. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lemurs"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Evolution of lemurs"@en . . . . "There are two competing lemur phylogenies, one by Horvath et al. and one by Orlando et al. . Note that Horvath et al. did not attempt to place the subfossil lemurs."@en . . . . . . . "A hist\u00F3ria evolutiva dos l\u00E9mures ocorreu em isolamento de outros primatas, na ilha de Madag\u00E1scar, durante pelo menos 40 milh\u00F5es de anos. Os l\u00E9mures s\u00E3o primatas pross\u00EDmios que pertencem \u00E0 subordem Strepsirrhini, que se separou dos outros primatas h\u00E1 menos de 63 milh\u00F5es de anos. Partilham algumas caracter\u00EDsticas com os primatas mais basais e por tal s\u00E3o muitas vezes confundidos como sendo ancestrais aos primatas mais evolu\u00EDdos incluindo os humanos. Pelo contr\u00E1rio, apenas meramente se assemelham com primatas ancestrais."@pt . . . . . . . . "Histoire \u00E9volutive des l\u00E9muriformes"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hist\u00F3ria evolutiva dos l\u00E9mures"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"60221"^^ . . . "Madagascar"@en . . . . . "30"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1078424314"^^ . "Lemurs, primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini which branched off from other primates less than 63 million years ago, evolved on the island of Madagascar, for at least 40 million years. They share some traits with the most basal primates, and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys, apes, and humans. Instead, they merely resemble ancestral primates. Lemurs are thought to have evolved during the Eocene or earlier, sharing a closest common ancestor with lorises, pottos, and galagos (lorisoids). Fossils from Africa and some tests of nuclear DNA suggest that lemurs made their way to Madagascar between 40 and 52 mya. Other mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence comparisons offer an alternative date range of 62 to 65 mya. An ancestral lemur population is thought to have inadvertently rafted to the island on a floating mat of vegetation, although hypotheses for land bridges and island hopping have also been proposed. The timing and number of hypothesized colonizations has traditionally hinged on the phylogenetic affinities of the aye-aye, the most basal member of the lemur clade. Having undergone their own independent evolution on Madagascar, lemurs have diversified to fill many niches normally filled by other types of mammals. They include the smallest primates in the world, and once included some of the largest. Since the arrival of humans approximately 2,000 years ago, lemurs are now restricted to 10% of the island, or approximately 60,000 square kilometers (23,000 square miles), with many facing extinction."@en . . . . . "L'histoire \u00E9volutive des l\u00E9muriformes s'est d\u00E9roul\u00E9e ind\u00E9pendamment de celle des autres primates, apr\u00E8s leur isolement sur l'\u00EEle de Madagascar, depuis au moins 40 Ma. Les l\u00E9muriformes ou l\u00E9muriens sont des primates prosimiens appartenant au sous-ordre des strepsirrhiniens qui bifurqua des autres primates il y a environ 63 Ma. Ils partagent certains traits avec les premiers primates et sont donc souvent consid\u00E9r\u00E9s \u00E0 tort comme les anc\u00EAtres des singes actuels et des humains. En fait, ils ressemblent simplement aux primates ancestraux. On consid\u00E8re que l'\u00E9volution des l\u00E9muriens, en tant que tels, a commenc\u00E9 au cours de l'\u00C9oc\u00E8ne, ou m\u00EAme plus t\u00F4t, partageant un proche anc\u00EAtre commun avec les lorisiformes. Les fossiles du continent africain et certaines \u00E9tudes sur l'ADN nucl\u00E9aire sugg\u00E8rent que les l\u00E9muriens sont arriv\u00E9s \u00E0 Madagascar il y a 40 \u00E0 52 Ma mais d'autres recherches en phylog\u00E9nie mol\u00E9culaire, notamment sur le g\u00E9nome mitochondrial donnent une p\u00E9riode plus ancienne, se situant entre il y a 62 \u00E0 65 Ma. L'hypoth\u00E8se la plus probable de leur origine sur l'\u00EEle est qu'une population de l\u00E9muriens primitifs aurait travers\u00E9 le canal du Mozambique, emport\u00E9e depuis l'Afrique par un radeau de v\u00E9g\u00E9tation, m\u00EAme si des hypoth\u00E8ses de ponts terrestres et de passage d'\u00EEle en \u00EEle ont \u00E9galement \u00E9t\u00E9 propos\u00E9es. La p\u00E9riode et le nombre hypoth\u00E9tique de colonisations sont traditionnellement bas\u00E9s sur les affinit\u00E9s phylog\u00E9n\u00E9tiques de l'aye-aye, le membre de loin le plus primitif du clade des l\u00E9muriens malgaches. \u00C9voluant seuls sur Madagascar, les l\u00E9muriens se sont diversifi\u00E9s jusqu'\u00E0 occuper de nombreuses niches \u00E9cologiques normalement remplies par d'autres types de mammif\u00E8res. Ils comprennent les plus petits primates au monde et comprenaient autrefois certains des plus grands. Depuis l'arriv\u00E9e des humains, il y a 2 000 ans environ, ils ont vu leur territoire progressivement limit\u00E9 \u00E0 10 % de l'\u00EEle, soit environ 60 000 km2, et beaucoup sont menac\u00E9s d'extinction. Pour cette raison, les chercheurs ont essay\u00E9 d'identifier et d'\u00E9valuer toutes les esp\u00E8ces. Depuis les ann\u00E9es 1980, il y a eu une forte augmentation du nombre d'esp\u00E8ces et de sous-esp\u00E8ces de l\u00E9muriens reconnues, \u00E0 la fois par la d\u00E9couverte de nouvelles esp\u00E8ces et l'\u00E9l\u00E9vation de sous-esp\u00E8ces existantes au niveau d'esp\u00E8ces \u00E0 part enti\u00E8re. En 2011, on compte pr\u00E8s d'une centaine d'esp\u00E8ces ou sous-esp\u00E8ces de l\u00E9muriens qui sont divis\u00E9es en cinq familles et quinze genres. Si les l\u00E9muriens subfossiles \u00E9teints y \u00E9taient inclus, il faudrait y ajouter trois autres familles, huit genres et dix-sept esp\u00E8ces. Cette augmentation du nombre d'esp\u00E8ces est \u00E0 la fois due \u00E0 l'am\u00E9lioration de l'analyse g\u00E9n\u00E9tique mais aussi \u00E0 la volont\u00E9 d'encourager la protection des populations de l\u00E9muriens. Toute la communaut\u00E9 scientifique n'appuie pas ces changements taxonomiques, certains pr\u00E9f\u00E9rant une estimation de 50 esp\u00E8ces vivantes."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lemurs, primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini which branched off from other primates less than 63 million years ago, evolved on the island of Madagascar, for at least 40 million years. They share some traits with the most basal primates, and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys, apes, and humans. Instead, they merely resemble ancestral primates."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Competing lemur phylogenies"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'histoire \u00E9volutive des l\u00E9muriformes s'est d\u00E9roul\u00E9e ind\u00E9pendamment de celle des autres primates, apr\u00E8s leur isolement sur l'\u00EEle de Madagascar, depuis au moins 40 Ma. Les l\u00E9muriformes ou l\u00E9muriens sont des primates prosimiens appartenant au sous-ordre des strepsirrhiniens qui bifurqua des autres primates il y a environ 63 Ma. Ils partagent certains traits avec les premiers primates et sont donc souvent consid\u00E9r\u00E9s \u00E0 tort comme les anc\u00EAtres des singes actuels et des humains. En fait, ils ressemblent simplement aux primates ancestraux."@fr . . . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0648\u0631"@ar . . "Primates"@en . . . "\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0626\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u062D\u062F\u062B \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0639\u0644\u064A \u062C\u0632\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062F\u063A\u0634\u0642\u0631\u060C \u0639\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0645\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0628\u062F\u0627\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062A\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0634\u0639\u0628\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 63 \u0645\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064A\u0629. \u062A\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u062B\u064A\u0631\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062D\u062A\u064A\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u062F\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631. \u0628\u062F\u0644\u0627\u064B \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060C \u0647\u064A \u062A\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u064A\u0639\u062A\u0642\u062F \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064A\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060C \u064A\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0633\u064A\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062A\u0648\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0644\u0627\u062C\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0641\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062A\u0631\u062D\u062A \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064A\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0642\u062F \u0634\u0642\u062A \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064A \u0645\u062F\u063A\u0634\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064A\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064A\u0646 40 \u064852 \u0645.\u0633.\u0645. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u062A\u0648\u0643\u0646\u062F\u0631\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062E\u0631\u064A \u0648\u062A\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062D\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062A\u064A \u0645\u0646 62 \u0625\u0644\u064A 65 \u0645.\u0633.\u0645."@ar . . . . . . . . . "Evolutionary biology"@en . . . . . . "A hist\u00F3ria evolutiva dos l\u00E9mures ocorreu em isolamento de outros primatas, na ilha de Madag\u00E1scar, durante pelo menos 40 milh\u00F5es de anos. Os l\u00E9mures s\u00E3o primatas pross\u00EDmios que pertencem \u00E0 subordem Strepsirrhini, que se separou dos outros primatas h\u00E1 menos de 63 milh\u00F5es de anos. Partilham algumas caracter\u00EDsticas com os primatas mais basais e por tal s\u00E3o muitas vezes confundidos como sendo ancestrais aos primatas mais evolu\u00EDdos incluindo os humanos. Pelo contr\u00E1rio, apenas meramente se assemelham com primatas ancestrais. Pensa-se que os l\u00E9mures tenham evolu\u00EDdo durante o Eoc\u00E9nico ou mais cedo, partilhando um ancestral comum mais pr\u00F3ximo com os lorisiformes. f\u00F3sseis em \u00C1frica e testes com uso de DNA nuclear sugerem que os l\u00E9mures fizeram o seu caminho at\u00E9 Madag\u00E1scar h\u00E1 entre 40 e 52 milh\u00F5es de anos. Pensa-se que uma popula\u00E7\u00E3o ancestral de l\u00E9mures tenha inadvertidamente chegado \u00E0 ilha atrav\u00E9s de dispers\u00E3o do tipo rafting, atrav\u00E9s de uma por\u00E7\u00E3o de vegeta\u00E7\u00E3o flutuante. As hip\u00F3teses de ponte terrestre e migra\u00E7\u00E3o de ilha em ilha tamb\u00E9m foram propostas. A altura e n\u00FAmero de coloniza\u00E7\u00F5es hipot\u00E9ticas t\u00EAm tradicionalmente articulado com as afinidades filogen\u00E9ticas do aie-aie (Daubentonia madagascarienses), o membro mais basal do clade dos l\u00E9mures. Tendo sofrido a sua evolu\u00E7\u00E3o independente em Madag\u00E1scar, os l\u00E9mures diversificaram-se e preencheram muitos nichos ecol\u00F3gicos normalmente ocupados por outros tipos de mam\u00EDferos. Os l\u00E9mures incluem os mais pequenos primatas do mundo, tendo antigamente tamb\u00E9m possu\u00EDdo alguns dos maiores. Desde a chegada dos seres humanos, h\u00E1 cerca de dois mil anos, eles est\u00E3o restritos a apenas 10% da ilha, ou aproximadamente 60 mil quil\u00F3metros quadrados. Muitos deles est\u00E3o amea\u00E7ados de extin\u00E7\u00E3o. Por esta raz\u00E3o, pesquisadores t\u00EAm tentado identificar e estudar cada esp\u00E9cie. Nos \u00FAltimos 10 a 20 anos, t\u00EAm havido um crescimento acentuado no n\u00FAmero de , quer atrav\u00E9s de descoberta de novas esp\u00E9cies quer \u00E0 eleva\u00E7\u00E3o de subesp\u00E9cies ao estatuto de esp\u00E9cie. Actualmente existem cerca de 100 ou mais esp\u00E9cies e subesp\u00E9cies reconhecidas de l\u00E9mures extantes, divididas em cinco fam\u00EDlias e 15 g\u00E9neros. Se os l\u00E9mures subf\u00F3sseis estiverem inclu\u00EDdos, seriam contadas mais tr\u00EAs fam\u00EDlias, oito g\u00E9neros e 17 esp\u00E9cies. O recente aumento no n\u00FAmero de esp\u00E9cies \u00E9 devido a an\u00E1lises gen\u00E9ticas melhoradas e \u00E0 incentivo conservacionista com vista a encorajar a protec\u00E7\u00E3o de popula\u00E7\u00F5es de l\u00E9mures isoladas e distintas. Nem toda a comunidade cient\u00EDfica apoia estas mudan\u00E7as taxon\u00F3micas, com alguns a preferirem estimar o n\u00FAmero de esp\u00E9cies em 50."@pt . . . . . . . . . . "26770557"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .