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Grand jury (droit) Большое жюри Grand jury Grand jury Grand Jury Grande júri 大陪審 대배심
rdfs:comment
Eine Grand Jury (engl. grand jury, wörtlich ‚große Jury‘) ist die Gesamtheit der Geschworenen, die nach US-amerikanischem Strafprozessrecht in einem nicht öffentlichen Verfahren darüber entscheidet, ob die von der Staatsanwaltschaft vorgebrachten Tatsachen sowie Anschuldigungen eine Anklage und einen eventuellen Prozess rechtfertigen. Sie wird Grand Jury genannt, da die Anzahl der Geschworenen im Vergleich zu einer regulären Jury relativ hoch ist. Большое жюри (англ. grand jury) — в США коллегия присяжных заседателей, которая определяет обоснованность и целесообразность предъявления кому-либо официальных обвинений. В настоящее время только США сохраняет Большие жюри, хотя некоторые другие юрисдикции общего права имели их ранее, тогда как большинство других юрисдикций использует другой тип предварительного расследования. В Ирландии они также функционируют как органы местного самоуправления. Большое жюри названо так потому, что традиционно оно имеет большее число присяжных заседателей, чем суд присяжных (также известный как Малое жюри). Um grande júri é um júri — um grupo de cidadãos — com poderes por lei para conduzir processos judiciais e investigar potenciais condutas criminais e determinar se as acusações criminais devem ser apresentadas. Um grande júri pode intimar provas físicas ou uma pessoa para testemunhar. O grande júri é separado dos tribunais, que não presidem ao seu funcionamento. O grande júri é assim denominado porque tradicionalmente tem mais jurados do que um júri de julgamento, às vezes chamado de (francês para "pequeno júri"). A grand jury is a jury—a group of citizens—empowered by law to conduct legal proceedings, investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may subpoena physical evidence or a person to testify. A grand jury is separate from the courts, which do not preside over its functioning. Un grand jury (en anglais, pluriel grand juries) est une institution au sein d'un tribunal qui a le pouvoir de mener une procédure officielle pour enquêter sur les actes criminels et de déterminer si des accusations doivent être retenues. Le grand jury peut exiger (subpoena) la production de documents et la comparution de témoins sous serment. Actuellement, seuls les États-Unis et le Liberia utilisent des grand juries, bien que d'autres pays de common law les aient utilisés dans le passé. De 1791 à 1808 a existé, en France, le jury d'accusation qui possédait des prérogatives similaires. Il grand jury (letteralmente «gran giuria», più comunemente reso in italiano come «gran giurì») rappresenta, in alcuni ordinamenti di common law, una particolare giuria chiamata a stabilire se le prove raccolte sono sufficienti per iniziare un processo penale nei confronti di una persona. 대배심(大陪審, Grand jury)은 형사사건에서 피의자를 기소하기 위해 영미법 국가에서 평시민 가운데 무작위로 선발된 사람들로 구성된 집단을 말한다. 대략 20여명으로 구성되며 12명으로 구성된 소배심(Petit jury)과 비교해 대배심이라고 한다. 이는 정부의 기소재량권 남용을 제한하기 위해 국민이 기소하는 철학에 기한 것이다. 미국은 수정헌법 제5조에 규정되어 있다.증거법에 의해 위법수집배제되거나 전문증거로 증거능력이 없는 증거도 대배심에서 사용이 가능하다. 大陪審（だいばいしん、英: grand jury）は、一般市民から選ばれた陪審員で構成される、犯罪を起訴するか否かを決定する機関をいう。起訴陪審（きそばいしん）ともいう。 大陪審は、アメリカ合衆国において、権力分立（チェック・アンド・バランス）の仕組みの一環と考えられており、検察官の処分だけで事件が裁判（対審）に付されるのを防ぐという意図がある。
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Um grande júri é um júri — um grupo de cidadãos — com poderes por lei para conduzir processos judiciais e investigar potenciais condutas criminais e determinar se as acusações criminais devem ser apresentadas. Um grande júri pode intimar provas físicas ou uma pessoa para testemunhar. O grande júri é separado dos tribunais, que não presidem ao seu funcionamento. Os Estados Unidos e a Libéria são os únicos países que mantêm júris, embora outras jurisdições de direito consuetudinário os empregassem anteriormente, e a maioria dos outros agora empregam um procedimento diferente que não envolve um júri: uma . Os grandes júris desempenham funções tanto acusatórias como investigatórias. As funções investigatórias dos grandes júris incluem a obtenção e revisão de documentos e outras provas e a audição de depoimentos juramentados de testemunhas que comparecem perante ele; a função acusatória determina se há para acreditar que uma ou mais pessoas cometeram um determinado delito dentro do foro de um tribunal distrital. Um grande júri nos Estados Unidos é geralmente composto de 16 a 23 cidadãos, embora na Virgínia tenha menos membros para júris regulares ou especiais. Na Irlanda, eles também atuaram como autoridades governamentais locais. No Japão, a Lei de 12 de julho de 1948 criou o Kensatsu Shinsakai (Prosecutorial Review Commission ou sistema PRC), inspirado no sistema americano. O grande júri é assim denominado porque tradicionalmente tem mais jurados do que um júri de julgamento, às vezes chamado de (francês para "pequeno júri"). 대배심(大陪審, Grand jury)은 형사사건에서 피의자를 기소하기 위해 영미법 국가에서 평시민 가운데 무작위로 선발된 사람들로 구성된 집단을 말한다. 대략 20여명으로 구성되며 12명으로 구성된 소배심(Petit jury)과 비교해 대배심이라고 한다. 이는 정부의 기소재량권 남용을 제한하기 위해 국민이 기소하는 철학에 기한 것이다. 미국은 수정헌법 제5조에 규정되어 있다.증거법에 의해 위법수집배제되거나 전문증거로 증거능력이 없는 증거도 대배심에서 사용이 가능하다. 大陪審（だいばいしん、英: grand jury）は、一般市民から選ばれた陪審員で構成される、犯罪を起訴するか否かを決定する機関をいう。起訴陪審（きそばいしん）ともいう。 大陪審は、アメリカ合衆国において、権力分立（チェック・アンド・バランス）の仕組みの一環と考えられており、検察官の処分だけで事件が裁判（対審）に付されるのを防ぐという意図がある。 A grand jury is a jury—a group of citizens—empowered by law to conduct legal proceedings, investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may subpoena physical evidence or a person to testify. A grand jury is separate from the courts, which do not preside over its functioning. Originating in England during the Middle Ages, grand juries are only retained in two countries, the United States and Liberia. Other common law jurisdictions formerly employed them, and most others now employ a different procedure that does not involve a jury: a preliminary hearing. Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions. The investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence, and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it; the accusatory function determines whether there is probable cause to believe that one or more persons committed a particular offense within the venue of a district court. In Ireland, they for a period also functioned as local government authorities: "They fixed the salaries of public officers; they regulated prisons and houses of correction; they levied funds for the support of hospitals; they made and repaired roads and bridges, and they framed accounts of the expenses incurred in these matters... They determined what public works should be undertaken — what price should be paid for them, and who were the individuals that should undertake them, and be responsible for their completion. They settled the amount of the local taxation of the county, and, under their direction, it was levied from the actual occupiers of the land.". In Japan, the Law of July 12, 1948, created the Kensatsu Shinsakai (Prosecutorial Review Commission or PRC system), inspired by the American system. The grand jury (from the French word grand meaning "large") is so named because traditionally it has more jurors than a trial jury, sometimes called a petit jury (from the French word petit meaning "small"). A grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens, though in Virginia it has fewer members for regular or special grand juries. Un grand jury (en anglais, pluriel grand juries) est une institution au sein d'un tribunal qui a le pouvoir de mener une procédure officielle pour enquêter sur les actes criminels et de déterminer si des accusations doivent être retenues. Le grand jury peut exiger (subpoena) la production de documents et la comparution de témoins sous serment. Actuellement, seuls les États-Unis et le Liberia utilisent des grand juries, bien que d'autres pays de common law les aient utilisés dans le passé. De 1791 à 1808 a existé, en France, le jury d'accusation qui possédait des prérogatives similaires. Un grand jury est ainsi nommé car, traditionnellement, il a un plus grand nombre de jurés qu'un premier jury (aussi connu sous le nom de petty jury, du français petit). Le grand jury fédéral est considéré par la Cour suprême comme « une entité constitutionnelle de son propre droit » qui ne fait partie ni du pouvoir exécutif (comme les procureurs) ni du pouvoir judiciaire (comme les juges, United States v. Williams 1992). Ces grand juries comprennent généralement un grand nombre de membres (jusqu’à 23 grands jurés). Ils prennent leurs décisions à la majorité simple, et agissent à huis clos, notamment dans le but de préserver la réputation de personnes qui n'ont pas encore été inculpées. En outre, il n'y a ni juge ni avocat de la défense devant le grand jury, seulement le procureur qui présente ses preuves. Les preuves qui seraient illégales au procès sont recevables devant le grand jury, celui-ci ne se prononçant que sur l'inculpation sans prononcer aucune peine. Les grands jurés peuvent questionner les témoins, ce que ne peuvent pas faire les jurés d'un procès. Le procureur peut se servir du grand jury pour mener son enquête, par exemple pour citer des personnes à témoigner sous serment. À travers le grand jury, le procureur devient ainsi aussi puissant qu'un juge d'instruction français. Théoriquement, un grand jury peut agir de façon indépendante d'un procureur, mais c'est extrêmement rare. Les membres d'un grand jury sont généralement tirés au sort pour une durée longue, de plusieurs mois par exemple. Большое жюри (англ. grand jury) — в США коллегия присяжных заседателей, которая определяет обоснованность и целесообразность предъявления кому-либо официальных обвинений. В настоящее время только США сохраняет Большие жюри, хотя некоторые другие юрисдикции общего права имели их ранее, тогда как большинство других юрисдикций использует другой тип предварительного расследования. В Ирландии они также функционируют как органы местного самоуправления. Большое жюри названо так потому, что традиционно оно имеет большее число присяжных заседателей, чем суд присяжных (также известный как Малое жюри). Il grand jury (letteralmente «gran giuria», più comunemente reso in italiano come «gran giurì») rappresenta, in alcuni ordinamenti di common law, una particolare giuria chiamata a stabilire se le prove raccolte sono sufficienti per iniziare un processo penale nei confronti di una persona. Il grand jury esamina, in un procedimento a porte chiuse, le prove presentate dall'accusa (prosecutor) e, se le ritiene sufficienti, accusa formalmente l'imputato di aver commesso il reato (indictment); in conseguenza di ciò l'imputato sarà sottoposto a processo. Il grand jury, pertanto, si distingue dalla giuria operante nel processo vero e proprio, detta anche petit jury (piccola giuria) per il minor numero di componenti di quest'ultima (per lo più 12, mentre quelli del grand jury arrivano anche a 23). Come per la petit jury, i membri del grand jury sono tratti a sorte dai cittadini. L'istituto del grand jury è stato abbandonato da quasi tutti gli ordinamenti di common law. Sopravvive negli Stati Uniti per i più gravi reati di competenza federale, essendo prescritto da una norma costituzionale. Poiché la stessa norma non si applica ai reati di competenza degli Stati, alcuni di questi (circa la metà) lo hanno soppresso. Dove il grand jury è stato abbandonato, è stato sostituito dall'istituto dell'udienza preliminare (preliminary hearing), nel corso della quale il giudice fa un primo vaglio dell'accusa, verificando se le prove sono idonee a sostenerla in giudizio. Un istituto analogo è stato introdotto anche in Italia: si tratta dell'udienza preliminare, che si svolge innanzi al giudice dell'udienza preliminare (GUP) e si può concludere con il rinvio a giudizio o una sentenza di non luogo a procedere. Eine Grand Jury (engl. grand jury, wörtlich ‚große Jury‘) ist die Gesamtheit der Geschworenen, die nach US-amerikanischem Strafprozessrecht in einem nicht öffentlichen Verfahren darüber entscheidet, ob die von der Staatsanwaltschaft vorgebrachten Tatsachen sowie Anschuldigungen eine Anklage und einen eventuellen Prozess rechtfertigen. Sie wird Grand Jury genannt, da die Anzahl der Geschworenen im Vergleich zu einer regulären Jury relativ hoch ist.
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