"Bendera nasional Jepang adalah sebuah bendera berbidang putih dengan lingkaran merah tua di tengahnya. Bendera ini secara resmi disebut Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7, \"bendera matahari\"), namun secara umum dikenal sebagai Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38, \"lingkaran matahari\")."@in . . "De nationale vlag van Japan, in het Japans Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) of Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 zonneschijf), bestaat uit een wit vlak met een rode cirkel in het midden. Deze rode cirkel stelt de zon voor."@nl . "https://books.google.com/books?id=26g06eUKXCAC&dq=japan+flag&pg=PT46|isbn=0-415-06102-4|ref="@en . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=voUBuwLj0l4C&dq=Witu+flag+Gordon&pg=PA110|ref="@en . . . "Nisshoki or Hinomaru"@en . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=AF6KtkIAy5cC&dq=hachimaki+kamikaze&pg=PA271|isbn=1-55750-243-9|ref="@en . "https://books.google.com/books?id=unkuAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E6%97%97&pg=PT7|ref="@en . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=PrAoHzoP1QkC&dq=flag+japan+Emperor&pg=PA78|isbn=978-1-903350-02-7|ref="@en . "\u65E5\u306E\u4E38\u30FB\u541B\u304C\u4EE3\u554F\u984C\u3068\u306F\u4F55\u304B"@en . . . . . . "Gordon, William"@en . "Regulation 1 from 1912"@en . . . . . . "Prime Minister's Proclamation No. 57"@en . . . . . . "\u660E\u6CBB3\u5E74\u592A\u653F\u5B98\u5E03\u544A\u7B2C651\u53F7"@en . . . . . "1903"^^ . . . "1901"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "1909"^^ . . . . "1915"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "\u68B6\u5C71\u9759\u516D: \u6B7B\u306B\u9854\u306B\u7B11\u307F\u3092\u305F\u305F\u3048\u3066"@en . . "2021-10-20"^^ . "Flag Lore Of All Nations"@en . . . . . . . "Fairleigh Dickinson University Press"@en . . "La bandiera nazionale del Giappone (\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u56FD\u65D7 Nihon No Kokki?) \u00E8 la bandiera che rappresenta il Paese e, insieme al fiore di crisantemo e l'inno nazionale, costituisce il simbolo nazionale giapponese. Si tratta di una bandiera bianca rettangolare con un grande disco rosso (che rappresenta il Sole) al centro. La bandiera \u00E8 ufficialmente chiamata Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7? \u201CBandiera del Sole a forma di disco\u201D) in giapponese, ma \u00E8 pi\u00F9 comunemente nota come Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38? \u201CDisco solare\u201D)."@it . . "\uC77C\uBCF8\uC758 \uAD6D\uAE30"@ko . . . . . . . . "\uC77C\uBCF8\uC758 \uAD6D\uAE30\uB294 \uC77C\uC7A5\uAE30(\uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 \uB2DB\uC1FC\uD0A4[*], \uC601\uC5B4: Flag of Japan)\uB97C \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uBA70, \uD788\uB178\uB9C8\uB8E8(\u65E5\u306E\u4E38)\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4."@ko . . "Smith, Whitney"@en . . "\u56FD\u65D7\u53CA\u3073\u56FD\u6B4C\u306E\u53D6\u6271\u3044\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066"@en . . "Flago de Japanio"@eo . . . . "1956"^^ . "Flag of Japan"@en . "\u56FD\u65D7\u53CA\u3073\u56FD\u6B4C\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u6CD5\u5F8B"@en . "Illustrated Dictionary of Symbols in Eastern and Western Art"@en . . "Flags of the World, Past and Present"@en . "Government of Amakusa City"@en . . "Bendera nasional Jepang adalah sebuah bendera berbidang putih dengan lingkaran merah tua di tengahnya. Bendera ini secara resmi disebut Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7, \"bendera matahari\"), namun secara umum dikenal sebagai Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38, \"lingkaran matahari\"). Bendera Nissh\u014Dki ditetapkan sebagai bendera nasional dalam Undang-Undang mengenai Bendera Nasional dan Lagu Kebangsaan, yang diumumkan dan mulai berlaku pada 13 Agustus 1999. Meskipun tidak terdapat undang-undang yang menetapkan bendera nasional sebelumnya, bendera matahari telah menjadi bendera nasional Jepang secara de facto. Dua proklamasi dikeluarkan pada tahun 1870 oleh Daij\u014D-kan, badan pemerintahan pada awal Zaman Meiji, yang masing-masing memiliki ketentuan mengenai rancangan bendera nasional. Bendera matahari dipakai sebagai bendera nasional untuk kapal-kapal dagang menurut Proklamasi No. 57 tahun 3 Meiji (dikeluarkan pada 27 Februari 1870), dan sebagai bendera nasional yang digunakan oleh Angkatan Laut menurut Proklamasi No. 651 tahun 3 Meiji (dikeluarkan pada 27 Oktober 1870). Penggunaan Hinomaru sangat dibatasi selama awal pendudukan sekutu di Jepang setelah Perang Dunia II; pembatasan ini kemudian dilonggarkan. Pada awal sejarah Jepang, motif Hinomaru digunakan pada bendera daimyo dan samurai. Menurut sejarah kuno Shoku Nihongi, Kaisar Mommu menggunakan bendera yang melambangkan matahari di istananya pada tahun 701, dan peristiwa tersebut merupakan catatan pertama tentang penggunaan bendera bermotif matahari di Jepang. Bendera tertua yang masih ada disimpan di kuil Unp\u014D-ji, K\u014Dsh\u016B, Yamanashi, yang dibuat sebelum abad ke-16, dan sebuah legenda kuno menceritakan bahwa bendera itu diberikan pada pihak kuil oleh Kaisar Go-Reizei pada abad ke-11. Selama Restorasi Meiji, bendera lingkaran matahari dan Bendera Matahari Terbit dalam Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang menjadi simbol utama bagi Kekaisaran Jepang. Poster propaganda, buku, dan film menggambarkan bendera tersebut sebagai sumber kebanggaan dan patriotisme. Pada rumah-rumah Jepang, masyarakat diwajibkan untuk mengibarkan bendera tersebut selama hari libur nasional, perayaan, dan hari-hari tertentu yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah. Persepsi masyarakat berbeda-beda terhadap bendera nasional tersebut. Bagi sebagian orang Jepang, bendera tersebut melambangkan Jepang, dan tidak ada bendera lain yang dapat menggantikannya. Namun, bendera tersebut tidak sering dikibarkan di Jepang karena hubungannya dengan ultranasionalisme. Penggunaan bendera dan lagu kebangsaan Kimigayo menjadi topik perdebatan di sekolah-sekolah Jepang sejak akhir Perang Dunia II (Perang Pasifik). Perselisihan tentang penggunaan bendera tersebut menyebabkan protes dan tuntutan hukum. Bagi orang Okinawa, bendera tersebut merepresentasikan peristiwa Perang Dunia II dan pendudukan tentara Amerika Serikat. Bagi beberapa negara yang pernah diduduki oleh Jepang, bendera tersebut merupakan simbol agresi dan imperialisme. Hinomaru digunakan sebagai alat untuk melawan negara-negara pendudukan untuk tujuan intimidasi, menegaskan dominasi Jepang, atau penaklukan. Meskipun berkonotasi negatif, sumber-sumber dari Barat dan Jepang mengklaim bahwa bendera tersebut merupakan simbol yang kuat dan abadi bagi Jepang. Beberapa panji-panji militer Jepang didasarkan pada Hinomaru, termasuk panji angkatan laut yang bermotif matahari terbit. Hinomaru juga berfungsi sebagai pola acu bagi bendera Jepang lainnya yang digunakan untuk penggunaan umum dan pribadi."@in . "State University of New York Press"@en . . . . "Japans flagga \u00E4r vit med en r\u00F6d rund skiva som symboliserar den uppg\u00E5ende solen. Flaggan antogs f\u00F6rsta g\u00E5ngen 27 januari 1870 (efter att den anv\u00E4nts av handelsfartyg redan 1854), d\u00E5 den hade proportionerna 7:10. Utseendet fastst\u00E4lldes 1999 genom dekret nr 127 d\u00E5 proportionerna \u00E4ndrades till 2:3. Flaggans officiella namn \u00E4r nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) eller \"solflaggan\". De flesta anv\u00E4nder dock namnet hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38), \"solens skiva\", vilket egentligen refererar till den r\u00F6da solskivan."@sv . . "1975"^^ . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=73sE6NkXPbAC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA81|isbn=978-1-873410-35-6|ref="@en . . "1982"^^ . "2010-02-06"^^ . "Borneman, John"@en . "https://books.google.com/books?id=gqs-y9R2AekC&dq=sun+japan+amaterasu&pg=PA112|isbn=1-57607-467-6|ref="@en . "2008-05-06"^^ . "HarperCollins"@en . . . . . "\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u56FD\u65D7\uFF08\u306B\u3063\u307D\u3093\u306E\u3053\u3063\u304D\u3001\u306B\u307B\u3093\u306E\u3053\u3063\u304D\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u767D\u5730\u306B\u8D64\u4E38\u304C\u63CF\u304B\u308C\u305F\u65D7\u3002\u6CD5\u5F8B\u4E0A\u306F\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7\uFF08\u306B\u3063\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304D\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u306F\u53E4\u304F\u304B\u3089\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u65E5\u306E\u4E38\uFF08\u3072\u306E\u307E\u308B\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u306F\u8056\u5FB3\u592A\u5B50\u304C\u9063\u968B\u4F7F\u306B\u8A17\u3057\u305F\u6587\u66F8\u4EE5\u6765\u3001\u81EA\u56FD\u3092\"\u65E5\u51FA\u305A\u308B\u56FD\"\u3068\u3059\u308B\u8003\u3048\u65B9\u304C\u3042\u308A\u3001\u8D64\u3044\u65E5\u306E\u4E38\u306F\u65E5\u306E\u51FA\u306E\u592A\u967D\u3092\u8C61\u5FB4\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u307E\u305F\u7D05\u767D\u306F\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u4F1D\u7D71\u8272\u3067\u3001\u3081\u3067\u305F\u3044\u3082\u306E\u3068\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u8D64\u306F\u535A\u611B\u3068\u6D3B\u529B\u3001\u767D\u306F\u795E\u8056\u3068\u7D14\u6F54\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u3068\u3082\u8A00\u308F\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 1999\u5E74\uFF08\u5E73\u621011\u5E74\uFF09\u306B\u516C\u5E03\u30FB\u65BD\u884C\u3055\u308C\u305F\u300C\u56FD\u65D7\u53CA\u3073\u56FD\u6B4C\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u6CD5\u5F8B\u300D\uFF08\u901A\u79F0\uFF1A\u56FD\u65D7\u30FB\u56FD\u6B4C\u6CD5\uFF09\u306E\u898F\u5B9A\u306B\u3088\u308C\u3070\u3001\u300C\u65D7\u306E\u5F62\u306F\u7E26\u304C\u6A2A\u306E3\u5206\u306E2\u306E\u9577\u65B9\u5F62\u3002\u65E5\u7AE0\u306E\u76F4\u5F84\u306F\u7E26\u306E5\u5206\u306E3\u3067\u4E2D\u5FC3\u306F\u65D7\u306E\u4E2D\u5FC3\u3002\u5730\u8272\u306F\u767D\u8272\u3001\u65E5\u7AE0\u306F\u7D05\u8272\u300D\u3068\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u4E0A\u4E0B\u30FB\u5DE6\u53F3\u5BFE\u79F0\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u4E3B\u306B\u65E7\u65E5\u672C\u8ECD\u3084\u81EA\u885B\u968A\u3067\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u65E5\u7AE0\u3068\u65ED\u5149\u3092\u610F\u5320\u5316\u3057\u305F\u65D7\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306F\u3001\u300C\u65ED\u65E5\u65D7\uFF08\u304D\u3087\u304F\u3058\u3064\u304D\uFF09\u300D\u3092\u53C2\u7167\u3002"@ja . . . "National Diet Library"@en . "https://books.google.com/books?id=K62e5Mk3Kd8C&dq=flag+japan+Emperor&pg=PA68|isbn=978-0-226-62091-6|ref="@en . . . . "Japan"@en . . . "Japan \u2013 Restless Competitor The Pursuit of Economic Nationalism"@en . "Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Anne Walthall; James Palais"@en . "\u041F\u0440\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457 (\u044F\u043F. \u65E5\u672C\u306E\u56FD\u65D7 \u00AB\u0441\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440\u00BB, \u043D\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u0442\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u00AB\u0445\u0456\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0443\u00BB (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38), \u306B\u3063\u307D\u3093\u306E\u3053\u3063\u304D, \u043D\u0456\u043F\u043F\u043E\u043D \u043D\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043A\u043A\u0456) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457 \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0456 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0442\u043B\u0456. \u0412\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0437 1870 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 13 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043F\u043D\u044F 1999 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440 \u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0456\u043C\u043D."@uk . "1968-07-16"^^ . . . "1962-12-24"^^ . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A \u0644\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0637\u064A\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0623\u062D\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u064A\u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062A\u0635\u0641. \u064A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00AB\u0646\u064A\u0634\u064F\u0651\u0648\u0643\u064A\u00BB (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0639\u0646\u064A \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00AB\u0647\u064A\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u00BB 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"Yamazumi, Masami"@en . . . "dead"@en . . "\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u56FD\u65D7\uFF08\u306B\u3063\u307D\u3093\u306E\u3053\u3063\u304D\u3001\u306B\u307B\u3093\u306E\u3053\u3063\u304D\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u767D\u5730\u306B\u8D64\u4E38\u304C\u63CF\u304B\u308C\u305F\u65D7\u3002\u6CD5\u5F8B\u4E0A\u306F\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7\uFF08\u306B\u3063\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304D\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u306F\u53E4\u304F\u304B\u3089\u3001\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u65E5\u306E\u4E38\uFF08\u3072\u306E\u307E\u308B\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u306F\u8056\u5FB3\u592A\u5B50\u304C\u9063\u968B\u4F7F\u306B\u8A17\u3057\u305F\u6587\u66F8\u4EE5\u6765\u3001\u81EA\u56FD\u3092\"\u65E5\u51FA\u305A\u308B\u56FD\"\u3068\u3059\u308B\u8003\u3048\u65B9\u304C\u3042\u308A\u3001\u8D64\u3044\u65E5\u306E\u4E38\u306F\u65E5\u306E\u51FA\u306E\u592A\u967D\u3092\u8C61\u5FB4\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u307E\u305F\u7D05\u767D\u306F\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u4F1D\u7D71\u8272\u3067\u3001\u3081\u3067\u305F\u3044\u3082\u306E\u3068\u3055\u308C\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u8D64\u306F\u535A\u611B\u3068\u6D3B\u529B\u3001\u767D\u306F\u795E\u8056\u3068\u7D14\u6F54\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u3068\u3082\u8A00\u308F\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 1999\u5E74\uFF08\u5E73\u621011\u5E74\uFF09\u306B\u516C\u5E03\u30FB\u65BD\u884C\u3055\u308C\u305F\u300C\u56FD\u65D7\u53CA\u3073\u56FD\u6B4C\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u6CD5\u5F8B\u300D\uFF08\u901A\u79F0\uFF1A\u56FD\u65D7\u30FB\u56FD\u6B4C\u6CD5\uFF09\u306E\u898F\u5B9A\u306B\u3088\u308C\u3070\u3001\u300C\u65D7\u306E\u5F62\u306F\u7E26\u304C\u6A2A\u306E3\u5206\u306E2\u306E\u9577\u65B9\u5F62\u3002\u65E5\u7AE0\u306E\u76F4\u5F84\u306F\u7E26\u306E5\u5206\u306E3\u3067\u4E2D\u5FC3\u306F\u65D7\u306E\u4E2D\u5FC3\u3002\u5730\u8272\u306F\u767D\u8272\u3001\u65E5\u7AE0\u306F\u7D05\u8272\u300D\u3068\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u4E0A\u4E0B\u30FB\u5DE6\u53F3\u5BFE\u79F0\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u4E3B\u306B\u65E7\u65E5\u672C\u8ECD\u3084\u81EA\u885B\u968A\u3067\u4F7F\u7528\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u65E5\u7AE0\u3068\u65ED\u5149\u3092\u610F\u5320\u5316\u3057\u305F\u65D7\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306F\u3001\u300C\u65ED\u65E5\u65D7\uFF08\u304D\u3087\u304F\u3058\u3064\u304D\uFF09\u300D\u3092\u53C2\u7167\u3002"@ja . . . . "\u041F\u0440\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457 (\u044F\u043F. \u65E5\u672C\u306E\u56FD\u65D7 \u00AB\u0441\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440\u00BB, \u043D\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u0442\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u00AB\u0445\u0456\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0443\u00BB (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38), \u306B\u3063\u307D\u3093\u306E\u3053\u3063\u304D, \u043D\u0456\u043F\u043F\u043E\u043D \u043D\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043A\u043A\u0456) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457 \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0433\u043B\u044F\u0434\u0456 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0442\u043B\u0456. \u0412\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0437 1870 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 13 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043F\u043D\u044F 1999 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440 \u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0456\u043C\u043D."@uk . "https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg-WWyxRxn0C&dq=Asahi+Shinbun+baseball&pg=PA213|isbn=978-0-7146-5041-8|ref="@en . . . "--07-19"^^ . . . "1987"^^ . . . . "1991"^^ . . . "1988"^^ . "Tazagi, Shirou"@en . . "PDF"@en . "Vlajka Japonska se ofici\u00E1ln\u011B naz\u00FDv\u00E1 Ni\u0161\u0161\u00F3ki (japonsky: \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7; Slune\u010Dn\u00ED vlajka), ale v\u00EDce je zn\u00E1m\u00E1 pod n\u00E1zvem Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38; Slune\u010Dn\u00ED kotou\u010D). P\u016Fvodn\u011B byla u\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1na \u0161\u00F3guny rodu Tokugawa. V roce 1854 se stala japonskou n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED vlajkou a v roce 1870 i vlajkou st\u00E1tn\u00ED. Japonsk\u00E1 vlajka je tvo\u0159ena b\u00EDl\u00FDm listem s \u010Derven\u00FDm kruhov\u00FDm polem, kter\u00E9 je uprost\u0159ed vlajky. Japonsk\u00E1 v\u00E1le\u010Dn\u00E1 vlajka je vlajkou . Japonsk\u00E1 n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED v\u00E1le\u010Dn\u00E1 vlajka je vlajkou Japonsk\u00FDch n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00EDch sil sebeobrany od jejich zalo\u017Een\u00ED roku 1954. \n* Rozm\u011Bry japonsk\u00E9 vlajky \n* Vlajka japonsk\u00E9ho c\u00EDsa\u0159ePom\u011Br stran: 2:3 \n*"@cs . . "Japan in World Politics: A Study in International Dynamics"@en . "1992"^^ . . . . "1998"^^ . "Carpenter, Ronald H"@en . . . "1996"^^ . "Law Regarding Use of the National Flag and Anthem"@en . "\u5927\u6B63\u5143\u5E74\u95A3\u4EE4\u7B2C\u4E00\u53F7\u3000\uFF08\u5927\u55AA\u4E2D\u30CE\u56FD\u65D7\u63B2\u63DA\u65B9\uFF09"@en . . "Feiler, Bruce"@en . "2002"^^ . "\u81EA\u885B\u968A\u6CD5\u65BD\u884C\u4EE4"@en . . "2003"^^ . . "2000"^^ . "2001"^^ . . "\u0424\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438 (\u044F\u043F. \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 \u043D\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0451:\u043A\u0438, \u00AB\u0441\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0444\u043B\u0430\u0433\u00BB), \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u0445\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0443 (\u044F\u043F. \u65E5\u306E\u4E38 , \u00AB\u0441\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u00BB), \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E \u0441 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043C \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u043C \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435, \u043E\u043B\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0438\u043C \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0446\u0435. \u0421\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E \u043B\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0444\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0451\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u043E \u0432 XIII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0435, \u0441\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044E. \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D \u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0443, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u043C\u0443\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043C\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0431\u043E\u0433\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0421\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0446\u0430, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0432 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 1868 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430."@ru . "2007"^^ . "2004"^^ . . "2005"^^ . . "Harper Perennial"@en . . "2009"^^ . "Gifu Shimbun"@en . . . . . . "Tipton, Elise"@en . . . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO-cuysr83MC&dq=sun+symbol+japan&pg=PA110|isbn=0-06-430982-7|ref="@en . . . . . . "Japan at the Millennium: Joining Past and Future"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "1999-08-13"^^ . . "Japoniako bandera, eguzki diskoa esanahia duten Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) eta Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38\u306E)\u65D7) izenez ere ezagutzen da. Atzealde zuria du, eta erdian eguzkia adierazten duen zirkulu gorri handia dauka."@eu . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=JlaPq_C2l6EC&dq=Japan+flag+homes+Emperor&pg=PA28|isbn=9971-69-014-4|ref="@en . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFeCQQ0siS8C&dq=flag+burning+Norway+Japan&pg=PA599|isbn=978-0-521-80775-3|ref="@en . . . "Government of Japan"@en . "Feldman, David"@en . . "Japanese Moral Education: Past and Present"@en . . "2008-01-25"^^ . . "Matoba, Seinosuke"@en . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=OMnt1iIEzdAC&dq=Indonesian+flag+Japan&pg=PA321|isbn=0-300-10518-5|ref="@en . . . "La bandera nacional de Jap\u00F3n es el pabell\u00F3n que representa a Jap\u00F3n y que, junto con el escudo y el himno nacional, tiene la categor\u00EDa de s\u00EDmbolo patrio. Consiste en un rect\u00E1ngulo de color blanco y con un gran disco rojo (representando al Sol) en el centro. Se denomina oficialmente Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 ''Nissh\u014Dki''? \u00ABbandera del sol en forma de disco\u00BB) en japon\u00E9s, pero es com\u00FAnmente conocida como Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 ''Hinomaru''? \u00ABdisco solar\u00BB)."@es . "Japan: A Concise History"@en . "Yale University Press"@en . "Naval Institute Press"@en . "\u0424\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438 (\u044F\u043F. \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 \u043D\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0451:\u043A\u0438, \u00AB\u0441\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0444\u043B\u0430\u0433\u00BB), \u043D\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u0445\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0440\u0443 (\u044F\u043F. \u65E5\u306E\u4E38 , \u00AB\u0441\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u00BB), \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E \u0441 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043C \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043A\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043E\u043C \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435, \u043E\u043B\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0438\u043C \u0432\u043E\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0446\u0435. \u0421\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u043E \u043B\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044F \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0444\u043B\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0451\u0442 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B\u043E \u0432 XIII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0435, \u0441\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0433\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0432 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u044E. \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u0431\u044B\u043B \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D \u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0443, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u043C\u0443\u0441\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0442\u043E\u043C\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0431\u043E\u0433\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0421\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0446\u0430, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043C\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043C\u0438. \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043B \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0432 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0443 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0435 1868 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0430. \u0424\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043E\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D 2:3 \u0438 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0444\u043B\u0430\u0433\u043E\u043C \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0432\u044B\u043C\u043F\u0435\u043B\u043E\u043C (\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A\u043E\u043C)."@ru . "Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms"@en . "Navy Dialogue"@en . . . "Japanese Documentary Film The Meiji Era through Hiroshima"@en . . . . . . . . "La bandiera nazionale del Giappone (\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u56FD\u65D7 Nihon No Kokki?) \u00E8 la bandiera che rappresenta il Paese e, insieme al fiore di crisantemo e l'inno nazionale, costituisce il simbolo nazionale giapponese. Si tratta di una bandiera bianca rettangolare con un grande disco rosso (che rappresenta il Sole) al centro. La bandiera \u00E8 ufficialmente chiamata Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7? \u201CBandiera del Sole a forma di disco\u201D) in giapponese, ma \u00E8 pi\u00F9 comunemente nota come Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38? \u201CDisco solare\u201D). La bandiera Nissh\u014Dki viene designata bandiera nazionale dell'Impero del Giappone ai sensi della Legge sulla bandiera e inno nazionale giapponese, promulgata ed entrata in vigore il 13 agosto 1999, anche se, in mancanza di una legislazione che in precedenza indicasse una bandiera nazionale ufficiale, essa viene considerata la bandiera de facto del Giappone gi\u00E0 dal 1870. In quell'anno, infatti, vengono istituiti due bandi che prevedono chiare disposizioni per la progettazione e la realizzazione di una bandiera nazionale. L'uso della Hinomaru viene fortemente limitato nei primi anni dell'occupazione statunitense dopo la seconda guerra mondiale; tuttavia tali restrizioni diventano col tempo meno severe. Agli inizi della storia giapponese, il motivo Hinomaru viene utilizzato sulle bandiere di daimy\u014D e samurai. Un antico testo contenuto all'interno dello Shoku Nihongi racconta che l'imperatore Monmu era solito utilizzare una bandiera che rappresentasse il Sole nella sua corte gi\u00E0 nell'anno 701, primo uso documentato di una bandiera col Sole nella storia del Giappone. La pi\u00F9 antica bandiera esistente viene conservata nel tempio Unp\u014D-ji di K\u014Dsh\u016B a Yamanashi, risalente a prima del XVI secolo, donata, secondo un'antica leggenda locale, dall'imperatore Go-Reizei nell'XI secolo. Durante il Rinnovamento Meiji, sia il disco solare sia la bandiera del Sole Nascente della Marina imperiale giapponese diventano simboli principali dell'emergente Impero giapponese. Manifesti di propaganda, libri di testo, e film dipingono la bandiera come fonte di orgoglio e patriottismo. Nelle case giapponesi, i cittadini sono tenuti a esporre la bandiera durante le feste nazionali, lutti e altre occasioni, come decretato dal governo. In questi anni per il popolo giapponese la bandiera diventa simbolo di devozione verso il Giappone e l'imperatore, venendo utilizzata sui capi di abbigliamento o per la creazione di piatti ispirati al suo design durante la seconda guerra sino-giapponese e nei successivi conflitti. L'idea che i giapponesi hanno della bandiera nazionale \u00E8 soggetta a controversie. Per alcuni giapponesi essa rappresenta il Giappone, e nessun altro simbolo potrebbe prendere il suo posto, tuttavia, la bandiera non viene esposta frequentemente nel Paese nipponico a causa della sua associazione con l'ultranazionalismo. Il suo uso nelle scuole pubbliche, insieme con quello dell'inno nazionale Kimi ga yo, \u00E8 oggetto di dibattito dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale (la guerra del Pacifico), e le controversie circa il loro uso hanno portato a proteste e dibattiti. Per gli abitanti di Okinawa, la bandiera simboleggia e ricorda gli eventi della seconda guerra mondiale e la successiva presenza militare degli Stati Uniti d'America nel territorio. Per alcune nazioni occupate dal Giappone in tempo di guerra essa \u00E8 un simbolo di aggressione e di imperialismo. La Hinomaru \u00E8 stata usata come strumento contro le nazioni occupate a scopo di intimidazione, affermando il dominio del Giappone. Nonostante le connotazioni negative, fonti occidentali e giapponesi sostengono che la bandiera sia un simbolo potente e duraturo per i giapponesi. Diversi stendardi militari del Giappone sono basati sulla Hinomaru, compreso l'emblema della Marina. Infine, essa funge anche da modello per altre bandiere giapponesi in uso pubblico e privato."@it . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=91s4n07d4p4C&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA92|isbn=978-1-876843-05-2|ref="@en . . "2010-10-22"^^ . . . "2009-12-15"^^ . "2003-03-29"^^ . . . "The national flag of Japan is a rectangular white banner bearing a crimson-red circle at its center. This flag is officially called the Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7, 'flag of the sun'), but is more commonly known in Japan as the Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38, 'Ball of the sun'). It embodies the country's sobriquet: the Land of the Rising Sun."@en . "UCB Press"@en . . . . . "Bandiera del Giappone"@it . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=47yhjgB-XhgC&dq=1885+Japan+laws+cabinet&pg=PT28|isbn=978-90-04-13164-4|ref="@en . "https://books.google.com/books?id=5tRkseowkKkC&dq=japan+flag+hirohito&pg=PA112|isbn=1-57181-111-7|ref="@en . . . "La bandera nacional de Jap\u00F3n es el pabell\u00F3n que representa a Jap\u00F3n y que, junto con el escudo y el himno nacional, tiene la categor\u00EDa de s\u00EDmbolo patrio. Consiste en un rect\u00E1ngulo de color blanco y con un gran disco rojo (representando al Sol) en el centro. Se denomina oficialmente Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 ''Nissh\u014Dki''? \u00ABbandera del sol en forma de disco\u00BB) en japon\u00E9s, pero es com\u00FAnmente conocida como Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 ''Hinomaru''? \u00ABdisco solar\u00BB). La bandera Nissh\u014Dki es la bandera nacional del Imperio de Jap\u00F3n seg\u00FAn lo dispuesto en la ley concerniente a la Bandera y el Himno Nacional, que fue promulgada y entr\u00F3 en vigor el 13 de agosto de 1999. Aunque anteriormente no se especificaba una bandera oficial, el Hinomaru ya era de facto la insignia nacional. Dos proclamaciones de 1870 daban sendas provisiones para el dise\u00F1o de una bandera nacional. El uso del Hinomaru fue severamente restringido durante los primeros a\u00F1os de la ocupaci\u00F3n estadounidense despu\u00E9s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, aunque posteriormente las restricciones se relajaron. Durante la temprana historia de Jap\u00F3n, el motivo del Hinomaru fue utilizado en las banderas de daimyos y samur\u00E1is. Durante la Restauraci\u00F3n Meiji, tanto el disco solar como la insignia del sol naciente de la Armada Imperial Japonesa se convirtieron en los principales s\u00EDmbolos del emergente Imperio de Jap\u00F3n. Carteles con propaganda, libros de texto y pel\u00EDculas pintaban la bandera como una fuente de orgullo y patriotismo. A los ciudadanos se les ped\u00EDa que mostraran la bandera en sus hogares durante las fiestas nacionales, celebraciones y otras ocasiones que decretara el Gobierno. Diferentes objetos devocionales al pa\u00EDs y al emperador con el motivo del Hinomaru se volvieron populares durante la segunda guerra sino-japonesa y otros conflictos. Estos objetos iban desde consignas escritas en banderas hasta prendas de vestir y platos con la imagen de la bandera. La percepci\u00F3n p\u00FAblica de la bandera nacional var\u00EDa. Para algunos japoneses, la bandera representa al pa\u00EDs, por lo que ninguna otra puede sustituirla. Sin embargo, la bandera no es desplegada debido a su asociaci\u00F3n con el nacionalismo extremo. El uso de la bandera y del himno nacional \u2014el Kimi ga yo\u2014 han sido un asunto pol\u00E9mico en las escuelas p\u00FAblicas de Jap\u00F3n desde el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Disputas acerca de su uso han derivado en protestas, demandas y por lo menos un suicidio en la prefectura de Hiroshima. La poblaci\u00F3n de Okinawa preserv\u00F3 la bandera aun durante la presencia militar estadounidense en el lugar.\u200B Para los gobiernos de China y Corea del Sur, la bandera es s\u00EDmbolo de agresi\u00F3n e imperialismo. A pesar de las connotaciones negativas, fuentes japonesas y occidentales aseguran que la bandera es un perdurable y poderoso s\u00EDmbolo para los japoneses. Distintas banderas se han basado en el Hinomaru, incluyendo la insignia de la Armada, adem\u00E1s de que sirvi\u00F3 como base para otras banderas en Jap\u00F3n, tanto de uso p\u00FAblico como privado."@es . . . . "Japoniako bandera"@eu . . "Palgrave Macmillan Ltd"@en . . . . "1999-11-18"^^ . . . "La nacia flago de Japanio (japane: \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 nissh\u014Dki a\u016D \u65E5\u306E\u4E38 hi no maru, sundisko) estas blanka flago kun meze centrita granda ru\u011Da disko, simbolo de la suno. Jam dum la Mej\u011Di-epoko ekde la jaro 1868 \u011Di estis konsiderata la nacia flago. Kvankam la sundiska formo estis oficiale adoptita por marflagoj en 1870, \u011Di estis oficiale deklarita nacia flago nur la 13-an de a\u016Dgusto 1999. La flankrilato de la nacia flago estas 2:3, la diametro de la disko estas 3/5 de la mallonga flanko de la flago. \u011Custaj mezuroj estas ekzemple flago 1,5 metrojn lar\u011Da, 1 metron alta kaj kun sundiska diametro de 60 cm. La versio kun 16 ru\u011Daj radioj estis uzita de la japana armeo \u011Dis la fino de la 2-a mondmilito. Ekde 1954 oni denove uzas \u011Din \u0109e la japana mararmeo. En la najbaraj aziaj landoj tiu flago da\u016Dre alvokas negativajn kunligitecojn. Tiel pli, ke tiu flago estas uzata ankora\u016D nuntempe de konservativaj dekstruloj en Japanio."@eo . . . "Fourteen Years As A Reporter"@en . . . . . "144954"^^ . . "\u0424\u043B\u0430\u0433 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438"@ru . . . . . "Army and Navy"@en . "\u03A3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2"@el . . "Flag basics you should know"@en . . "Bandera del Jap\u00F3"@ca . . . . . "Ashigaru 1467\u20131649"@en . . . . . . "0"^^ . . "1"^^ . . "4"^^ . . "\uC77C\uBCF8\uC758 \uAD6D\uAE30\uB294 \uC77C\uC7A5\uAE30(\uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 \uB2DB\uC1FC\uD0A4[*], \uC601\uC5B4: Flag of Japan)\uB97C \uC758\uBBF8\uD558\uBA70, \uD788\uB178\uB9C8\uB8E8(\u65E5\u306E\u4E38)\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4."@ko . . . "1999-08-13"^^ . . . . . . "Vlag van Japan"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership Through the Generations"@en . "Kodansha"@en . "Flagge Japans"@de . . "ABC-CLIO"@en . "2"^^ . . "Flaga Japonii (jap. \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 Nissh\u014D-ki; \u201Eflaga wschodz\u0105cego s\u0142o\u0144ca\u201D albo \u65E5\u306E\u4E38 Hi-no-maru, \u201Eokr\u0105g s\u0142o\u0144ca/dysk s\u0142o\u0144ca\u201D) \u2013 znany potocznie w Japonii jako Hinomaru, czerwony dysk na bia\u0142ym tle, co symbolizuje wschodz\u0105ce s\u0142o\u0144ce i bogini\u0119 Amaterasu."@pl . . . . . "Reaktion Books"@en . "University of California Press"@en . "https://books.google.com/books?id=pKmt85w7atsC&dq=Japan+flag+loyalty&pg=PA190|isbn=0-8386-3693-4|ref="@en . . "History of law in Japan since 1868, Part 5, Volume 12"@en . . . . . . . . . "\u56FD\u65D7\u53CA\u3073\u770C\u65D7\u306E\u53D6\u6271\u3044\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066"@en . . . . "\u65E5\u672C\u56FD\u65D7\u4E3A\u4E00\u9762\u767D\u8272\u957F\u65B9\u5F62\u65D7\u5E1C\uFF0C\u65D7\u5E1C\u4E2D\u5FC3\u4E3A\u4E00\u4E2A\u7EA2\u8272\u5706\u5F62\u4EE3\u8868\u592A\u9633\u3002\u5176\u6B63\u5F0F\u540D\u79F0\u4E3A\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7\uFF08\u65E5\u8BED\uFF1A\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 Nissh\u014Dki\uFF09\uFF0C\u5728\u65E5\u672C\u56FD\u5185\u5E38\u4EE5\u201C\u65E5\u4E4B\u4E38\u201D\uFF08\u65E5\u8BED\uFF1A\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 Hinomaru\uFF09\u7A31\u4E4B\uFF0C\u4E2D\u6587\u5730\u533A\u5E38\u79F0\u4E4B\u4E3A\u201C\u592A\u967D\u65D7\u201D\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u570B\u65D7\u4E5F\u662F\u8A72\u570B\u540D\u865F\u201C\u65ED\u65E5\u4E4B\u570B\u201D\u7684\u9AD4\u73FE\u3002 1999\u5E748\u670813\u65E5\uFF0C\u300A\u56FD\u65D7\u56FD\u6B4C\u6CD5\u300B\u516C\u5E03\u65BD\u884C\uFF0C\u5C06\u201C\u65E5\u4E4B\u4E38\u201D\u548C\u201C\u541B\u4E4B\u4EE3\u201D\u5206\u5225\u6B63\u5F0F\u5B9A\u4E3A\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u56FD\u65D7\u53CA\u56FD\u6B4C\uFF0C\u540C\u6642\u4E5F\u8ABF\u6574\u4E86\u570B\u65D7\u88FD\u4F5C\u7684\u898F\u683C\u3002\u5118\u7BA1\u4E4B\u524D\u5E76\u6C92\u6709\u660E\u78BA\u7ACB\u6CD5\u65E5\u672C\u570B\u65D7\u70BA\u4F55\uFF0C\u4F46\u8207\u516C\u8846\u53CA\u5404\u985E\u570B\u969B\u5834\u5408\u4E4B\u9593\uFF0C\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7\u5C31\u5DF2\u662F\u65E5\u672C\u4E8B\u5BE6\u4E0A\u7684\u570B\u65D7\u3002\u57281870\u5E74\u660E\u6CBB\u521D\u671F\uFF0C\u6642\u65E5\u672C\u653F\u5E9C\u9812\u4F48\u4E8C\u9805\u516C\u6587\u7686\u6709\u6D89\u53CA\u570B\u65D7\u8A2D\u8A08\u4E4B\u898F\u7BC4\u3002\u660E\u6CBB\u4E09\u5E742\u670827\u65E5\u7B2C57\u53F7\u516C\u544A\uFF0C\u65E5\u4E4B\u4E38\u6B63\u5F0F\u4F5C\u7232\u65E5\u672C\u5546\u8239\u7684\u65D7\u5E5F\u51FA\u822A\uFF1B\u800C\u6839\u64DA\u540C\u5E7410\u6708\u7B2C651\u53F7\u516C\u6587\u66F4\u5C07\u8A72\u65D7\u6A19\u7232\u6D77\u8ECD\u8ECD\u7528\u65D7\u3002\u5728\u4E8C\u6230\u5F8C\u671F\uFF0C\u56E0\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u6230\u6557\uFF0C\u8A72\u65D7\u66FE\u540C\u5E36\u6709\u5350\u5B57\u7684\u5FB7\u570B\u65D7\u5E5F\uFF08\u5FB7\u610F\u5FD7\u570B\u570B\u65D7\u3001\u7D0D\u7CB9\u9EE8\u65D7\u3001\u570B\u9632\u8ECD\u8ECD\u65D7\u7B49\uFF09\u53D7\u76DF\u8ECD\u56B4\u683C\u4E4B\u9650\u5236\uFF0C\u671F\u9593\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u6C11\u8239\u3001\u5546\u8239\u4E00\u5F8B\u4F7F\u7528\u540C\u76DF\u570B\u8ECD\u4E8B\u5360\u9818\u65E5\u672C\u6642\u7684\u4EE3\u7528\u65D7\uFF1B\u4F46\u5F8C\u4F86\u8A72\u898F\u5B9A\u6709\u6240\u653E\u5BEC\u3002 \u4F20\u8BF4\u65E5\u672C\u662F\u5929\u7167\u5927\u795E\u521B\u9020\u7684\uFF0C\u800C\u65E5\u672C\u5929\u7687\u662F\u5929\u7167\u5927\u795E\u7684\u5B50\u5B59\u3002\u516C\u5143607\u5E74\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u8056\u5FB7\u592A\u5B50\u7D66\u4E2D\u570B\u968B\u716C\u5E1D\u7684\u570B\u66F8\u4E0A\uFF0C\u81EA\u7A31\u662F\u65E5\u51FA\u4E4B\u570B\u4EE5\u4F86\uFF0C\u65E5\u51FA\u7B26\u865F\u6210\u70BA\u502D\u570B\u7684\u8C61\u5FB5\u3002\u516C\u5143701\u5E74\u8FD9\u9762\u65D7\u5E1C\u5C31\u5F00\u59CB\u4E3A\u6587\u6B66\u5929\u7687\u6240\u4F7F\u7528\uFF0C\u5F53\u65F6\u79F0\u4F5C\u201C\u5929\u7687\u65D7\u201D\u3002\u5728\u6B27\u6D32\u5217\u5F3A\u524D\u5F80\u4E9A\u6D32\u6B96\u6C11\u4EE5\u524D\uFF0C\u65E5\u672C\u5904\u5728\u6C5F\u6237\u5E55\u5E9C\u7684\u9501\u56FD\u65F6\u671F\uFF0C\u8D38\u6613\u5F80\u6765\u8F83\u5C11\uFF0C\u56FD\u5BB6\u610F\u8BC6\u6DE1\u8584\uFF0C\u56E0\u6B64\u4E0E\u4E2D\u56FD\u3001\u671D\u9BAE\u540C\u6A23\u672A\u6709\u5236\u5B9A\u56FD\u65D7\u3002\u76F4\u5230\u5E55\u672B\u65F6\u671F\uFF0C\u6B27\u6D32\u5217\u5F3A\u548C\u7F8E\u56FD\u7684\u519B\u8230\u524D\u5F80\u65E5\u672C\u5217\u5C9B\uFF0C\u5F3A\u884C\u6253\u5F00\u4E86\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u56FD\u95E8\u3002\u4E0E\u5176\u5B83\u56FD\u5BB6\u8FDB\u884C\u8D38\u6613\u9700\u8981\u56FD\u65D7\u8FDB\u884C\u8BC6\u522B\uFF0C\u4F46\u662F\u65E5\u672C\u65E0\u65D7\u53EF\u6302\u30021854\u5E743\u6708\uFF0C\u300A\u795E\u5948\u5DDD\u6761\u7EA6\u300B\u7B7E\u7F72\uFF1B\u540C\u5E747\u6708\uFF0C\u6C5F\u6237\u5E55\u5E9C\u4EE5\u8001\u4E2D\u963F\u90E8\u6B63\u5F18\u4E4B\u540D\u53D1\u5E03\u901A\u544A\uFF0C\u5728\u6C11\u8239\u3001\u5546\u8239\u4E0A\u4F7F\u7528\u65E5\u4E4B\u4E38\u65D7\u300219\u4E16\u7EAA\u4E2D\u53F6\u5F00\u59CB\uFF0C\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7\u9010\u6E10\u6210\u4E3A\u4EE3\u8868\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u65D7\u5E1C\uFF0C\u6240\u6709\u65E5\u672C\u8239\u53EA\u60AC\u6302\u7740\u7684\u5C31\u662F\u8FD9\u9762\u65D7\u5E1C\u30021870\u5E74\uFF0C\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7\u6B63\u5F0F\u5B9A\u4E3A\u65E5\u672C\u6D77\u519B\u65D7\u5E1C\uFF0C\u767D\u8272\u8C61\u5F81\u795E\u5723\u3001\u548C\u5E73\u3001\u7EAF\u6D01\u53CA\u6B63\u4E49\uFF0C\u7EA2\u8272\u5219\u8C61\u5F81\u771F\u631A\u3001\u70ED\u5FF1\u3001\u6D3B\u529B\u548C\u535A\u7231\u3002"@zh . . "Berghahn Books"@en . . "Police of the Hokkaido Prefecture"@en . . . . "122956"^^ . . . "Turnbull, Stephen; Howard Gerrard"@en . . . . "\u5929\u8349\u5E02\u65D7"@en . "Ministry of Defense"@en . . . "Case Studies on Human Rights in Japan"@en . . "Partner, Simon"@en . "London; New York"@en . . "Nornes, Abe Mark"@en . . "Handbook of Japanese Mythology"@en . . "Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem, Act No. 127"@en . . . . . "Cambridge University Press"@en . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=zsdFCz-Il3EC&dq=Japanese+flag+respect+foreign&pg=PA125|isbn=0-7914-5050-3|ref="@en . . . . . . "2011-10-04"^^ . . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=gUHw7HKfYPgC&dq=flag+burning+Japan&pg=PA151|ref="@en . . . . . . . "C. J. Greenwood and A. G. Oppenheimer"@en . . . . "2015-04-06"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "\u77E5\u3063\u3066\u304A\u304D\u305F\u3044\u56FD\u65D7\u30FB\u65D7\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u77E5\u8B58"@en . "\u5E83\u5CF6\u770C\u770C\u7AE0\u304A\u3088\u3073\u770C\u65D7\u306E\u5236\u5B9A"@en . . . . . "Indonesia: Peoples and Histories"@en . . . . . . . "JMSDF Flag and Emblem Rules"@en . "https://books.google.com/books?id=El9Lj_EKzBAC&dq=rising+sun+Japan+flag&pg=PA124|isbn=0-7748-0899-3|ref="@en . "1124779653"^^ . "Lauterpacht, Elihu"@en . . "Routledge"@en . . . . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=vvIuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%80%80%E7%A4%BE%E6%97%97|isbn=978-4-02-260421-7|ref="@en . . "Modern Japanese Cuisine: Food, Power and National Identity"@en . . . . . "Otsuki Shoten"@en . . . . "Flags Through the Ages and Across the World"@en . "\u660E\u6CBB3\u5E74\u592A\u653F\u5B98\u5E03\u544A\u7B2C57\u53F7"@en . . "Brill"@en . . . "Millbrook Press"@en . . . "Japans flagga"@sv . "Kataoka, Tetsuya"@en . . . "Modern Japan A Social and Political History"@en . . "--02-27"^^ . . . . "\u6D77\u8ECD\u554F\u7B54"@en . "Bandeira do Jap\u00E3o"@pt . . . . . . . . "Prime Minister's Proclamation No. 651"@en . . . "Hoover Institution Press"@en . "https://books.google.com/books?id=ccnWvoK2AIQC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA266|isbn=0-7425-4117-7|ref="@en . "Meyer, Milton"@en . "\u6D77\u4E0A\u81EA\u885B\u968A\u65D7\u7AE0\u898F\u5247"@en . "Asahi Shimbun Publishing"@en . "\u8A18\u8005\u56DB\u5341\u5E74"@en . "110110"^^ . . "Inoguchi, Takashi; Purnendra Jain"@en . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=2IkOAAAAQAAJ&dq=japan+flag+hirohito&pg=PA184|isbn=0-415-03203-2|ref="@en . . "Takahashi, Yuuichi"@en . "Edgington, David William"@en . . "International Law Reports"@en . . . . . "live"@en . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=P58KAQAAIAAJ&q=1945+flag+SCAJAP|ref="@en . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=EFhAUbH6ra0C&dq=Palau+flag&pg=PA73|isbn=0-7613-1753-8|ref="@en . . . . . . . . "Goodman, Roger; Ian Neary"@en . . "--08-18"^^ . . . "1870-02-27"^^ . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=9P6OfUw822oC&dq=Akagi+flag&pg=PA124|isbn=978-1-57003-555-5|ref="@en . . . . . . "Japans flagga \u00E4r vit med en r\u00F6d rund skiva som symboliserar den uppg\u00E5ende solen. Flaggan antogs f\u00F6rsta g\u00E5ngen 27 januari 1870 (efter att den anv\u00E4nts av handelsfartyg redan 1854), d\u00E5 den hade proportionerna 7:10. Utseendet fastst\u00E4lldes 1999 genom dekret nr 127 d\u00E5 proportionerna \u00E4ndrades till 2:3. Flaggans officiella namn \u00E4r nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) eller \"solflaggan\". De flesta anv\u00E4nder dock namnet hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38), \"solens skiva\", vilket egentligen refererar till den r\u00F6da solskivan. Symbolens ursprung \u00E4r ok\u00E4nt, men man vet att krigadeln buke ofta m\u00E5lade liknande symboler p\u00E5 solfj\u00E4drar redan p\u00E5 1200-talet. Den tidigaste bekr\u00E4ftade f\u00F6rekomsten av sj\u00E4lva flaggan var slaget vid Sekigahara 1600, d\u00E4r den var en bef\u00E4lssymbol hos trupperna som k\u00E4mpade f\u00F6r shogunen av Tokugawa\u00E4tten. Flaggans vita bakgrund st\u00E5r f\u00F6r renhet och \u00E4rlighet, och den r\u00F6da f\u00E4rgen kan tolkas som en symbol f\u00F6r upplysthet, integritet och v\u00E4rme."@sv . . . "\u0397 \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u00AB\u03A3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0389\u03BB\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5\u00BB (\u039D\u03B9\u03C3\u03C3\u03CC\u03BF\u03BA\u03B9 , \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) \u03AE \u03A7\u03B9\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 \u00AB\u03B7\u03BB\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B4\u03AF\u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2\u00BB) \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03BA\u03AE \u03BC\u03B5 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF \u03BA\u03CC\u03BA\u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03BF \u03B4\u03AF\u03C3\u03BA\u03BF \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03BA\u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C9\u03C0\u03B5\u03AF \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1 \u03AE\u03BB\u03B9\u03BF, \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03AD\u03BD\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF. \u03A7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9, \u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03C6\u03C9\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03B8\u03C1\u03CD\u03BB\u03BF, \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u039C\u03BF\u03B3\u03B3\u03CC\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 13\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1, \u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BF \u03B2\u03BF\u03C5\u03B4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE\u03C2 \u039D\u03AF\u03C4\u03C3\u03B9\u03C1\u03B5\u03BD \u03C6\u03B5\u03C1\u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B5 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2. \u03A5\u03B9\u03BF\u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03AE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF 1870. \u0397 \u03C7\u03CE\u03C1\u03B1 \u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03A3\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 3 \u039C\u03B1\u0390\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 1947."@el . "\u041F\u0440\u0430\u043F\u043E\u0440 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457"@uk . . . "Flags of the world"@en . "Government of Hiroshima Prefecture"@en . . . "\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646"@ar . . "Law About the Flag and Emblem of Hiroshima Prefecture"@en . . "Heenan, Patrick"@en . "Takenaka, Yoshiharu"@en . . "The national flag of Japan is a rectangular white banner bearing a crimson-red circle at its center. This flag is officially called the Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7, 'flag of the sun'), but is more commonly known in Japan as the Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38, 'Ball of the sun'). It embodies the country's sobriquet: the Land of the Rising Sun. The Nisshoki flag is designated as the national flag in the Act on National Flag and Anthem, which was promulgated and became effective on 13 August 1999. Although no earlier legislation had specified a national flag, the sun-disc flag had already become the de facto national flag of Japan. Two proclamations issued in 1870 by the Daij\u014D-kan, the governmental body of the early Meiji period, each had a provision for a design of the national flag. A sun-disc flag was adopted as the national flag for merchant ships under Proclamation No. 57 of Meiji 3 (issued on 27 February 1870), and as the national flag used by the Navy under Proclamation No. 651 of Meiji 3 (issued on 27 October 1870). Use of the Hinomaru was severely restricted during the early years of the Allied occupation of Japan after World War II; these restrictions were later relaxed. The sun plays an important role in Japanese mythology and religion, as the Emperor is said to be the direct descendant of the Shinto sun goddess Amaterasu, and the legitimacy of the ruling house rested on this divine appointment. The name of the country as well as the design of the flag reflect this central importance of the sun. The ancient history Shoku Nihongi says that Emperor Monmu used a flag representing the sun in his court in 701, the first recorded use of a sun-motif flag in Japan. The oldest existing flag is preserved in Unp\u014D-ji temple, K\u014Dsh\u016B, Yamanashi, which is older than the 16th century, and an ancient legend says that the flag was given to the temple by Emperor Go-Reizei in the 11th century. During the Meiji Restoration, the sun disc and the Rising Sun Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Army became major symbols in the emerging Japanese Empire. Propaganda posters, textbooks, and films depicted the flag as a source of pride and patriotism. In Japanese homes, citizens were required to display the flag during national holidays, celebrations and other occasions as decreed by the government. Different tokens of devotion to Japan and its Emperor featuring the Hinomaru motif became popular among the public during the Second Sino-Japanese War and other conflicts. These tokens ranged from slogans written on the flag to clothing items and dishes that resembled the flag. Public perception of the national flag varies. Historically, both Western and Japanese sources claimed the flag was a powerful and enduring symbol to the Japanese. Since the end of World War II (the Pacific War), the use of the flag and the national anthem Kimigayo has been a contentious issue for Japan's public schools, and disputes about their use have led to protests and lawsuits. In China and Korea, the flag is a symbol of aggression and imperialism. Several military banners of Japan are based on the Hinomaru, including the sunrayed naval ensign. The Hinomaru also serves as a template for other Japanese flags in public and private use."@en . . . "Do Elephants Jump?"@en . "Aspinall, Robert W"@en . . . . . "Die Flagge von Japan (jap. \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 Nissh\u014Dki \u201ASonnenwappenflagge\u2018 bzw. \u65E5\u306E\u4E38 Hi no Maru\u201A dt. etwa \u201ESonnenrund\u201C, \u201ESonnenkreis\u201C) zeigt auf wei\u00DFem Grund einen genau mittig angeordneten gro\u00DFen zinnoberroten Kreis als Sonnensymbol."@de . . . . . "Japoniako bandera, eguzki diskoa esanahia duten Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) eta Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38\u306E)\u65D7) izenez ere ezagutzen da. Atzealde zuria du, eta erdian eguzkia adierazten duen zirkulu gorri handia dauka."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Khan, Yoshimitsu"@en . . . . . "Blackie & Son Limited"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Die Flagge von Japan (jap. \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 Nissh\u014Dki \u201ASonnenwappenflagge\u2018 bzw. \u65E5\u306E\u4E38 Hi no Maru\u201A dt. etwa \u201ESonnenrund\u201C, \u201ESonnenkreis\u201C) zeigt auf wei\u00DFem Grund einen genau mittig angeordneten gro\u00DFen zinnoberroten Kreis als Sonnensymbol."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A \u0644\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u064A\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0637\u064A\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0623\u062D\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u064A\u0645\u062B\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062A\u0635\u0641. \u064A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00AB\u0646\u064A\u0634\u064F\u0651\u0648\u0643\u064A\u00BB (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0639\u0646\u064A \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064A\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u00AB\u0647\u064A\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u00BB (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0639\u0646\u064A \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u00BB."@ar . "Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the End in Political Authority"@en . "Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan"@en . . . "Symbols of nationalism and Nihonjinron"@en . "\u65E5\u672C\u306E\u56FD\u65D7"@ja . "Trevor, Malcolm"@en . . . . . "Bandera de Jap\u00F3n"@es . . "Taylor, Jean Gelman"@en . . "--10-26"^^ . . . "Le drapeau du Japon est un drapeau blanc avec un grand disque rouge en son centre (repr\u00E9sentant le soleil, plus pr\u00E9cis\u00E9ment la d\u00E9esse shinto du soleil Amaterasu). C'est le drapeau civil, le drapeau d'\u00C9tat, le pavillon marchand et le pavillon d'\u00C9tat du Japon. Il est connu sous le nom de Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38\u306E\u65D7, hi no maru no hata, \u00AB drapeau au disque solaire \u00BB), ou plus officiellement sous le nom de Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7, \u00E9tendard japonais) en japonais. Le rapport entre la hauteur et la largeur du drapeau est de 2:3, et le diam\u00E8tre du disque est trois cinqui\u00E8mes de la hauteur du drapeau. Le drapeau Nissh\u014Dki est le drapeau national depuis la loi relative aux drapeau et hymne nationaux, promulgu\u00E9e et effective depuis le 13 ao\u00FBt 1999. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de l\u00E9gislation ant\u00E9rieure le d\u00E9signant comme drapeau national, il est d\u00E9j\u00E0 consid\u00E9r\u00E9 comme le drapeau national de facto du Japon. En effet, deux proclamations ont \u00E9t\u00E9 \u00E9mises en 1870 par le Daij\u014D-kan, le corps gouvernemental au d\u00E9but de l'\u00E8re Meiji, chacune d'entre elles ayant une disposition sur la composition du drapeau national. Un drapeau avec un disque solaire a \u00E9t\u00E9 adopt\u00E9 comme drapeau national pour les navires marchands sous la Proclamation no 57 de Meiji 3 (publi\u00E9e le 27 f\u00E9vrier 1870), et comme drapeau national utilis\u00E9 par la Marine sous la Proclamation no 651 de Meiji 3 (publi\u00E9e le 27 octobre 1870). L'utilisation du Hinomaru a \u00E9t\u00E9 s\u00E9v\u00E8rement limit\u00E9e pendant le d\u00E9but de l'occupation am\u00E9ricaine apr\u00E8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale m\u00EAme si ces restrictions ont \u00E9t\u00E9 assouplies par la suite. Le motif du Hinomaru est parfois pr\u00E9sent sur les drapeaux de certains daimyos et samoura\u00EFs. L'antique Shoku Nihongi indique que l'Empereur Monmu s'est servi d'un drapeau sur lequel figure un soleil dans sa cour en 701, ce qui en fait la plus ancienne utilisation enregistr\u00E9e d'un drapeau \u00E0 motif solaire au Japon. Le plus vieux drapeau encore visible est pr\u00E9serv\u00E9 au temple Unp\u014D-ji \u00E0 K\u014Dsh\u016B, Yamanashi. Il date d'avant le XVIe si\u00E8cle, et d'anciennes l\u00E9gendes racontent qu'il aurait \u00E9t\u00E9 offert au temple par l'Empereur Go-Reizei au XIe si\u00E8cle. Pendant la Restauration de Meiji, le disque solaire et l'embl\u00E8me du soleil levant Kyokujitsuki de la Marine imp\u00E9riale japonaise deviennent tous deux des symboles majeurs d'un Empire japonais en d\u00E9veloppement. Des posters de propagande, des manuels et des films font du drapeau une source de fiert\u00E9 et de patriotisme. Dans les foyers japonais, des citoyens sont contraints d'afficher le drapeau pendant les jours f\u00E9ri\u00E9s, les c\u00E9l\u00E9brations et d'autres occasions d\u00E9cr\u00E9t\u00E9es par le gouvernement. Diff\u00E9rents objets et gages de d\u00E9votion au Japon et son empereur mettant en avant le motif du Hinomaru (via des slogans \u00E9crits sur un drapeau, des v\u00EAtements, ou encore de la vaisselle\u2026) deviennent populaires pendant la Seconde Guerre sino-japonaise et d'autres conflits. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, chaque soldat ou presque poss\u00E9dait son hinomaru d'encouragement, un drapeau sur lequel les proches \u00E9crivaient des messages. Ces derni\u00E8res d\u00E9cennies, l'opinion du public sur le drapeau national est partag\u00E9e. L'utilisation du drapeau et de l'hymne national Kimi ga yo est m\u00EAme parfois l'objet d'un conflit dans les \u00E9coles publiques du Japon. Des contentieux sur leur usage ont engendr\u00E9 manifestations et poursuites judiciaires. Pour les Okinawa\u00EFens, le drapeau repr\u00E9sente les \u00E9v\u00E9nements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et la pr\u00E9sence militaire am\u00E9ricaine qui a suivi dans cette r\u00E9gion. Pour certaines nations occup\u00E9es par le Japon, le drapeau est le symbole de l'agression et de l'imp\u00E9rialisme. Le Hinomaru a en effet servi d'instrument contre les nations occup\u00E9es dans le but d'intimider, d'affirmer la domination du Japon voire de soumission. Malgr\u00E9 les connotations n\u00E9gatives, les sources occidentales et japonaises indiquent que le drapeau est un symbole puissant et durable des Japonais. Plusieurs banni\u00E8res militaires du Japon sont bas\u00E9es sur le Hinomaru, dont l'embl\u00E8me naval des rayons du soleil. Le Hinomaru a \u00E9galement servi de mod\u00E8le pour les autres drapeaux japonais d'usage public ou priv\u00E9."@fr . . . . . "Self-Defense Forces Law Enforcement Order"@en . . "\u81EA\u885B\u968A\u306E\u65D7\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u8A13\u4EE4"@en . "jp"@en . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=O3UYAAAAIAAJ&q=European+flags+Japan|isbn=0-07-059093-1|ref="@en . "Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group"@en . . . . . "A bandeira do Jap\u00E3o tem um formato retangular branco com um grande disco carmesim (representando o Sol) no centro, e \u00E9 oficialmente denominada Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 \"bandeira do Sol\"?) em japon\u00EAs, embora seja mais comumente conhecida como Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 \"disco solar\"?)."@pt . "Carr, Harold Gresham; Frederick Edward Hulme"@en . . . "Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko"@en . . . . . . "R\u00F6hl, Wilhelm"@en . . . "Japan in Asia: 1942\u20131945"@en . "Japan"@en . . "Fujitani, Takashi"@en . "2008-04-07"^^ . . "Saito, Shinya"@en . . . . "--04-23"^^ . "University of South Carolina Press"@en . . "Cutler, Thomas"@en . "2009-09-25"^^ . "De nationale vlag van Japan, in het Japans Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) of Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 zonneschijf), bestaat uit een wit vlak met een rode cirkel in het midden. Deze rode cirkel stelt de zon voor."@nl . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=WTQuAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E6%97%97&pg=PT76|ref="@en . "https://books.google.com/books?id=SciqAStNYLYC&dq=hinomaru+homes+war&pg=PA55|isbn=978-0-520-24097-1|ref="@en . "Flag Rules of the JASDF"@en . "Seiroku Kajiyama: Praising the smile in the dying face"@en . . "--02-06"^^ . . . "\u3007\u6D77\u4E0A\u81EA\u885B\u968A\u306E\u4F7F\u7528\u3059\u308B\u822A\u7A7A\u6A5F\u306E\u5206\u985E\u7B49\u53CA\u3073\u5857\u7CA7\u6A19\u6E96\u7B49\u306B \u95A2\u3059\u308B\u9054"@en . "Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: A Political Biography"@en . "University of Chicago Press"@en . . "Creating Single-Party Democracy: Japan's Postwar Political System"@en . "Japanese Foreign Policy Today"@en . . "Hegemony of Homogeneity: An Anthropological Analysis of Nihonjinron"@en . . "McGraw-Hill"@en . . "Football Culture Local Conflicts, Global Visions"@en . . . . . "University of Minnesota Press"@en . . . "Drapeau du Japon"@fr . "Goodman, Roger and Kirsten Refsing"@en . "1954-06-30"^^ . "https://books.google.com/books?id=rX8HlYCd7_gC&dq=chrysanthemum+flag&pg=PA48|isbn=978-0-520-21371-5|ref="@en . . . . . "Cwiertka, Katarzyna Joanna"@en . . . "\u65E5\u672C\u56FD\u65D7"@zh . "https://books.google.com/books?id=Nu5WcLQfS7QC&dq=flag+japan+Emperor&pg=PA214|isbn=0-06-057720-7|ref="@en . . . "Large, Stephen"@en . "https://books.google.com/books?id=oK-7LOlWNpEC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA117|isbn=1-86189-298-5|ref="@en . . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=jdGG3U3KhnEC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA137|isbn=978-0-415-18538-7|ref="@en . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=mF66AAAAIAAJ&q=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%80%80%E7%A4%BE%E6%97%97|isbn=4-06-212592-7|ref="@en . . . "Emblem of Amakusa"@en . "Ashkenazi, Michael"@en . . . . "Flaga Japonii"@pl . . "Westview Press"@en . . . . . "Trans Pacific Press"@en . . . . . "Japonsk\u00E1 vlajka"@cs . "\u9678\u8ECD\u3068\u6D77\u8ECD"@en . "The Japan Handbook"@en . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=11D14NIwKaYC&dq=European+flags+Japan&pg=PA81|isbn=0-8166-4046-7|ref="@en . "1912-07-30"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "\u65E5\u672C\u56FD\u65D7\u4E3A\u4E00\u9762\u767D\u8272\u957F\u65B9\u5F62\u65D7\u5E1C\uFF0C\u65D7\u5E1C\u4E2D\u5FC3\u4E3A\u4E00\u4E2A\u7EA2\u8272\u5706\u5F62\u4EE3\u8868\u592A\u9633\u3002\u5176\u6B63\u5F0F\u540D\u79F0\u4E3A\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7\uFF08\u65E5\u8BED\uFF1A\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 Nissh\u014Dki\uFF09\uFF0C\u5728\u65E5\u672C\u56FD\u5185\u5E38\u4EE5\u201C\u65E5\u4E4B\u4E38\u201D\uFF08\u65E5\u8BED\uFF1A\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 Hinomaru\uFF09\u7A31\u4E4B\uFF0C\u4E2D\u6587\u5730\u533A\u5E38\u79F0\u4E4B\u4E3A\u201C\u592A\u967D\u65D7\u201D\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u570B\u65D7\u4E5F\u662F\u8A72\u570B\u540D\u865F\u201C\u65ED\u65E5\u4E4B\u570B\u201D\u7684\u9AD4\u73FE\u3002 1999\u5E748\u670813\u65E5\uFF0C\u300A\u56FD\u65D7\u56FD\u6B4C\u6CD5\u300B\u516C\u5E03\u65BD\u884C\uFF0C\u5C06\u201C\u65E5\u4E4B\u4E38\u201D\u548C\u201C\u541B\u4E4B\u4EE3\u201D\u5206\u5225\u6B63\u5F0F\u5B9A\u4E3A\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u56FD\u65D7\u53CA\u56FD\u6B4C\uFF0C\u540C\u6642\u4E5F\u8ABF\u6574\u4E86\u570B\u65D7\u88FD\u4F5C\u7684\u898F\u683C\u3002\u5118\u7BA1\u4E4B\u524D\u5E76\u6C92\u6709\u660E\u78BA\u7ACB\u6CD5\u65E5\u672C\u570B\u65D7\u70BA\u4F55\uFF0C\u4F46\u8207\u516C\u8846\u53CA\u5404\u985E\u570B\u969B\u5834\u5408\u4E4B\u9593\uFF0C\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7\u5C31\u5DF2\u662F\u65E5\u672C\u4E8B\u5BE6\u4E0A\u7684\u570B\u65D7\u3002\u57281870\u5E74\u660E\u6CBB\u521D\u671F\uFF0C\u6642\u65E5\u672C\u653F\u5E9C\u9812\u4F48\u4E8C\u9805\u516C\u6587\u7686\u6709\u6D89\u53CA\u570B\u65D7\u8A2D\u8A08\u4E4B\u898F\u7BC4\u3002\u660E\u6CBB\u4E09\u5E742\u670827\u65E5\u7B2C57\u53F7\u516C\u544A\uFF0C\u65E5\u4E4B\u4E38\u6B63\u5F0F\u4F5C\u7232\u65E5\u672C\u5546\u8239\u7684\u65D7\u5E5F\u51FA\u822A\uFF1B\u800C\u6839\u64DA\u540C\u5E7410\u6708\u7B2C651\u53F7\u516C\u6587\u66F4\u5C07\u8A72\u65D7\u6A19\u7232\u6D77\u8ECD\u8ECD\u7528\u65D7\u3002\u5728\u4E8C\u6230\u5F8C\u671F\uFF0C\u56E0\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u6230\u6557\uFF0C\u8A72\u65D7\u66FE\u540C\u5E36\u6709\u5350\u5B57\u7684\u5FB7\u570B\u65D7\u5E5F\uFF08\u5FB7\u610F\u5FD7\u570B\u570B\u65D7\u3001\u7D0D\u7CB9\u9EE8\u65D7\u3001\u570B\u9632\u8ECD\u8ECD\u65D7\u7B49\uFF09\u53D7\u76DF\u8ECD\u56B4\u683C\u4E4B\u9650\u5236\uFF0C\u671F\u9593\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u6C11\u8239\u3001\u5546\u8239\u4E00\u5F8B\u4F7F\u7528\u540C\u76DF\u570B\u8ECD\u4E8B\u5360\u9818\u65E5\u672C\u6642\u7684\u4EE3\u7528\u65D7\uFF1B\u4F46\u5F8C\u4F86\u8A72\u898F\u5B9A\u6709\u6240\u653E\u5BEC\u3002"@zh . . . . "Warne"@en . "East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History"@en . "Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing"@en . . . . . "Palgrave Macmillan"@en . "Rhetoric In Martial Deliberations And Decision Making: Cases And Consequences"@en . . "La bandera nacional del Jap\u00F3 \u00E9s la bandera que representa el Jap\u00F3 i que, juntament amb l'escut i l'himne nacional, t\u00E9 la categoria de s\u00EDmbol nacional. Consisteix en un rectangle de color blanc i amb un gran disc vermell (representa al Sol) en el centre. Es denomina oficialment Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5 \u7AE0 \u65D7, \u00ABBandera del sol en forma de disc\u00BB) en japon\u00E8s, per\u00F2 \u00E9s m\u00E9s comunament coneguda com a Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38, \u00ABDisc solar\u00BB). La Nissh\u014Dki \u00E9s la bandera nacional de l'Imperi japon\u00E8s segons la Llei Concernent a la Bandera i l'Himne Nacional, que va ser promulgada i va entrar en vigor el 13 d'agost de 1999. Tot i que anteriorment no s'especificava una bandera oficial, el Hinomaru ja era de facto la ins\u00EDgnia nacional. Dues proclamacions del 1870 donaven dues provisions per al disseny d'una bandera nacional. L'\u00FAs del Hinomaru va ser severament restringit durant els primers anys de l'ocupaci\u00F3 nord-americana despr\u00E9s de la Segona Guerra Mundial, tot i que posteriorment les restriccions es van relaxar. Durant la primerenca hist\u00F2ria del Jap\u00F3, el motiu del Hinomaru va ser utilitzat en les banderes de d\u00E0imios i samurais. Durant la Restauraci\u00F3 Meiji, tant el disc solar com la ins\u00EDgnia del sol naixent de l'Armada Imperial Japonesa es van convertir en els principals s\u00EDmbols de l'emergent Imperi japon\u00E8s. Cartells amb propaganda, llibres de text i pel\u00B7l\u00EDcules pintaven la bandera com una font d'orgull i patriotisme. Els ciutadans se'ls demanava que mostressin la bandera a casa seva durant les festes nacionals, celebracions i altres ocasions que decret\u00E9s el Govern. Diferents objectes devocionals al pa\u00EDs i l'emperador amb el motiu del Hinomaru es van tornar populars durant la Segona Guerra Sinojaponesa i altres conflictes. Aquests objectes anaven des de La percepci\u00F3 p\u00FAblica de la bandera nacional varia. Per a alguns japonesos, la bandera representa el pa\u00EDs, de manera que cap altra pot substituir-la. No obstant aix\u00F2, la bandera no \u00E9s desplegada causa de la seva associaci\u00F3 amb el nacionalisme extrem. L'\u00FAs de la bandera i l'himne nacional -el Kimigayo- han estat un assumpte pol\u00E8mic en les escoles p\u00FAbliques del Jap\u00F3 des de la fi de la Segona Guerra Mundial. Disputes sobre el seu \u00FAs han derivat en protestes, demandes i almenys un su\u00EFcidi a la prefectura d'Hiroshima. Pels d'Okinawa, la bandera representa els esdeveniments de la Segona Guerra Mundial i la subseq\u00FCent pres\u00E8ncia militar nord-americana. Per a algunes nacions ocupades pel Jap\u00F3 la bandera \u00E9s s\u00EDmbol d'agressi\u00F3 i imperialisme. El Hinomaru va ser utilitzat com una eina en contra de nacions ocupades amb el prop\u00F2sit d'intimidar i subjugar. Malgrat les connotacions negatives, fonts japoneses i occidentals asseguren que la bandera \u00E9s un perdurable i poder\u00F3s s\u00EDmbol per als japonesos. Diferents banderes s'han basat en el Hinomaru, incloent-hi la ins\u00EDgnia de l'Armada, a m\u00E9s que va servir com a base per a altres banderes al Jap\u00F3, tant d'\u00FAs p\u00FAblic com privat."@ca . . . . . . "Itoh, Mayumi"@en . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=ciH7OSSZ95YC&dq=Japanese+flag+foreign&pg=PA228|isbn=0-312-22707-8|ref="@en . . "Osprey Publishing"@en . . . . "Standard Sizes, Markings and Paint Used On Aircraft"@en . . "--03-27"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Newell, William"@en . . . "1870-10-03"^^ . . "Frederick Warne & Co."@en . . . "Hall, James"@en . "2011-07-22"^^ . . . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=qNawsKPltbwC&dq=Japan+flag+schools&pg=PA206|isbn=1-57958-055-6|ref="@en . "Mangan, J.A.; Finn, Gerry; Giulianotti, Richard and Majumdar, Boria"@en . . "Flag of Amakusa"@en . "Ideology and Practice in Modern Japan"@en . "La nacia flago de Japanio (japane: \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 nissh\u014Dki a\u016D \u65E5\u306E\u4E38 hi no maru, sundisko) estas blanka flago kun meze centrita granda ru\u011Da disko, simbolo de la suno. Jam dum la Mej\u011Di-epoko ekde la jaro 1868 \u011Di estis konsiderata la nacia flago. Kvankam la sundiska formo estis oficiale adoptita por marflagoj en 1870, \u011Di estis oficiale deklarita nacia flago nur la 13-an de a\u016Dgusto 1999. La flankrilato de la nacia flago estas 2:3, la diametro de la disko estas 3/5 de la mallonga flanko de la flago. \u011Custaj mezuroj estas ekzemple flago 1,5 metrojn lar\u011Da, 1 metron alta kaj kun sundiska diametro de 60 cm."@eo . . . . "2008-03-25"^^ . "Bendera Jepang"@in . "A white background with a red dot in the middle"@en . "2013-05-23"^^ . "\u5929\u8349\u5E02\u7AE0"@en . "Police of Kanagawa Prefecture"@en . . . . . . . "\u0397 \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C9\u03C2 \u00AB\u03A3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u0389\u03BB\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5\u00BB (\u039D\u03B9\u03C3\u03C3\u03CC\u03BF\u03BA\u03B9 , \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7) \u03AE \u03A7\u03B9\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 \u00AB\u03B7\u03BB\u03B9\u03B1\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B4\u03AF\u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03C2\u00BB) \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BB\u03B5\u03C5\u03BA\u03AE \u03BC\u03B5 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF \u03BA\u03CC\u03BA\u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03BF \u03B4\u03AF\u03C3\u03BA\u03BF \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03BA\u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C9\u03C0\u03B5\u03AF \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C4\u03AD\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1 \u03AE\u03BB\u03B9\u03BF, \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03BA\u03AD\u03BD\u03C4\u03C1\u03BF. \u03A7\u03C1\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9, \u03C3\u03CD\u03BC\u03C6\u03C9\u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF \u03B8\u03C1\u03CD\u03BB\u03BF, \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u039C\u03BF\u03B3\u03B3\u03CC\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 13\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B1\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD\u03B1, \u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BF \u03B2\u03BF\u03C5\u03B4\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE\u03C2 \u039D\u03AF\u03C4\u03C3\u03B9\u03C1\u03B5\u03BD \u03C6\u03B5\u03C1\u03CC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B5 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AE \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03BF\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u0399\u03B1\u03C0\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2. \u03A5\u03B9\u03BF\u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03AE\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF 1870. \u0397 \u03C7\u03CE\u03C1\u03B1 \u03AD\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9 \u03A3\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03BC\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 3 \u039C\u03B1\u0390\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 1947."@el . . "2013-09-28"^^ . . "Law Regarding the Use of the National and Prefectural Flag"@en . . . . . . "Toshi\u00E9 A Story of Village Life in Twentieth-Century Japan"@en . . "La bandera nacional del Jap\u00F3 \u00E9s la bandera que representa el Jap\u00F3 i que, juntament amb l'escut i l'himne nacional, t\u00E9 la categoria de s\u00EDmbol nacional. Consisteix en un rectangle de color blanc i amb un gran disc vermell (representa al Sol) en el centre. Es denomina oficialment Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5 \u7AE0 \u65D7, \u00ABBandera del sol en forma de disc\u00BB) en japon\u00E8s, per\u00F2 \u00E9s m\u00E9s comunament coneguda com a Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38, \u00ABDisc solar\u00BB). Diferents banderes s'han basat en el Hinomaru, incloent-hi la ins\u00EDgnia de l'Armada, a m\u00E9s que va servir com a base per a altres banderes al Jap\u00F3, tant d'\u00FAs p\u00FAblic com privat."@ca . . "Flaga Japonii (jap. \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 Nissh\u014D-ki; \u201Eflaga wschodz\u0105cego s\u0142o\u0144ca\u201D albo \u65E5\u306E\u4E38 Hi-no-maru, \u201Eokr\u0105g s\u0142o\u0144ca/dysk s\u0142o\u0144ca\u201D) \u2013 znany potocznie w Japonii jako Hinomaru, czerwony dysk na bia\u0142ym tle, co symbolizuje wschodz\u0105ce s\u0142o\u0144ce i bogini\u0119 Amaterasu."@pl . "Fthh"@en . . . "Learning to Bow: Inside the Heart of Japan"@en . . . . . "Teachers' Unions and the Politics of Education in Japan"@en . "Singapore University Press"@en . . . . . "--05-21"^^ . "Befu, Harumi"@en . "2012-11-29"^^ . . . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=FtBmAAAAMAAJ&q=hinomaru+funeral|isbn=0-8179-9111-5|ref="@en . "2010-01-14"^^ . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=oXxCAAAAIAAJ&dq=japan+rising+sun+607&pg=PA24|author=Dyer, Henry"@en . "A bandeira do Jap\u00E3o tem um formato retangular branco com um grande disco carmesim (representando o Sol) no centro, e \u00E9 oficialmente denominada Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7 \"bandeira do Sol\"?) em japon\u00EAs, embora seja mais comumente conhecida como Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38 \"disco solar\"?). A bandeira Nissh\u014Dki \u00E9 designada como a bandeira nacional na Lei sobre a Bandeira e o Hino Nacional, que foi promulgada e se tornou eficaz em 13 de agosto de 1999. Apesar de nenhuma legisla\u00E7\u00E3o anterior ter especificado uma bandeira nacional, o disco solar j\u00E1 era de facto a bandeira do Jap\u00E3o. Duas proclama\u00E7\u00F5es foram publicadas em 1870 pelo Daij\u014D-kan, o corpo de governo do in\u00EDcio da era Meiji, cada uma com uma provid\u00EAncia para a cria\u00E7\u00E3o da bandeira nacional. Uma bandeira com um disco solar foi adotada como bandeira nacional por navios mercantes sob a Proclama\u00E7\u00E3o N\u00BA57 de Meiji 3 (publicada em 27 de fevereiro de 1870), e como bandeira nacional usada pela Marinha sob a Proclama\u00E7\u00E3o N\u00BA 651 de Meiji 3 (publicada em 27 de outubro de 1870). O uso do Hinomaru foi severamente restringido durante os primeiros anos da ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o estadunidense ap\u00F3s a Segunda Guerra Mundial, ainda que relaxando essas restri\u00E7\u00F5es mais tarde. No come\u00E7o da hist\u00F3ria do Jap\u00E3o, o Hinomaru foi utilizado nas bandeiras dos daimyos e samurais. Durante a Restaura\u00E7\u00E3o Meiji, tanto o disco solar como a Bandeira do Sol Nascente da Marinha Imperial do Jap\u00E3o se tornaram s\u00EDmbolos maiores no emergente Imp\u00E9rio do Jap\u00E3o. P\u00F4steres de propaganda, textos e filmes mostravam a bandeira como uma fonte de orgulho e patriotismo. Nas casas japonesas, pedia-se que os cidad\u00E3os hasteassem a bandeira durante feriados nacionais, celebra\u00E7\u00F5es e outras ocasi\u00F5es como decretado pelo governo. Diferentes sinais de devo\u00E7\u00E3o ao Jap\u00E3o e seu imperador sob o Hinomaru se tornaram populares durante a Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa e outros conflitos. Esses s\u00EDmbolos surgiram de slogans escritos na bandeira para roupas e pratos que carregavam a bandeira. A percep\u00E7\u00E3o p\u00FAblica da bandeira nacional varia. Para alguns japoneses, a bandeira representa o Jap\u00E3o, e nenhuma outra bandeira poderia tomar o seu lugar. Todavia, a bandeira n\u00E3o \u00E9 frequentemente hasteada devido \u00E0 sua associa\u00E7\u00E3o com o nacionalismo extremo. O uso da bandeira e o hino nacional Kimigayo foram um assunto contencioso para as escolas p\u00FAblicas do Jap\u00E3o logo ap\u00F3s a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Disputas sobre o seu uso levaram a protestos, processos e pelo menos um suic\u00EDdio na prefeitura de Hiroshima. Para os habitantes de Okinawa, a bandeira representa os eventos da guerra e a subsequente presen\u00E7a militar dos Estados Unidos. Para as na\u00E7\u00F5es ocupadas pelo Jap\u00E3o, a bandeira \u00E9 um s\u00EDmbolo de agress\u00E3o e imperialismo. O Hinomaru foi usado como uma arma contra as na\u00E7\u00F5es ocupadas para prop\u00F3sitos de intimida\u00E7\u00E3o e subjuga\u00E7\u00E3o. Durante protestos contra a pol\u00EDtica externa do Jap\u00E3o, como em contesta\u00E7\u00F5es de territ\u00F3rios, a bandeira foi queimada por chineses e coreanos em seus pa\u00EDses. Apesar das conota\u00E7\u00F5es negativas, fontes ocidentais e japonesas apresentam a bandeira como um poderoso s\u00EDmbolo do Jap\u00E3o. Alguns estandartes militares do Jap\u00E3o s\u00E3o baseados no Hinomaru, incluindo a Bandeira Naval, com seus raios solares. O Hinomaru tamb\u00E9m serve de modelo para outras bandeiras no Jap\u00E3o para uso p\u00FAblico e privado."@pt . . . "https://books.google.com/books?id=XtmzFZS_SX0C&dq=japanese+flag+loyalty+Emperor&pg=PA443|isbn=0-547-00534-2|ref="@en . . . . . . "Le drapeau du Japon est un drapeau blanc avec un grand disque rouge en son centre (repr\u00E9sentant le soleil, plus pr\u00E9cis\u00E9ment la d\u00E9esse shinto du soleil Amaterasu). C'est le drapeau civil, le drapeau d'\u00C9tat, le pavillon marchand et le pavillon d'\u00C9tat du Japon. Il est connu sous le nom de Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38\u306E\u65D7, hi no maru no hata, \u00AB drapeau au disque solaire \u00BB), ou plus officiellement sous le nom de Nissh\u014Dki (\u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7, \u00E9tendard japonais) en japonais. Le rapport entre la hauteur et la largeur du drapeau est de 2:3, et le diam\u00E8tre du disque est trois cinqui\u00E8mes de la hauteur du drapeau."@fr . . "2013-09-30"^^ . . "Vlajka Japonska se ofici\u00E1ln\u011B naz\u00FDv\u00E1 Ni\u0161\u0161\u00F3ki (japonsky: \u65E5\u7AE0\u65D7; Slune\u010Dn\u00ED vlajka), ale v\u00EDce je zn\u00E1m\u00E1 pod n\u00E1zvem Hinomaru (\u65E5\u306E\u4E38; Slune\u010Dn\u00ED kotou\u010D). P\u016Fvodn\u011B byla u\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1na \u0161\u00F3guny rodu Tokugawa. V roce 1854 se stala japonskou n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED vlajkou a v roce 1870 i vlajkou st\u00E1tn\u00ED. Japonsk\u00E1 vlajka je tvo\u0159ena b\u00EDl\u00FDm listem s \u010Derven\u00FDm kruhov\u00FDm polem, kter\u00E9 je uprost\u0159ed vlajky. B\u00EDl\u00E1 barva vlajky symbolizuje \u010Distotu a poctivost, \u010Derven\u00E1 pak n\u00E1ru\u017Eivost, up\u0159\u00EDmnost a nad\u0161en\u00ED. \u010Cerven\u00FD kotou\u010D symbolizuje slunce. Ji\u017E od st\u0159edov\u011Bku je Japonsko zn\u00E1m\u00E9, d\u00EDky pojmenov\u00E1ni Marcem Polem jako Zipangu, co\u017E bylo exonymum \u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9ho \u017D'-pen-kuo, tj. Zem\u011B vych\u00E1zej\u00EDc\u00EDho slunce. Japonsk\u00E1 v\u00E1le\u010Dn\u00E1 vlajka je vlajkou . Japonsk\u00E1 n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00ED v\u00E1le\u010Dn\u00E1 vlajka je vlajkou Japonsk\u00FDch n\u00E1mo\u0159n\u00EDch sil sebeobrany od jejich zalo\u017Een\u00ED roku 1954. Japonsk\u00E1 c\u00EDsa\u0159sk\u00E1 vlajka je tvo\u0159ena \u010Derven\u00FDm listem se stylizovan\u00FDm listem chryzant\u00E9my se \u0161estn\u00E1cti l\u00EDstky ve zlat\u00E9 barv\u011B. Ten je od 21. \u0159\u00EDjna 1926 japonsk\u00FDm c\u00EDsa\u0159sk\u00FDm a z\u00E1rove\u0148 st\u00E1tn\u00EDm znakem. Podobnou vlajku u\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 i emeritn\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159. Oproti vlajce panuj\u00EDc\u00EDho c\u00EDsa\u0159e m\u00E1 vlajka tmav\u00FD odst\u00EDn \u010Derven\u00E9 (nen\u00ED obr\u00E1zek). Po abdikaci 30. dubna 2019 je poprv\u00E9 od roku 1817 u\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1na i b\u00FDval\u00FDm c\u00EDsa\u0159em Akihitem. \n* Rozm\u011Bry japonsk\u00E9 vlajky \n* Vlajka japonsk\u00E9ho c\u00EDsa\u0159ePom\u011Br stran: 2:3 \n* Vlajka Japonsk\u00FDch leteck\u00FDch sil sebeobranyPom\u011Br stran: 4:5"@cs .