u8AD6\u6240\u7D44\u6210\u7684\u4F8B\u5B50\u4F86\u5B78\u7FD2\u898F\u5247\u3002\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u901A\u5E38\u4F7F\u7528\u9019\u7A2E\u63A8\u7406\u3002\u8209\u4F8B\uFF1A\"\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6B21\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF0C\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6B21\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\"\u3002 \n* \u6EAF\u56E0\uFF08Abductive reasoning\uFF09\uFF1A\u7528\u4F86\u6C7A\u5B9A\u524D\u63D0\u3002\u5B83\u85C9\u7531\u7D50\u8AD6\u548C\u898F\u5247\u4F86\u652F\u63F4\u524D\u63D0\u4EE5\u89E3\u91CB\u7D50\u8AD6\u3002\u8A3A\u65B7\u548C\u5075\u63A2\u901A\u5E38\u4F7F\u7528\u9019\u7A2E\u63A8\u7406\u3002\u8209\u4F8B\uFF1A\"\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\uFF08\u67D0\u6B21\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\uFF0C\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\u3002\"\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0641\u0643\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064A"@ar . . "Two kinds of logical reasoning are often distinguished in addition to formal deduction: induction and abduction. Given a precondition or premise, a conclusion or logical consequence and a rule or material conditional that implies the conclusion given the precondition, one can explain the following. Other kinds of reasoning beside the three common categories above are: \n* Defeasible reasoning \n* Paraconsistent reasoning \n* Probabilistic reasoning \n* Statistical reasoning See Non-demonstrative reasoning for a comparison of these other kinds of reasoning."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u908F\u8F2F\u63A8\u7406\u4E2D\u6709\u4E09\u7A2E\u65B9\u5F0F\uFF1A\u6F14\u7ECE\u3001\u5F52\u7EB3\u548C\u6EAF\u56E0\u3002\u7D66\u5B9A\u524D\u63D0\u3001\u7D50\u8AD6\u548C\u898F\u5247\uFF0C\u800C\u524D\u63D0\u5C0E\u81F4\u7D50\u8AD6\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\uFF1A \u524D\u63D0\uFF1A\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF0F\u666E\u904D\u6B21\uFF0F\u67D0\u6B21\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\u89C4\u5219\uFF1A\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u7ED3\u8BBA\uFF1A\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF0F\u666E\u904D\u6B21\uFF0F\u67D0\u6B21\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5 \n* \u6F14\u7E79\uFF08Deductive reasoning\uFF09\uFF1A\u7528\u4F86\u6C7A\u5B9A\u7D50\u8AD6\u3002\u5B83\u4F7F\u7528\u898F\u5247\u548C\u524D\u63D0\u4F86\u63A8\u5C0E\u51FA\u7D50\u8AD6\u3002\u6578\u5B78\u5BB6\u901A\u5E38\u4F7F\u7528\u9019\u7A2E\u63A8\u7406\u3002\u8209\u4F8B\uFF1A\"\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\uFF08\u67D0\u6B21\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF0C\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\"\u3002 \n* \u6B78\u7D0D\uFF08Inductive reasoning\uFF09\uFF1A\u7528\u4F86\u6C7A\u5B9A\u898F\u5247\u3002\u5B83\u85C9\u7531\u5927\u91CF\u7684\u524D\u63D0\u548C\u7D50\u8AD6\u6240\u7D44\u6210\u7684\u4F8B\u5B50\u4F86\u5B78\u7FD2\u898F\u5247\u3002\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6\u901A\u5E38\u4F7F\u7528\u9019\u7A2E\u63A8\u7406\u3002\u8209\u4F8B\uFF1A\"\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6B21\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF0C\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6B21\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\"\u3002 \n* \u6EAF\u56E0\uFF08Abductive reasoning\uFF09\uFF1A\u7528\u4F86\u6C7A\u5B9A\u524D\u63D0\u3002\u5B83\u85C9\u7531\u7D50\u8AD6\u548C\u898F\u5247\u4F86\u652F\u63F4\u524D\u63D0\u4EE5\u89E3\u91CB\u7D50\u8AD6\u3002\u8A3A\u65B7\u548C\u5075\u63A2\u901A\u5E38\u4F7F\u7528\u9019\u7A2E\u63A8\u7406\u3002\u8209\u4F8B\uFF1A\"\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\uFF08\u666E\u904D\u6240\u4EE5\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\u3002\uFF08\u67D0\u6B21\uFF09\u5730\u4E0A\u6FD5\uFF0C\uFF08\u53EF\u80FD\u56E0\u70BA\uFF09\u5929\u4E0B\u96E8\u3002\"\u3002"@zh . . . . . "\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064A\u060C \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0643\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064A \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062F\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064A: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062D\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0632. \u0641\u064A \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062A\u064A\u062C\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062C\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064A \u064A\u0642\u062A\u0636\u064A \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C \u0641\u064A \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u060C \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u0646: \n* \u064A\u062D\u062F\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C\u064A \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062A\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u0645\u060C \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0646\u0627\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0627\u062A. \u0645\u062B\u0627\u0644: \u00AB\u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060C \u062A\u062A\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064A\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0644\u064A: \u0639\u0646\u062F\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060C \u0633\u064A\u062A\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0644.\u00BB \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064A\u0627\u0636\u064A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0643\u064A\u0631. \n* \u064A\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0644\u062F\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0625\u0635\u062F\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064A\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0636 \u062D\u0643\u0645\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0627\u062A\u062E\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062B\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062B\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0646\u062A\u0627\u062C \u064A\u062A\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064A \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u0645. \u0645\u062B\u0627\u0644: \u00AB\u062A\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A 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"Racioc\u00EDnio l\u00F3gico"@pt . . . "\u8AD6\u7406\u7684\u63A8\u8AD6"@ja . . . . . . "Cet article liste les principaux concepts logiques, au sens philosophique du terme, c'est-\u00E0-dire en logique g\u00E9n\u00E9rale (issue de la dialectique). Nota : La logique comporte aussi des branches en math\u00E9matiques et en informatique.Ces branches de la logique utilisent des concepts souvent diff\u00E9rents comme les pr\u00E9dicats : axiome, th\u00E9or\u00E8me hypoth\u00E8se, conjonction, disjonction, D\u00E9duction naturelle...Pour plus d'informations sur ces concepts consulter les articles : Logique math\u00E9matique, logique classique. Liste des concepts logiques de la philosophie"@fr . . . "Em l\u00F3gica, pode-se distinguir tr\u00EAs tipos de racioc\u00EDnio l\u00F3gico: dedu\u00E7\u00E3o, indu\u00E7\u00E3o e abdu\u00E7\u00E3o. Dada uma premissa, uma conclus\u00E3o, e uma regra segundo a qual a premissa implica a conclus\u00E3o, eles podem ser explicados da seguinte forma:"@pt . "Two kinds of logical reasoning are often distinguished in addition to formal deduction: induction and abduction. Given a precondition or premise, a conclusion or logical consequence and a rule or material conditional that implies the conclusion given the precondition, one can explain the following. 1. \n* Deductive reasoning determines whether the truth of a conclusion can be determined for that rule, based solely on the truth of the premises. Example: \"When it rains, things outside get wet. The grass is outside, therefore: when it rains, the grass gets wet.\" Mathematical logic and philosophical logic are commonly associated with this type of reasoning. 2. \n* Inductive reasoning attempts to support a determination of the rule. It hypothesizes a rule after numerous examples are taken to be a conclusion that follows from a precondition in terms of such a rule. Example: \"The grass got wet numerous times when it rained, therefore: the grass always gets wet when it rains.\" This type of reasoning is commonly associated with generalization from empirical evidence. While they may be persuasive, these arguments are not deductively valid: see the problem of induction. 3. \n* Abductive reasoning, sometimes called inference to the best explanation, selects a cogent set of preconditions. Given a true conclusion and a rule, it attempts to select some possible premises that, if true also, can support the conclusion, though not uniquely. Example: \"When it rains, the grass gets wet. The grass is wet. Therefore, it might have rained.\" This kind of reasoning can be used to develop a hypothesis, which in turn can be tested by additional reasoning or data. Diagnosticians, detectives, and scientists often use this type of reasoning. Within the context of a mathematical model, these three kinds of reasoning can be described as follows. The construction/creation of the structure of the model is abduction. Assigning values (or probability distributions) to the parameters of the model is induction. Executing/running the model is deduction. Other kinds of reasoning beside the three common categories above are: \n* Defeasible reasoning \n* Paraconsistent reasoning \n* Probabilistic reasoning \n* Statistical reasoning See Non-demonstrative reasoning for a comparison of these other kinds of reasoning."@en . . . . . "1053910109"^^ . . . . . "637990"^^ . "4106"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Cet article liste les principaux concepts logiques, au sens philosophique du terme, c'est-\u00E0-dire en logique g\u00E9n\u00E9rale (issue de la dialectique). Nota : La logique comporte aussi des branches en math\u00E9matiques et en informatique.Ces branches de la logique utilisent des concepts souvent diff\u00E9rents comme les pr\u00E9dicats : axiome, th\u00E9or\u00E8me hypoth\u00E8se, conjonction, disjonction, D\u00E9duction naturelle...Pour plus d'informations sur ces concepts consulter les articles : Logique math\u00E9matique, logique classique. En logique g\u00E9n\u00E9rale, on admet les \u00E9nonc\u00E9s probables. L'induction a un sens en logique g\u00E9n\u00E9rale, elle n'a pas de sens en logique math\u00E9matique. Liste des concepts logiques de la philosophie \n* Abduction : ce type d'inf\u00E9rence a \u00E9t\u00E9 imagin\u00E9 par Peirce (pragmatisme) \n* Analogie \n* Aporie \n* Argument \n* Axiome \n* Coh\u00E9rence \n* Contradiction \n* D\u00E9duction \n* D\u00E9duction logique \n* D\u00E9monstration \n* Doxa, opinion confuse chez Parm\u00E9nide, par opposition \u00E0 l'\u00CAtre \n* Hypoth\u00E8se \n* Induction \n* Induction logique \n* Inf\u00E9rence ; elle peut avoir plusieurs types : d\u00E9duction, induction ; Peirce (pragmatisme) imagine aussi l'abduction \n* Intuition \n* Logique fallacieuse ou sophisme \n* Objet \n* Paralogisme \n* Paradoxe \n* Pr\u00E9misse \n* Proposition \n* Proposition (math\u00E9matiques) en logique math\u00E9matique \n* Raisonnement par l'absurde \n* Sophisme \n* Sujet \n* Syllogisme \n* Syllogisme logique \n* Syllogisme dialectique \n* Syllogisme sophistique, ou sophisme \n* Th\u00E9orie \n* V\u00E9rit\u00E9"@fr . . . 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"Logical reasoning"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . .