. "\u041E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u0301\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u2014 \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043C\u044B\u0441\u043B\u0435, \u044D\u0442\u043E \u043D\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430, \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u0412 \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043C\u044B\u0441\u043B\u0435, \u044D\u0442\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0443 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0430 (\u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043A) \u043E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B (\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430) \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0442 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F: \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0438\u043C\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u044B\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u044B, \u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0433, \u0443\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0433, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F. \u041A\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440, \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0442 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043C\u044B\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043C\u043E\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043B\u0438\u0446. \u041A\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443 \u043B\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E (\u043E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C, \u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C) \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043B\u0438\u0446 \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C \u044D\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E, \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u043E\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044C \u043F\u043E \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u043E\u0431 \u044D\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043E \u0434\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0442\u0430\u0445."@ru . "Droit des obligations"@fr . . . . "Verbintenissenrecht is een deelgebied van het burgerlijk recht. Het houdt zich bezig met de verbintenissen. Een verbintenis is het gevolg van een eenzijdige of tweezijdige rechtshandeling of van een feitelijke handeling (zoals een onrechtmatige daad) tussen rechtssubjecten. Het klassieke verbintenissenrecht is in Nederland en in Belgi\u00EB geregeld in het Burgerlijk Wetboek."@nl . . . . . . . "Z\u00E1vazkov\u00E9 pr\u00E1vo nebo tak\u00E9 obliga\u010Dn\u00ED pr\u00E1vo je sou\u010D\u00E1st soukrom\u00E9ho pr\u00E1va a tvo\u0159\u00ED ho souhrn pr\u00E1vn\u00EDch norem, kter\u00E9 upravuj\u00ED z\u00E1vazky (obligace). Tyto z\u00E1vazky jsou jako pr\u00E1vn\u00ED vztahy povahy relativn\u00ED, kdy\u017E jde v\u017Edy o vztahy mezi dv\u011Bma \u010Di v\u00EDce konkr\u00E9tn\u00EDmi subjekty (na jedn\u00E9 stran\u011B v\u011B\u0159itel, na druh\u00E9 dlu\u017En\u00EDk), a pr\u00E1va a povinnosti vypl\u00FDvaj\u00EDc\u00ED z takov\u00E9ho z\u00E1vazkov\u00E9ho pr\u00E1vn\u00EDho vztahu plat\u00ED jen mezi t\u011Bmito subjekty (inter partes). T\u00EDm se z\u00E1vazkov\u00E9 pr\u00E1vo podstatn\u011B li\u0161\u00ED od pr\u00E1v v\u011Bcn\u00FDch, kter\u00E1 p\u016Fsob\u00ED proti v\u0161em (erga omnes). Li\u0161\u00ED se ale v\u00FDznamn\u011B i od pr\u00E1va d\u011Bdick\u00E9ho, proto\u017Ee to normuje p\u0159echod majetku pro p\u0159\u00EDpad smrti (mortis causa), zat\u00EDmco z\u00E1vazkov\u00E9 pr\u00E1vo reguluje vztahy mezi \u017Eiv\u00FDmi (inter vivos)."@cs . . . "The law of obligations is one branch of private law under the civil law legal system and so-called \"mixed\" legal systems. It is the body of rules that organizes and regulates the rights and duties arising between individuals. The specific rights and duties are referred to as obligations, and this area of law deals with their creation, effects and extinction. An obligation is a legal bond (vinculum iuris) by which one or more parties (obligants) are bound to act or refrain from acting. An obligation thus imposes on the obligor a duty to perform, and simultaneously creates a corresponding right to demand performance by the obligee to whom performance is to be tendered."@en . . . . "El derecho de las obligaciones o derecho patrimonial pasivo es una rama del Derecho civil que estudia la obligaci\u00F3n jur\u00EDdica, sus fuentes, clases, efectos y v\u00EDas de extinci\u00F3n.\u200B"@es . . "11089"^^ . . . . "\uCC44\uAD8C(\u50B5\u6B0A, \uC601\uC5B4: credit, \uB3C5\uC77C\uC5B4: Forderung)\uC740 \uD2B9\uC815\uC778(\uCC44\uAD8C\uC790)\uC774 \uB2E4\uB978 \uD2B9\uC815\uC778(\uCC44\uBB34\uC790)\uC5D0 \uB300\uD558\uC5EC \uC77C\uC815\uD55C \uD589\uC704\uB97C \uD560 \uAC83\uC744 \uCCAD\uAD6C\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uAD8C\uB9AC\uB85C\uC11C \uCCAD\uAD6C\uAD8C\uC758 \uC804\uD615\uC774\uB2E4. \uBB3C\uAD8C(\uC608\uFF1B\uC18C\uC720\uAD8C\uC774\uB77C\uB4E0\uAC00 \uB610\uB294 \uC9C0\uC0C1\uAD8C)\uC774 \uC77C\uC815\uD55C \uBB3C\uAC74\uC744 \uC9C1\uC811\uC73C\uB85C \uC9C0\uBC30\uD558\uC5EC \uBC30\uD0C0\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uC775\uC744 \uD5A5\uC218(\u4EAB\u53D7)\uD558\uB294 \uAD8C\uB9AC\uC778 \uB370 \uBC18\uD558\uC5EC \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uC0AC\uB78C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD558\uC5EC \uD2B9\uC815\uC758 \uD589\uC704\uB97C \uD558\uAC8C \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uAD8C\uB9AC\uC774\uB2E4. \uC989 \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uCC44\uBB34\uC790\uC758 \uD589\uC704\uB97C \uB9E4\uAC1C\uB85C \uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uC368\uB9CC \uBE44\uB85C\uC18C \uAD8C\uB9AC \uB0B4\uC6A9\uC758 \uC2E4\uD604\uC774 \uAE30\uB300\uB41C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uD558\uB294 \uBCF8\uC9C8\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD2B9\uC815\uC758 \uD589\uC704\uB77C \uD568\uC740 \uBD80\uC791\uC704(\uACBD\uACC4\uC5D0 \uC218\uBAA9\uC744 \uC2EC\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD55C\uB2E4)\uAC00 \uB418\uC5B4\uB3C4 \uC88B\uACE0 \uC791\uC704\uB77C\uB3C4 \uBB34\uBC29\uD558\uB2E4. \uC791\uC704 \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370\uB294 \uBB3C\uAC74\uC744 \uC8FC\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0(\uAC00\uC625\uC744 \uC778\uB3C4\uD558\uACE0 \uB3C8\uC744 \uAC1A\uB294\uB2E4)\uC640 \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uD589\uC704\uB97C \uD558\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0(\uACE0\uC6A9\uB418\uACE0 \uC18C\uC1A1\uC744 \uC778\uC218\uD55C\uB2E4)\uB97C \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C\uB2E4. \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uD1B5\uC0C1 \uCC44\uBB34\uC790\uC758 \uC784\uC758\uC758 \uC774\uD589\uC5D0 \uC758\uD558\uC5EC \uADF8 \uBAA9\uC801\uC744 \uB2EC\uC131\uD558\uB098 \uC784\uC758\uC758 \uC774\uD589\uC774 \uC5C6\uC744 \uACBD\uC6B0\uC5D0\uB294 \uCC44\uAD8C\uC790\uB294 \uBC95\uC6D0\uC5D0 \uB300\uD558\uC5EC \uD589\uC704\uC758 \uC774\uD589\uC744 \uCC44\uBB34\uC790\uC5D0 \uBA85\uD558\uB294 \uD310\uACB0\uC744 \uCCAD\uAD6C\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70 \uADF8\uB798\uB3C4 \uC774\uD589\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC73C\uBA74 \uB354 \uB098\uC544\uAC00 \uAD6D\uAC00 \uAD8C\uB825\uC5D0 \uC758\uD558\uC5EC \uAC15\uC81C\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uD589\uC2DC\uD0AC \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC774 \uC6D0\uCE59\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC774\uD589\uC744 \uBA85\uD558\uB294 \uD310\uACB0\uC744 \uCCAD\uAD6C\uD560 \uC218 \uC5C6\uB294 \uCC44\uAD8C\uB3C4 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70(\u53CB\u8ABC\u4E0A\uC758 \uC57D\uC18D) \uC7AC\uD310\uC744 \uCCAD\uAD6C\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC73C\uB098 \uAC15\uC81C\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uD589\uC2DC\uD0A4\uB294 \uC218\uB2E8\uC774 \uC5C6\uB294 \uCC44\uAD8C\uB3C4 \uC788\uB2E4(\uAC15\uC81C\uC9D1\uD589\uC744 \uD558\uC9C0 \uC544\uB2C8\uD55C\uB2E4\uB294 \uC57D\uC18D). \uACB0\uAD6D \uCC44\uAD8C\uC774 \uAC00\uC9C0\uB294 \uCD5C\uC18C\uD55C\uB3C4\uC758 \uD6A8\uB825\uC740 \uCC44\uBB34\uC790\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC774\uD589\uC774 \uC788\uC744 \uB54C \uC774\uAC83\uC744 \uC815\uB2F9\uD558\uAC8C \uC218\uB839\uD558\uAC8C \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4\uB294 \uAC83\uC5D0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uC7A5\uB798\uC758 \uC7AC\uD654\uC758 \uAD50\uD658\uC744 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uAC8C \uD558\uACE0 \uC0C1\uD488\uAD50\uD658\uC758 \uBC94\uC704\uB97C \uB54C\u00B7\uC7A5\uC18C\uC758 \uAD00\uACC4\uC5D0\uC11C \uD655\uB300\uD558\uBA70, \uC790\uBCF8\uC81C \uACBD\uC81C\uC758 \uBC1C\uC804\uC5D0 \uBD88\uAC00\uACB0\uD55C \uBC95\uC801 \uC9C0\uC8FC(\u652F\u67F1)\uB85C \uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB2E4\uB978 \uD55C\uD3B8 \uAD50\uD1B5\uC0AC\uACE0\uC640 \uAC19\uC740 \uBD88\uBC95\uD589\uC704\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC0DD\uAE30\uB294 \uC190\uD574\uBC30\uC0C1 \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uADFC\uB798\uC758 \uC0AC\uD68C\uC0DD\uD65C\uC0C1 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uC5ED\uD560\uC744 \uCC28\uC9C0\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uC74C\uC740 \uC8FC\uC9C0\uC758 \uC0AC\uC2E4\uACFC \uAC19\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uD2B9\uC815\uC758 \uD589\uC704\uB97C \uAE09\uBD80 \uB610\uB294 \uAE09\uC5EC\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uD558\uBA70, \uC774 \uAE09\uBD80\uAC00 \uCC44\uAD8C\uC758 \uBAA9\uC801, \uB0B4\uC6A9\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB9AC\uACE0 \uAE09\uBD80\uB294 \uAE09\uBD80\uD589\uC704\uC640 \uAE09\uBD80\uACB0\uACFC\uB85C \uAD6C\uC131\uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB2E4. \uCC44\uAD8C\uAD00\uACC4\uB294 \uCC44\uAD8C\uACFC \uCC44\uBB34\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD558\uB294 \uAD8C\uB9AC\u00B7\uAD8C\uB2A5 \uB4F1\uC744 \uBAA8\uB450 \uD3EC\uD568\uD558\uB294 \uAC1C\uB150\uC73C\uB85C \uD30C\uC545\uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uCC44\uAD8C\uAD00\uACC4\uB97C \uAD6C\uC131\uD558\uB294 \uC804\uBC95\uB960\uAD00\uACC4\uB97C \uC720\uAE30\uC801 \uD611\uB825\uAD00\uACC4\uB85C \uD30C\uC545\uD55C\uB2E4(\uB2E4\uC218\uC124). \uCC44\uAD8C\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uC6D0\uC778\uC5D0\uB294 \uC5EC\uB7EC \uAC00\uC9C0\uAC00 \uC788\uC73C\uB098, \uAC00\uC7A5 \uB300\uD45C\uC801\uC778 \uAC83\uC740 \uACC4\uC57D\u00B7\uBD80\uB2F9\uC774\uB4DD\u00B7\uC0AC\uBB34\uAD00\uB9AC\u00B7\uBD88\uBC95\uD589\uC704\uC774\uB2E4. \uCC44\uAD8C \uBCF8\uB798\uC801 \uD2B9\uC0C9\uC740 \uBB3C\uAD8C\uACFC \uB2EC\uB9AC \uD2B9\uC815\uC778\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574 \uCCAD\uAD6C\uB825\uC744 \uC8FC\uB41C \uB0B4\uC6A9\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4\uB294 \uAC83\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7F0 \uAE4C\uB2ED\uC5D0 \u00B7\uC778 \uBB3C\uAD8C\uACFC \uB2EC\uB77C\uC11C \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uC0C1\uB300\uAD8C\u00B7\uB300\uC778\uAD8C\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uCC44\uAD8C\uC744 \uD558\uB098\uC758 \uC7AC\uC0B0\uC73C\uB85C\uC11C \uAC70\uB798\uACC4\uC5D0 \uC720\uD1B5\uCF00 \uD560 \uACBD\uC81C\uC801 \uD544\uC694\uB3C4 \uAC15\uD558\uBBC0\uB85C \uC624\uB298\uB0A0\uC5D0\uB294 \uCC44\uAD8C\uB3C4 \uB113\uC740 \uBC94\uC704\uC5D0\uC11C \uC591\uB3C4\uC131\uC774 \uC778\uC815\uB418\uACE0, \uC6B0\uB9AC \uBBFC\uBC95\uB3C4 \uCC44\uBB34\uC778\uC218\u00B7\uCC44\uAD8C\uC591\uB3C4\uC5D0 \uAD00\uD55C \uADDC\uC815\uC744 \uB450\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . . . "\u50B5\u6B0A\uFF08\u5FB7\u8A9E\uFF1AObligation\uFF1B\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Alaw of obligations\uFF09\u662F\u5927\u9646\u6CD5\u7CFB\u6CD5\u5F8B\u9AD4\u7CFB\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4E00\u65B9\u7576\u4E8B\u4EBA\u5F97\u8ACB\u6C42\u4ED6\u65B9\u7576\u4E8B\u4EBA\u70BA\u4E00\u5B9A\u884C\u70BA\uFF08\u4F5C\u70BA\u6216\u4E0D\u4F5C\u70BA\uFF09\u7684\u53F8\u6CD5\u4E0A\u6743\u5229\uFF0C\u898F\u7BC4\u6B64\u985E\u6B0A\u5229\u767C\u751F\u3001\u9032\u884C\u53CA\u6D88\u6EC5\u4E4B\u6CD5\u5F8B\u5373\u70BA\u50B5\u6CD5\u3002\u672C\u65BC\u6B0A\u5229\u7FA9\u52D9\u76F8\u5C0D\u539F\u5247\uFF0C\u76F8\u5C0D\u65BC\u50B5\u6B0A\u8005\u70BA\u503A\u52A1\uFF0C\u5373\u5FC5\u9808\u70BA\u4E00\u5B9A\u884C\u70BA\uFF08\u4F5C\u70BA\u6216\u4E0D\u4F5C\u70BA\uFF09\u7684\u53F8\u6CD5\u4E0A\u7FA9\u52D9\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\u50B5\u4E4B\u95DC\u4FC2\u672C\u8CEA\u4E0A\u5373\u70BA\u4E00\u53F8\u6CD5\u4E0A\u7684\u50B5\u6B0A\u50B5\u52D9\u95DC\u4FC2\uFF0C\u50B5\u6B0A\u548C\u50B5\u52D9\u90FD\u4E0D\u80FD\u55AE\u7368\u5B58\u5728\uFF0C\u5426\u5247\u5373\u5931\u53BB\u610F\u7FA9\u3002 \u548C\u7269\u6743\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u662F\uFF0C\u50B5\u6B0A\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u5178\u578B\u7684\u76F8\u5C0D\u6B0A\uFF0C\u53EA\u5728\u503A\u6743\u4EBA\u548C\u50B5\u52D9\u4EBA\u9593\u767C\u751F\u6548\u529B\uFF0C\u539F\u5247\u4E0A\u50B5\u6B0A\u4EBA\u548C\u50B5\u52D9\u4EBA\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u50B5\u4E4B\u95DC\u4FC2\u4E0D\u80FD\u5C0D\u6297\u7B2C\u4E09\u4EBA\u3002"@zh . "\uCC44\uAD8C(\u50B5\u6B0A, \uC601\uC5B4: credit, \uB3C5\uC77C\uC5B4: Forderung)\uC740 \uD2B9\uC815\uC778(\uCC44\uAD8C\uC790)\uC774 \uB2E4\uB978 \uD2B9\uC815\uC778(\uCC44\uBB34\uC790)\uC5D0 \uB300\uD558\uC5EC \uC77C\uC815\uD55C \uD589\uC704\uB97C \uD560 \uAC83\uC744 \uCCAD\uAD6C\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uAD8C\uB9AC\uB85C\uC11C \uCCAD\uAD6C\uAD8C\uC758 \uC804\uD615\uC774\uB2E4. \uBB3C\uAD8C(\uC608\uFF1B\uC18C\uC720\uAD8C\uC774\uB77C\uB4E0\uAC00 \uB610\uB294 \uC9C0\uC0C1\uAD8C)\uC774 \uC77C\uC815\uD55C \uBB3C\uAC74\uC744 \uC9C1\uC811\uC73C\uB85C \uC9C0\uBC30\uD558\uC5EC \uBC30\uD0C0\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uC775\uC744 \uD5A5\uC218(\u4EAB\u53D7)\uD558\uB294 \uAD8C\uB9AC\uC778 \uB370 \uBC18\uD558\uC5EC \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uC0AC\uB78C\uC5D0 \uB300\uD558\uC5EC \uD2B9\uC815\uC758 \uD589\uC704\uB97C \uD558\uAC8C \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uAD8C\uB9AC\uC774\uB2E4. \uC989 \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uCC44\uBB34\uC790\uC758 \uD589\uC704\uB97C \uB9E4\uAC1C\uB85C \uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uC368\uB9CC \uBE44\uB85C\uC18C \uAD8C\uB9AC \uB0B4\uC6A9\uC758 \uC2E4\uD604\uC774 \uAE30\uB300\uB41C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uD558\uB294 \uBCF8\uC9C8\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD2B9\uC815\uC758 \uD589\uC704\uB77C \uD568\uC740 \uBD80\uC791\uC704(\uACBD\uACC4\uC5D0 \uC218\uBAA9\uC744 \uC2EC\uC9C0 \uBABB\uD55C\uB2E4)\uAC00 \uB418\uC5B4\uB3C4 \uC88B\uACE0 \uC791\uC704\uB77C\uB3C4 \uBB34\uBC29\uD558\uB2E4. \uC791\uC704 \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370\uB294 \uBB3C\uAC74\uC744 \uC8FC\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0(\uAC00\uC625\uC744 \uC778\uB3C4\uD558\uACE0 \uB3C8\uC744 \uAC1A\uB294\uB2E4)\uC640 \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uD589\uC704\uB97C \uD558\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0(\uACE0\uC6A9\uB418\uACE0 \uC18C\uC1A1\uC744 \uC778\uC218\uD55C\uB2E4)\uB97C \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C\uB2E4. \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uD1B5\uC0C1 \uCC44\uBB34\uC790\uC758 \uC784\uC758\uC758 \uC774\uD589\uC5D0 \uC758\uD558\uC5EC \uADF8 \uBAA9\uC801\uC744 \uB2EC\uC131\uD558\uB098 \uC784\uC758\uC758 \uC774\uD589\uC774 \uC5C6\uC744 \uACBD\uC6B0\uC5D0\uB294 \uCC44\uAD8C\uC790\uB294 \uBC95\uC6D0\uC5D0 \uB300\uD558\uC5EC \uD589\uC704\uC758 \uC774\uD589\uC744 \uCC44\uBB34\uC790\uC5D0 \uBA85\uD558\uB294 \uD310\uACB0\uC744 \uCCAD\uAD6C\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70 \uADF8\uB798\uB3C4 \uC774\uD589\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC73C\uBA74 \uB354 \uB098\uC544\uAC00 \uAD6D\uAC00 \uAD8C\uB825\uC5D0 \uC758\uD558\uC5EC \uAC15\uC81C\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uD589\uC2DC\uD0AC \uC218 \uC788\uB294 \uAC83\uC774 \uC6D0\uCE59\uC774\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uC774\uD589\uC744 \uBA85\uD558\uB294 \uD310\uACB0\uC744 \uCCAD\uAD6C\uD560 \uC218 \uC5C6\uB294 \uCC44\uAD8C\uB3C4 \uC788\uC73C\uBA70(\u53CB\u8ABC\u4E0A\uC758 \uC57D\uC18D) \uC7AC\uD310\uC744 \uCCAD\uAD6C\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uC73C\uB098 \uAC15\uC81C\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uD589\uC2DC\uD0A4\uB294 \uC218\uB2E8\uC774 \uC5C6\uB294 \uCC44\uAD8C\uB3C4 \uC788\uB2E4(\uAC15\uC81C\uC9D1\uD589\uC744 \uD558\uC9C0 \uC544\uB2C8\uD55C\uB2E4\uB294 \uC57D\uC18D). \uACB0\uAD6D \uCC44\uAD8C\uC774 \uAC00\uC9C0\uB294 \uCD5C\uC18C\uD55C\uB3C4\uC758 \uD6A8\uB825\uC740 \uCC44\uBB34\uC790\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC774\uD589\uC774 \uC788\uC744 \uB54C \uC774\uAC83\uC744 \uC815\uB2F9\uD558\uAC8C \uC218\uB839\uD558\uAC8C \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4\uB294 \uAC83\uC5D0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uCC44\uAD8C\uC740 \uC7A5\uB798\uC758 \uC7AC\uD654\uC758 \uAD50\uD658\uC744 \uAC00\uB2A5\uD558\uAC8C \uD558\uACE0 \uC0C1\uD488\uAD50\uD658\uC758 \uBC94\uC704\uB97C \uB54C\u00B7\uC7A5\uC18C\uC758 \uAD00\uACC4\uC5D0\uC11C \uD655\uB300\uD558\uBA70, \uC790\uBCF8\uC81C \uACBD\uC81C\uC758 \uBC1C\uC804\uC5D0 \uBD88\uAC00\uACB0\uD55C \uBC95\uC801 \uC9C0\uC8FC(\u652F\u67F1)\uB85C \uB418\uC5B4 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB2E4\uB978 \uD55C\uD3B8"@ko . "Derecho de las obligaciones"@es . . "\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u062C\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u062C\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062D\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627 \u064B."@ar . . . "Obligation (Recht)"@de . "\u0417\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E"@uk . . . . . . "L'obbligazione \u00E8 un rapporto giuridico in forza del quale un soggetto, detto debitore, \u00E8 tenuto a una determinata prestazione, suscettibile di valutazione economica, a favore di un altro soggetto, detto creditore."@it . . . . . . "Verbintenissenrecht is een deelgebied van het burgerlijk recht. Het houdt zich bezig met de verbintenissen. Een verbintenis is het gevolg van een eenzijdige of tweezijdige rechtshandeling of van een feitelijke handeling (zoals een onrechtmatige daad) tussen rechtssubjecten. Het klassieke verbintenissenrecht is in Nederland en in Belgi\u00EB geregeld in het Burgerlijk Wetboek. Het kan gaan om een verbintenis uit de wet, een verbintenis uit overeenkomst of een natuurlijke verbintenis. Tot de verbintenissen uit de wet behoren die welke voortvloeien uit een onrechtmatige daad. Voorbeelden van overeenkomsten zijn: koopovereenkomst, huurovereenkomst, arbeidsovereenkomst."@nl . . . "\u50B5\u6B0A\uFF08\u5FB7\u8A9E\uFF1AObligation\uFF1B\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Alaw of obligations\uFF09\u662F\u5927\u9646\u6CD5\u7CFB\u6CD5\u5F8B\u9AD4\u7CFB\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4E00\u65B9\u7576\u4E8B\u4EBA\u5F97\u8ACB\u6C42\u4ED6\u65B9\u7576\u4E8B\u4EBA\u70BA\u4E00\u5B9A\u884C\u70BA\uFF08\u4F5C\u70BA\u6216\u4E0D\u4F5C\u70BA\uFF09\u7684\u53F8\u6CD5\u4E0A\u6743\u5229\uFF0C\u898F\u7BC4\u6B64\u985E\u6B0A\u5229\u767C\u751F\u3001\u9032\u884C\u53CA\u6D88\u6EC5\u4E4B\u6CD5\u5F8B\u5373\u70BA\u50B5\u6CD5\u3002\u672C\u65BC\u6B0A\u5229\u7FA9\u52D9\u76F8\u5C0D\u539F\u5247\uFF0C\u76F8\u5C0D\u65BC\u50B5\u6B0A\u8005\u70BA\u503A\u52A1\uFF0C\u5373\u5FC5\u9808\u70BA\u4E00\u5B9A\u884C\u70BA\uFF08\u4F5C\u70BA\u6216\u4E0D\u4F5C\u70BA\uFF09\u7684\u53F8\u6CD5\u4E0A\u7FA9\u52D9\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\u50B5\u4E4B\u95DC\u4FC2\u672C\u8CEA\u4E0A\u5373\u70BA\u4E00\u53F8\u6CD5\u4E0A\u7684\u50B5\u6B0A\u50B5\u52D9\u95DC\u4FC2\uFF0C\u50B5\u6B0A\u548C\u50B5\u52D9\u90FD\u4E0D\u80FD\u55AE\u7368\u5B58\u5728\uFF0C\u5426\u5247\u5373\u5931\u53BB\u610F\u7FA9\u3002 \u548C\u7269\u6743\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u662F\uFF0C\u50B5\u6B0A\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u5178\u578B\u7684\u76F8\u5C0D\u6B0A\uFF0C\u53EA\u5728\u503A\u6743\u4EBA\u548C\u50B5\u52D9\u4EBA\u9593\u767C\u751F\u6548\u529B\uFF0C\u539F\u5247\u4E0A\u50B5\u6B0A\u4EBA\u548C\u50B5\u52D9\u4EBA\u4E4B\u9593\u7684\u50B5\u4E4B\u95DC\u4FC2\u4E0D\u80FD\u5C0D\u6297\u7B2C\u4E09\u4EBA\u3002"@zh . "Prawo zobowi\u0105za\u0144"@pl . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u062C\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u062C\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062D\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u064A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627 \u064B."@ar . . . . . . "\u50B5\u6A29"@ja . "L'obbligazione \u00E8 un rapporto giuridico in forza del quale un soggetto, detto debitore, \u00E8 tenuto a una determinata prestazione, suscettibile di valutazione economica, a favore di un altro soggetto, detto creditore."@it . "Obligationsr\u00E4tt \u00E4r en juridisk term som \u00E5syftar det omr\u00E5de inom civilr\u00E4tten som avser r\u00E4ttsf\u00F6rh\u00E5llandet mellan tv\u00E5 eller flera avtalsparter.(k\u00E4lla?) Huvudregeln \u00E4r att parterna har avtalsfrihet. Huvudregeln \u00E4r dock i den svenska r\u00E4ttsordningen f\u00F6renad med avsev\u00E4rda undantag. Som exempel kan n\u00E4mnas lagstiftning till skydd f\u00F6r allm\u00E4nt sett svaga avtalsparter s\u00E5som konsumenter i ett avtalsf\u00F6rh\u00E5llande med n\u00E4ringsidkare. Detta har lagstiftaren i Sverige f\u00F6rs\u00F6kt l\u00F6sa genom till exempel konsumentk\u00F6plagen med ett antal tvingande best\u00E4mmelser. En annan begr\u00E4nsning \u00E4r inskr\u00E4nkningar i avtalsfriheten med under\u00E5riga. Endast partiell avtalsfrihet r\u00E5der ocks\u00E5 p\u00E5 arbetsr\u00E4ttens omr\u00E5de."@sv . . . . . . . . "\u50B5\u6A29\uFF08\u3055\u3044\u3051\u3093\u3001\u7F85: jus obligatio\u3001\u4ECF: (droit de) cr\u00E9ance\u3001\u72EC: Forderung(srecht)\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5927\u9678\u6CD5\u7CFB\u306E\u79C1\u6CD5\u4E0A\u306E\u6982\u5FF5\u3067\u3001\u3042\u308B\u8005\u304C\u7279\u5B9A\u306E\u8005\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u4E00\u5B9A\u306E\u884C\u70BA\u3092\u8981\u6C42\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5185\u5BB9\u3068\u3059\u308B\u6A29\u5229\u3002"@ja . . "\u0395\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B4\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF"@el . . . . "O Direito das Obriga\u00E7\u00F5es \u00E9, em essencia, o direito do credor exigir do devedor o cumprimento de uma obriga\u00E7\u00E3o, como definiu"@pt . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0632\u0627\u0645 (\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646)"@ar . . "El derecho de las obligaciones o derecho patrimonial pasivo es una rama del Derecho civil que estudia la obligaci\u00F3n jur\u00EDdica, sus fuentes, clases, efectos y v\u00EDas de extinci\u00F3n.\u200B"@es . "Le droit des obligations est la branche du droit priv\u00E9 dans les syst\u00E8mes de tradition romano-germanique qui porte sur les obligations. L'int\u00E9r\u00EAt du droit des obligations est de faire suivre la cr\u00E9ation d'obligations de cons\u00E9quences juridiques, permettant la s\u00E9curit\u00E9 des affaires et l'\u00E9mergence d'un march\u00E9 stable."@fr . "Prawo zobowi\u0105za\u0144 \u2013 dzia\u0142 prawa cywilnego, obejmuj\u0105cy zesp\u00F3\u0142 norm prawnych reguluj\u0105cych formy wymiany d\u00F3br i us\u0142ug. Reguluje obr\u00F3t maj\u0105tkowy mi\u0119dzy podmiotami prawa cywilnego. W polskim prawie \u017Ar\u00F3d\u0142em prawa zobowi\u0105za\u0144 s\u0105 przede wszystkim przepisy kodeksu cywilnego oraz przepisy innych ustaw i postanowienia um\u00F3w mi\u0119dzynarodowych w zakresie prawa cywilnego."@pl . . "\u50B5\u6A29\uFF08\u3055\u3044\u3051\u3093\u3001\u7F85: jus obligatio\u3001\u4ECF: (droit de) cr\u00E9ance\u3001\u72EC: Forderung(srecht)\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5927\u9678\u6CD5\u7CFB\u306E\u79C1\u6CD5\u4E0A\u306E\u6982\u5FF5\u3067\u3001\u3042\u308B\u8005\u304C\u7279\u5B9A\u306E\u8005\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3066\u4E00\u5B9A\u306E\u884C\u70BA\u3092\u8981\u6C42\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5185\u5BB9\u3068\u3059\u308B\u6A29\u5229\u3002"@ja . . . . "Obligationsr\u00E4tt"@sv . . . . . . . "Prawo zobowi\u0105za\u0144 \u2013 dzia\u0142 prawa cywilnego, obejmuj\u0105cy zesp\u00F3\u0142 norm prawnych reguluj\u0105cych formy wymiany d\u00F3br i us\u0142ug. Reguluje obr\u00F3t maj\u0105tkowy mi\u0119dzy podmiotami prawa cywilnego. W polskim prawie \u017Ar\u00F3d\u0142em prawa zobowi\u0105za\u0144 s\u0105 przede wszystkim przepisy kodeksu cywilnego oraz przepisy innych ustaw i postanowienia um\u00F3w mi\u0119dzynarodowych w zakresie prawa cywilnego."@pl . "Als Obligation (von lateinisch obligare \u201Eanbinden, verpflichten\u201C) wird im schweizerischen Recht ein Schuldverh\u00E4ltnis zwischen zwei Personen bezeichnet. Derjenige, der schuldet, wird dabei als Schuldner bezeichnet, derjenige, dem geschuldet wird, als Gl\u00E4ubiger. Aus Sicht des Gl\u00E4ubigers ist die Obligation eine Forderung, aus Sicht des Schuldners eine Schuld. Im deutschen Recht bezeichnet die Obligation schlicht das \u201ESchuldverh\u00E4ltnis\u201C, weshalb obligatorische und dingliche Rechte unterschieden werden. Der Begriff der Obligation ist in Deutschland im Wertpapierrecht die \u00FCbliche Bezeichnung f\u00FCr Schuldverschreibungen auf eine Geldsumme (Inhaberschuldverschreibungen)."@de . . . . "Z\u00E1vazkov\u00E9 pr\u00E1vo"@cs . "\u041E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E"@ru . "O Direito das Obriga\u00E7\u00F5es \u00E9, em essencia, o direito do credor exigir do devedor o cumprimento de uma obriga\u00E7\u00E3o, como definiu"@pt . . "Le droit des obligations est la branche du droit priv\u00E9 dans les syst\u00E8mes de tradition romano-germanique qui porte sur les obligations. L'int\u00E9r\u00EAt du droit des obligations est de faire suivre la cr\u00E9ation d'obligations de cons\u00E9quences juridiques, permettant la s\u00E9curit\u00E9 des affaires et l'\u00E9mergence d'un march\u00E9 stable. L'obligation est un lien juridique entre deux personnes en vertu duquel l'une d'elles (le d\u00E9biteur) est tenue envers l'autre (le cr\u00E9ancier) d'ex\u00E9cuter une prestation. La source principale des obligations est le contrat. D'autres sources comprennent notamment l'enrichissement ill\u00E9gitime et la responsabilit\u00E9 civile."@fr . "Als Obligation (von lateinisch obligare \u201Eanbinden, verpflichten\u201C) wird im schweizerischen Recht ein Schuldverh\u00E4ltnis zwischen zwei Personen bezeichnet. Derjenige, der schuldet, wird dabei als Schuldner bezeichnet, derjenige, dem geschuldet wird, als Gl\u00E4ubiger. Aus Sicht des Gl\u00E4ubigers ist die Obligation eine Forderung, aus Sicht des Schuldners eine Schuld."@de . . "Direito das obriga\u00E7\u00F5es"@pt . . . "Z\u00E1vazkov\u00E9 pr\u00E1vo nebo tak\u00E9 obliga\u010Dn\u00ED pr\u00E1vo je sou\u010D\u00E1st soukrom\u00E9ho pr\u00E1va a tvo\u0159\u00ED ho souhrn pr\u00E1vn\u00EDch norem, kter\u00E9 upravuj\u00ED z\u00E1vazky (obligace). Tyto z\u00E1vazky jsou jako pr\u00E1vn\u00ED vztahy povahy relativn\u00ED, kdy\u017E jde v\u017Edy o vztahy mezi dv\u011Bma \u010Di v\u00EDce konkr\u00E9tn\u00EDmi subjekty (na jedn\u00E9 stran\u011B v\u011B\u0159itel, na druh\u00E9 dlu\u017En\u00EDk), a pr\u00E1va a povinnosti vypl\u00FDvaj\u00EDc\u00ED z takov\u00E9ho z\u00E1vazkov\u00E9ho pr\u00E1vn\u00EDho vztahu plat\u00ED jen mezi t\u011Bmito subjekty (inter partes). T\u00EDm se z\u00E1vazkov\u00E9 pr\u00E1vo podstatn\u011B li\u0161\u00ED od pr\u00E1v v\u011Bcn\u00FDch, kter\u00E1 p\u016Fsob\u00ED proti v\u0161em (erga omnes). Li\u0161\u00ED se ale v\u00FDznamn\u011B i od pr\u00E1va d\u011Bdick\u00E9ho, proto\u017Ee to normuje p\u0159echod majetku pro p\u0159\u00EDpad smrti (mortis causa), zat\u00EDmco z\u00E1vazkov\u00E9 pr\u00E1vo reguluje vztahy mezi \u017Eiv\u00FDmi (inter vivos)."@cs . "Obligationsr\u00E4tt \u00E4r en juridisk term som \u00E5syftar det omr\u00E5de inom civilr\u00E4tten som avser r\u00E4ttsf\u00F6rh\u00E5llandet mellan tv\u00E5 eller flera avtalsparter.(k\u00E4lla?) Huvudregeln \u00E4r att parterna har avtalsfrihet. Huvudregeln \u00E4r dock i den svenska r\u00E4ttsordningen f\u00F6renad med avsev\u00E4rda undantag. Som exempel kan n\u00E4mnas lagstiftning till skydd f\u00F6r allm\u00E4nt sett svaga avtalsparter s\u00E5som konsumenter i ett avtalsf\u00F6rh\u00E5llande med n\u00E4ringsidkare. Detta har lagstiftaren i Sverige f\u00F6rs\u00F6kt l\u00F6sa genom till exempel konsumentk\u00F6plagen med ett antal tvingande best\u00E4mmelser."@sv . "\u0395\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u0394\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF (Schuldrecht, Droit des Obligations) \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF \u03BA\u03BB\u03AC\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u0394\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2, \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03AD\u03BD\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C7\u03AD\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1\u03B4\u03AE \u03BC\u03B5 \u03B2\u03AC\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B5\u03C2 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03C3\u03C9\u03C0\u03BF \u03BF\u03C6\u03B5\u03AF\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03B2\u03B5\u03AF \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03AC\u03BE\u03B7 \u03AE \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF. \u03A0\u03B7\u03B3\u03AE \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03CE\u03BD \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03C9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B2\u03BF\u03CD\u03BB\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 (\u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7) \u03AE \u03BF \u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03BF\u03C2 (\u03B1\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03C0\u03C1\u03B1\u03BE\u03AF\u03B1, ). \u03A4\u03BF \u0395\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u0394\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C0\u03C4\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2. \u03A3\u03C4\u03BF \u0391\u03B3\u03B3\u03BB\u03BF\u03C3\u03B1\u03BE\u03C9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B4\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF \u03BF\u03B9 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03BA\u03BB\u03AC\u03B4\u03BF\u03B9 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C7\u03C9\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03AF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 Law of Contracts \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 Law of Torts \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B1. \u03A4\u03BF \u0395\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u0394\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03BC\u03AD\u03C1\u03B7, \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u0393\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u0395\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC. \u03A4\u03BF \u0393\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u039C\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03BD\u03CC\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03CC\u03BB\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC, \u03B5\u03BD\u03CE \u03C4\u03BF \u0395\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u039C\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03CD\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03CE\u03BD, \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B7\u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03C2. \u03A0.\u03C7. \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u0393\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u039C\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC\u03C3\u03B2\u03B5\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE\u03C2, \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u0395\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u039C\u03AD\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B5\u03BA\u03C1\u03B9\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B7 \u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C0\u03CE\u03BB\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2. \u039F\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03C1\u03AF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5: 1) \u03B1\u03C4\u03B5\u03BB\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE, 2) \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE, 3) \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B6\u03B5\u03C5\u03BA\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE, 4) \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2, 5) \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03B9\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03AE \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE, 6) \u03B1\u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03AF\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B7 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE. \u03A4\u03BF \u0395\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u0394\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03B4\u03B5\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03BF \u03B2\u03B9\u03B2\u03BB\u03AF\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u039A\u03CE\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1. \u03A3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B5\u03C4\u03AC\u03B3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B5\u03BA\u03B1\u03B5\u03C4\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 1930 (\u03CC\u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03CC\u03BB\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BF \u0391\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 \u039A\u03CE\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03C2) \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03AD\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03B9\u03C3\u03C7\u03CD \u03C4\u03BF 1946. \u0391\u03BD\u03C4\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C1\u03C1\u03BF\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03CD \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF \u03B2\u03B1\u03B8\u03BC\u03CC \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03B3\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u0391\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u039A\u03CE\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 (B\u00FCrgerliches Gesetzbuch) \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BD \u03BC\u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03B5\u03BB\u03B2\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u039A\u03CE\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 \u0395\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03CE\u03BD (Obligationenrecht), \u03B1\u03BB\u03BB\u03AC \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BD\u03BF\u03C4\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2. \u039A\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B1 \u03AC\u03C1\u03B8\u03C1\u03B1 287-946 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u039A\u03CE\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1, \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03B5\u03BC\u03B7\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 40 \u03BA\u03B5\u03C6\u03AC\u03BB\u03B1\u03B9\u03B1. \u0388\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03AF \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C4\u03CE\u03C1\u03B1 \u03BC\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF \u03BC\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03C1\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03BD. 3043/2002. \u0395\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03AF \u03BA\u03B1\u03BD\u03CC\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u039A\u03CE\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1. \u03A3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 \u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03BF\u03C2 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF \u03BD. 2251/1994 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03C9\u03C4\u03AE, \u03BF \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03CD \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03C9\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B6\u03B7\u03C4\u03AE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03BB\u03C9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD."@el . . "1106793721"^^ . . . "\u50B5\u6B0A"@zh . . . . . "\u041E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u0301\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u2014 \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043C\u044B\u0441\u043B\u0435, \u044D\u0442\u043E \u043D\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0433\u0430, \u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0432\u043D\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043D\u0435\u0448\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u0412 \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0441\u043C\u044B\u0441\u043B\u0435, \u044D\u0442\u043E \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0443 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u0430 (\u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043A) \u043E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u044B (\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430) \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0442 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F: \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0438\u043C\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u044B\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u044B, \u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0433, \u0443\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0433, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044F. \u041A\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440, \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0431\u044B\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0442 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438."@ru . . . "Verbintenissenrecht"@nl . . . "214035"^^ . "\u0417\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u0301\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0432\u043E \u2014 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0433\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0437\u044C \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u043D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043B\u044E\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0456\u0433\u0443, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0456\u043D\u0448\u043E\u0457. \u041D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043E\u0431'\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0432 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0426\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0443 \u0423\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043B\u044E\u0454 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043F\u0438\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0437\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u044C, \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u043A\u0438 \u0457\u0445\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438 \u0437\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u044C (\u0434\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432)."@uk . "The law of obligations is one branch of private law under the civil law legal system and so-called \"mixed\" legal systems. It is the body of rules that organizes and regulates the rights and duties arising between individuals. The specific rights and duties are referred to as obligations, and this area of law deals with their creation, effects and extinction."@en . . "Obbligazione (diritto)"@it . . "\u0417\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u0301\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0432\u043E \u2014 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0433\u0430\u043B\u0443\u0437\u044C \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u043D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043B\u044E\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u0456\u0433\u0443, \u0449\u043E \u0432\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0456\u043D\u0448\u043E\u0457. \u041D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438 \u0437\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043E\u0431'\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0432 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0426\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043A\u043E\u0434\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0443 \u0423\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043B\u044E\u0454 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043F\u0438\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0437\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u044C, \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u043A\u0438 \u0457\u0445\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438 \u0437\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u044C (\u0434\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432)."@uk . "\u0395\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u0394\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF (Schuldrecht, Droit des Obligations) \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF \u03BA\u03BB\u03AC\u03B4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0391\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u0394\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2, \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03AD\u03BD\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C7\u03AD\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1\u03B4\u03AE \u03BC\u03B5 \u03B2\u03AC\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03AF\u03B5\u03C2 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03C3\u03C9\u03C0\u03BF \u03BF\u03C6\u03B5\u03AF\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03B2\u03B5\u03AF \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03AC\u03BE\u03B7 \u03AE \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03AC\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF. \u03A0\u03B7\u03B3\u03AE \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B5\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03CE\u03BD \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03C9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B2\u03BF\u03CD\u03BB\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 (\u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7) \u03AE \u03BF \u03BD\u03CC\u03BC\u03BF\u03C2 (\u03B1\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03C0\u03C1\u03B1\u03BE\u03AF\u03B1, ). \u03A4\u03BF \u0395\u03BD\u03BF\u03C7\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u0394\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF \u03C1\u03C5\u03B8\u03BC\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C0\u03C4\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2. \u03A3\u03C4\u03BF \u0391\u03B3\u03B3\u03BB\u03BF\u03C3\u03B1\u03BE\u03C9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC \u03B4\u03AF\u03BA\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF \u03BF\u03B9 \u03B4\u03CD\u03BF \u03BA\u03BB\u03AC\u03B4\u03BF\u03B9 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C7\u03C9\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03AF \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B6\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 Law of Contracts \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 Law of Torts \u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03AF\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9\u03C7\u03B1."@el . . . . "\uCC44\uAD8C (\uBC95\uB960)"@ko . "Law of obligations"@en .