. . . "Un ghulam (plur. ghilm\u0101n ou \"ghulams\" en fran\u00E7ais moderne; terme persan signifiant \u00AB jeune \u00BB, \u00AB servant \u00BB ou \u00AB esclave \u00BB ) \u00E9tait un esclave militaire. Le terme de maml\u016Bk (plur. mam\u0101l\u012Bk) ou mamelouk en fran\u00E7ais moderne \u00E9tait \u00E9galement utilis\u00E9 en arabe. Ce dernier terme s'imposera progressivement en Europe pour le remplacer compl\u00E8tement au XIIIe si\u00E8cle alors qu'ils prenaient le pouvoir en \u00C9gypte. En Perse, les ghulams d\u00E9signaient des esclaves islamis\u00E9s qui faisaient all\u00E9geance personnelle au chah perse."@fr . . . "\u0413\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u043C\u044B (\u043E\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u063A\u064F\u0644\u064E\u0627\u0645\u200E \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432. \u00AB\u044E\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0430, \u043C\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043A; \u0440\u0430\u0431\u00BB) \u2014 \u0432\u043E\u0301\u0438\u043D\u044B, \u043D\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0444\u043E\u0432, \u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430."@ru . . . . . . "El Ghulam (en plural ghilman) es, seg\u00FAn la tradici\u00F3n isl\u00E1mica, un joven eternamente c\u00E9libe que estar\u00E1 al servicio de las mujeres justas cuando lleguen al Janah el d\u00EDa del Yaum al-Qiyamah.\u200B La promesa de esta recompensa se repite cuatro veces en el Cor\u00E1n. En el Imperio otomano se dio este nombre a los j\u00F3venes esclavos utilizados en el ej\u00E9rcito; la ausencia de vida familiar y descendencia hac\u00EDa que no fuesen una amenaza para la dinast\u00EDa reinante."@es . . . "Un ghulam (plur. ghilm\u0101n ou \"ghulams\" en fran\u00E7ais moderne; terme persan signifiant \u00AB jeune \u00BB, \u00AB servant \u00BB ou \u00AB esclave \u00BB ) \u00E9tait un esclave militaire. Le terme de maml\u016Bk (plur. mam\u0101l\u012Bk) ou mamelouk en fran\u00E7ais moderne \u00E9tait \u00E9galement utilis\u00E9 en arabe. Ce dernier terme s'imposera progressivement en Europe pour le remplacer compl\u00E8tement au XIIIe si\u00E8cle alors qu'ils prenaient le pouvoir en \u00C9gypte. En Perse, les ghulams d\u00E9signaient des esclaves islamis\u00E9s qui faisaient all\u00E9geance personnelle au chah perse."@fr . . . . "\u0413\u0443\u043B\u044F\u043C\u044B"@ru . "Un ghulam \u2014en \u00E0rab \u063A\u0644\u0627\u0645, \u1E21ul\u0101m, en plural ghilman \u063A\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646, \u1E21ilm\u0101n, o tamb\u00E9 ghulams\u2014 \u00E9s, segons l'islam, un jove servent immortal del Parad\u00EDs que, amb les seves complement\u00E0ries femenines anomenades , estar\u00E0 al servei dels musulmans justos. La promesa d'aquesta recompensa es repeteix quatre vegades en l'Alcor\u00E0."@ca . "Ghilman var en typ av slavsoldater eller f\u00F6rslavade legosoldater som anv\u00E4ndes i en rad olika muslimska stater i Mellan\u00F6stern, fr\u00E5n Abbasidkalifatet p\u00E5 800-talet fram till b\u00F6rjan av 1800-talet i qajardynastins Persien. Att anv\u00E4nda slavsoldater p\u00E5 detta s\u00E4tt var under denna tid n\u00E4rmast unikt f\u00F6r muslimska stater. Dessa soldater var ofta vita slavar fr\u00E5n Europa, s\u00E5 kallade saqaliba. Ghilman var ursprungligen ocks\u00E5 en ben\u00E4mning p\u00E5 tj\u00E4nstepojkar i det muslimska paradiset."@sv . . . . "Gulam ou gulamo (em \u00E1rabe: \u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645; romaniz.: ghul\u0101m; pl. em \u00E1rabe: \u063A\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0646; romaniz.: ghilm\u0101n), \u00E0s vezes grafado como gulbano e derivadamente escrito como gulamusseine (Gulamhussein - \"rapaz bonitinho\") ou gulamudine (Gulamuddin - \"servidor da religi\u00E3o\"), \u00E9 um termo hist\u00F3rico \u00E1rabe como in\u00FAmeras acep\u00E7\u00F5es. Denotou jovens rapazes e serventes e/ou escravos serventes, guarda-costas libertos ou escravos ligados a seu mestre por la\u00E7os pessoais e artes\u00E3os que exerciam fun\u00E7\u00E3o em oficinas nas quais colocaram o nome de seus mestre junto dos seus em suas assinaturas."@pt . . . . . . . "El Ghulam (en plural ghilman) es, seg\u00FAn la tradici\u00F3n isl\u00E1mica, un joven eternamente c\u00E9libe que estar\u00E1 al servicio de las mujeres justas cuando lleguen al Janah el d\u00EDa del Yaum al-Qiyamah.\u200B La promesa de esta recompensa se repite cuatro veces en el Cor\u00E1n. En el Imperio otomano se dio este nombre a los j\u00F3venes esclavos utilizados en el ej\u00E9rcito; la ausencia de vida familiar y descendencia hac\u00EDa que no fuesen una amenaza para la dinast\u00EDa reinante."@es . . . . . . . "\u0413\u0443\u043B\u044F\u043C\u0438"@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0413\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u043C\u0438(\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u063A\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u200E Ghilman/\u011Eilman \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432. \u044E\u043D\u0430\u043A/\u043C\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430) \u2014 \u0446\u0438\u043C \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0457\u043D\u0456\u0432, \u0449\u043E \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0443 \u0445\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0444\u0430\u043C."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "636856"^^ . . . "Ghilm\u0101n in arabo: \uFECF\uFEE0\uFEE4\uFE8E\uFEE5\u200E (plurale di ghul\u0101m, in arabo: \u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645\u200E), \u00E8 la parola araba usata per indicare gli schiavi, i paggi, i giovani presenti nel Paradiso islamico o i militari di origine servile (ma poi in linea di massima affrancati) che servirono negli eserciti abbasidi a partire dall'et\u00E0 del califfo al-Ma\u02BEm\u016Bn, che autorizz\u00F2 il fratello (e, pi\u00F9 tardi, successore) al-Mu'tasim ad arruolarne in gran numero per sovvenire all'infiacchimento della componente persiana dell'esercito (i cosiddetti Khur\u0101s\u0101niyya, ossia \"[l'esercito] khorasanico\", o anche Abn\u0101\u02BE al-Dawla, ovvero \"Figli della dinastia [abbaside]\")."@it . "Ghilman var en typ av slavsoldater eller f\u00F6rslavade legosoldater som anv\u00E4ndes i en rad olika muslimska stater i Mellan\u00F6stern, fr\u00E5n Abbasidkalifatet p\u00E5 800-talet fram till b\u00F6rjan av 1800-talet i qajardynastins Persien. Att anv\u00E4nda slavsoldater p\u00E5 detta s\u00E4tt var under denna tid n\u00E4rmast unikt f\u00F6r muslimska stater. Dessa soldater var ofta vita slavar fr\u00E5n Europa, s\u00E5 kallade saqaliba. Ghilman var ursprungligen ocks\u00E5 en ben\u00E4mning p\u00E5 tj\u00E4nstepojkar i det muslimska paradiset."@sv . "\u53E4\u62C9\u59C6\uFF08Ghilman\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u81F3\u8FD1\u4EE3\u65E9\u671F\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u5974\u96B8\u58EB\u5175\uFF08\u963F\u62D4\u65AF\u738B\u671D\uFF0C\u5967\u65AF\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\uFF0C\u85A9\u975E\u738B\u671D\uFF09\u3002"@zh . "Ghilman"@it . . . . . . . . . . "\u30B0\u30E9\u30FC\u30E0 (\u5358\u6570\u5F62 \u30A2\u30E9\u30D3\u30A2\u8A9E: \u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645\u200E ghul\u0101m\u202F,\u8907\u6570\u5F62 \u063A\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0646 ghilm\u0101n\u202F)\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5929\u56FD\u306B\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u82E5\u8005\u306E\u53EC\u4F7F\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u3084\u30E0\u30AC\u30EB\u5E1D\u56FD\u3084\u30DA\u30EB\u30B7\u30A2\u5E1D\u56FD\u3067\u5974\u96B7\u5175\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u8A00\u8449\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "Un ghulam \u2014en \u00E0rab \u063A\u0644\u0627\u0645, \u1E21ul\u0101m, en plural ghilman \u063A\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646, \u1E21ilm\u0101n, o tamb\u00E9 ghulams\u2014 \u00E9s, segons l'islam, un jove servent immortal del Parad\u00EDs que, amb les seves complement\u00E0ries femenines anomenades , estar\u00E0 al servei dels musulmans justos. La promesa d'aquesta recompensa es repeteix quatre vegades en l'Alcor\u00E0."@ca . "\u53E4\u62C9\u59C6"@zh . "\u30B0\u30E9\u30FC\u30E0 (\u5358\u6570\u5F62 \u30A2\u30E9\u30D3\u30A2\u8A9E: \u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645\u200E ghul\u0101m\u202F,\u8907\u6570\u5F62 \u063A\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0646 ghilm\u0101n\u202F)\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5929\u56FD\u306B\u3044\u308B\u3068\u3044\u3046\u82E5\u8005\u306E\u53EC\u4F7F\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30AA\u30B9\u30DE\u30F3\u5E1D\u56FD\u3084\u30E0\u30AC\u30EB\u5E1D\u56FD\u3084\u30DA\u30EB\u30B7\u30A2\u5E1D\u56FD\u3067\u5974\u96B7\u5175\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u8A00\u8449\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002"@ja . . "Ghilman (singular Arabic: \u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645 ghul\u0101m, plural \u063A\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0646 ghilm\u0101n) were slave-soldiers and/or mercenaries in the armies throughout the Islamic world, such as the Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires. Islamic states from the early 9th century to the early 19th century consistently deployed slaves as soldiers, a phenomenon that was very rare outside of the Islamic world. The Quran mentions ghilman (\u063A\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0646) as serving boys who are one of the delights of Jannah or paradise/heaven of Islam, in verse 52:24. (Verse 56:17 is also thought to refer to ghilman.)"@en . "Ghilman"@sv . . "Ghilman"@pl . "\u53E4\u62C9\u59C6\uFF08Ghilman\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u4E2D\u4E16\u7EAA\u81F3\u8FD1\u4EE3\u65E9\u671F\u4F0A\u65AF\u862D\u5E1D\u570B\u7684\u5974\u96B8\u58EB\u5175\uFF08\u963F\u62D4\u65AF\u738B\u671D\uFF0C\u5967\u65AF\u66FC\u5E1D\u570B\uFF0C\u85A9\u975E\u738B\u671D\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . "Ghulam"@fr . "\u30B0\u30E9\u30FC\u30E0"@ja . "Ghilman"@en . "1120936039"^^ . . . . "Ghilman (arab. \u200F\u063A\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200E, liczba poj.: ghulam - ch\u0142opiec arab. \u200F\u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645\u200E) \u2013 niewolni \u017Co\u0142nierze s\u0142u\u017C\u0105cy w armiach dawnych pa\u0144stw muzu\u0142ma\u0144skich. Pierwsze oddzia\u0142y z\u0142o\u017Cone z niewolnik\u00F3w powsta\u0142y w kalifacie Abbasyd\u00F3w, za panowania kalifa Al-Mutasima. Z czasem praktyka ta rozprzestrzeni\u0142a si\u0119 na inne pa\u0144stwa muzu\u0142ma\u0144skie. Ghilman rekrutowali si\u0119 g\u0142\u00F3wnie z je\u0144c\u00F3w pochodz\u0105cych z Azji centralnej i Kaukazu. Byli u\u017Cywani jako gwardia przyboczna kalifa. W drugiej po\u0142owie IX w. ich wp\u0142ywy polityczne bardzo wzros\u0142y."@pl . . . . . . "11196"^^ . . . "Ghilm\u0101n in arabo: \uFECF\uFEE0\uFEE4\uFE8E\uFEE5\u200E (plurale di ghul\u0101m, in arabo: \u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645\u200E), \u00E8 la parola araba usata per indicare gli schiavi, i paggi, i giovani presenti nel Paradiso islamico o i militari di origine servile (ma poi in linea di massima affrancati) che servirono negli eserciti abbasidi a partire dall'et\u00E0 del califfo al-Ma\u02BEm\u016Bn, che autorizz\u00F2 il fratello (e, pi\u00F9 tardi, successore) al-Mu'tasim ad arruolarne in gran numero per sovvenire all'infiacchimento della componente persiana dell'esercito (i cosiddetti Khur\u0101s\u0101niyya, ossia \"[l'esercito] khorasanico\", o anche Abn\u0101\u02BE al-Dawla, ovvero \"Figli della dinastia [abbaside]\")."@it . . . . . . . "Gulam"@pt . . "\u0413\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u043C\u0438(\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u063A\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u200E Ghilman/\u011Eilman \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432. \u044E\u043D\u0430\u043A/\u043C\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0430 \u043B\u044E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0430) \u2014 \u0446\u0438\u043C \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0457\u043D\u0456\u0432, \u0449\u043E \u043D\u0435\u0441\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0443 \u0445\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0444\u0430\u043C."@uk . . . . . . . . . "Ghulam"@ca . "Ghulam"@es . . . . . . . . . "Ghilman (singular Arabic: \u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645 ghul\u0101m, plural \u063A\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0646 ghilm\u0101n) were slave-soldiers and/or mercenaries in the armies throughout the Islamic world, such as the Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires. Islamic states from the early 9th century to the early 19th century consistently deployed slaves as soldiers, a phenomenon that was very rare outside of the Islamic world. The Quran mentions ghilman (\u063A\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0646) as serving boys who are one of the delights of Jannah or paradise/heaven of Islam, in verse 52:24. (Verse 56:17 is also thought to refer to ghilman.)"@en . "Ghilman (arab. \u200F\u063A\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200E, liczba poj.: ghulam - ch\u0142opiec arab. \u200F\u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645\u200E) \u2013 niewolni \u017Co\u0142nierze s\u0142u\u017C\u0105cy w armiach dawnych pa\u0144stw muzu\u0142ma\u0144skich. Pierwsze oddzia\u0142y z\u0142o\u017Cone z niewolnik\u00F3w powsta\u0142y w kalifacie Abbasyd\u00F3w, za panowania kalifa Al-Mutasima. Z czasem praktyka ta rozprzestrzeni\u0142a si\u0119 na inne pa\u0144stwa muzu\u0142ma\u0144skie. Ghilman rekrutowali si\u0119 g\u0142\u00F3wnie z je\u0144c\u00F3w pochodz\u0105cych z Azji centralnej i Kaukazu. Byli u\u017Cywani jako gwardia przyboczna kalifa. W drugiej po\u0142owie IX w. ich wp\u0142ywy polityczne bardzo wzros\u0142y."@pl . . . . "\u0413\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0301\u043C\u044B (\u043E\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431. \u063A\u064F\u0644\u064E\u0627\u0645\u200E \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432. \u00AB\u044E\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0430, \u043C\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043A; \u0440\u0430\u0431\u00BB) \u2014 \u0432\u043E\u0301\u0438\u043D\u044B, \u043D\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0444\u043E\u0432, \u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0430."@ru . "Gulam ou gulamo (em \u00E1rabe: \u063A\u064F\u0644\u0627\u064E\u0645; romaniz.: ghul\u0101m; pl. em \u00E1rabe: \u063A\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064E\u0627\u0646; romaniz.: ghilm\u0101n), \u00E0s vezes grafado como gulbano e derivadamente escrito como gulamusseine (Gulamhussein - \"rapaz bonitinho\") ou gulamudine (Gulamuddin - \"servidor da religi\u00E3o\"), \u00E9 um termo hist\u00F3rico \u00E1rabe como in\u00FAmeras acep\u00E7\u00F5es. Denotou jovens rapazes e serventes e/ou escravos serventes, guarda-costas libertos ou escravos ligados a seu mestre por la\u00E7os pessoais e artes\u00E3os que exerciam fun\u00E7\u00E3o em oficinas nas quais colocaram o nome de seus mestre junto dos seus em suas assinaturas. Num sentido t\u00E9cnico foi empregado no mundo iraniano pr\u00E9-isl\u00E2mico para designar soldados recrutados por generais e reis do Imp\u00E9rio Sass\u00E2nida e no mundo isl\u00E2mico para designar soldados escravos de origem turca empregados no Califado Ab\u00E1ssida e nos Imp\u00E9rios Otomano, Saf\u00E1vida, Afex\u00E1rida, Cajar e Mogol. Com esta \u00FAltima acep\u00E7\u00E3o aparece pela primeira vez durante o reinado do califa Almot\u00E1cime (r. 833\u2013842), muito embora v\u00E1rios autores modernos questionem que j\u00E1 pelo s\u00E9culo IX o termo denotasse somente soldados escravos de origem turca, provavelmente designando pr\u00EDncipes iranianos vassalos dos califas e seu s\u00E9quito pessoal."@pt .