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Statements

Subject Item
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E-Science E-Science E-Science E-Science علوم إلكترونية
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Unter dem Schlagwort e-Science wird ein wissenschaftliches Paradigma – die Electronic Science oder auch "enhanced Science" (zu deutsch etwa erweiterte Wissenschaft) – verstanden. e-Science zielt auf eine kollaborative Forschung, die auf der Basis einer umfassend digitalen Infrastruktur vollzogen wird. Diese Infrastruktur integriert dabei alle relevanten Ressourcen für einen Forschungsbereich und stellt zugleich Werkzeuge zu ihrer Verarbeitung bereit. In rechenintensiven Forschungsszenarien organisiert sie die Verteilung der Rechenkapazitäten. Bei der Erarbeitung von Forschungsergebnissen unterstützt sie kollaborative Prozesse und bietet eine Plattform für die Publikation der Resultate – die dadurch selbst wieder zu Ressourcen für die Weiterforschung werden. O termo e-Science (ou, no Brasil, e-Ciência) refere-se aos métodos de obtenção de resultados científicos por meio da utilização intensiva de computação, usualmente paralela, e de imenso volume de dados. Existem programas governamentais para o desenvolvimento da e-Science, como, por exemplo, o programa britânico de e-Science. No Brasil, diversas infraestruturas para e-Ciência (também chamadas de e-Infrastructures ou Cyberinfrastructures) estão sendo desenvolvidas. Entre as mais conhecidas estão: * SINAPAD * Rede Galileu * GridUNESP * EELA * CCES - CEPID العلوم الإلكترونية (eScience) هي العلوم التي تنفذ باستخدام الحوسبة وتُنشر من خلال شبكة حاسوب أو هي تلك العلوم التي تستخدم مجموعات هائلة من البيانات التي تتطلب حوسبة شبكية؛ يتضمن هذا المصطلح أحياناً تقنيات تتيح توزيعاً تعاونياً كشبكة الوصول. E-Science or eScience is computationally intensive science that is carried out in highly distributed network environments, or science that uses immense data sets that require grid computing; the term sometimes includes technologies that enable distributed collaboration, such as the Access Grid. The term was created by John Taylor, the Director General of the United Kingdom's Office of Science and Technology in 1999 and was used to describe a large funding initiative starting in November 2000. E-science has been more broadly interpreted since then, as "the application of computer technology to the undertaking of modern scientific investigation, including the preparation, experimentation, data collection, results dissemination, and long-term storage and accessibility of all materials generat E-Science （或称为 eScience）是计算密集型的学科，通常是指利用高速分布式网络环境进行科学研究，或是要求网格计算大量数据集，有时也包括分布式的技术。 这个概念首先由英国的科技部办公室主任约翰·泰勒（John Taylor）于1999年首次提出，并于投入了大量资金启动了关于这方面的研究。其在包括社会模拟，粒子物理，地球科学和生物信息学等领域有巨大需求。目前，在粒子物理领域目前已经有了发达的e-Science基础设施，利用分布式计算来分析计算结果和存储2008年起来自欧洲CERN的大型强子对撞机的数据。
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dbo:abstract
E-Science （或称为 eScience）是计算密集型的学科，通常是指利用高速分布式网络环境进行科学研究，或是要求网格计算大量数据集，有时也包括分布式的技术。 这个概念首先由英国的科技部办公室主任约翰·泰勒（John Taylor）于1999年首次提出，并于投入了大量资金启动了关于这方面的研究。其在包括社会模拟，粒子物理，地球科学和生物信息学等领域有巨大需求。目前，在粒子物理领域目前已经有了发达的e-Science基础设施，利用分布式计算来分析计算结果和存储2008年起来自欧洲CERN的大型强子对撞机的数据。 Unter dem Schlagwort e-Science wird ein wissenschaftliches Paradigma – die Electronic Science oder auch "enhanced Science" (zu deutsch etwa erweiterte Wissenschaft) – verstanden. e-Science zielt auf eine kollaborative Forschung, die auf der Basis einer umfassend digitalen Infrastruktur vollzogen wird. Diese Infrastruktur integriert dabei alle relevanten Ressourcen für einen Forschungsbereich und stellt zugleich Werkzeuge zu ihrer Verarbeitung bereit. In rechenintensiven Forschungsszenarien organisiert sie die Verteilung der Rechenkapazitäten. Bei der Erarbeitung von Forschungsergebnissen unterstützt sie kollaborative Prozesse und bietet eine Plattform für die Publikation der Resultate – die dadurch selbst wieder zu Ressourcen für die Weiterforschung werden. e-Science hat in diesem Sinn neben dem technologischen Aspekt (Virtualisierung von Hardware) vor allem auch einen sozialen und wissenschaftspolitischen Aspekt (kooperative Forschung, Wiederverwendbarkeit von Daten, Interoperabilität digitaler Werkzeuge). Obwohl eine Erweiterung von e-Science Methoden auch in die Wirtschaft und Öffentlichkeit (Gesellschaft) hinein gewünscht ist, tritt diese Entwicklung nur zögerlich ein. Eine schrittweise erfolgende Annäherung an dieses Ziel über mehrere Jahre ist aber in der Entwicklung einer neuen Infrastruktur nicht ungewöhnlich. Im Bereich e-Science werden mit staatlicher Hilfe derzeit z. B. die Bereiche Wissensmanagement (Wissensvernetzung), Open Access, e-Learning und Grid-Computing gefördert. Das Konzept der eScience setzt sich in den einzelnen Teilbereichen fort. Dort kommt es dann zu Begriffsbildungen wie e-Geography, e-Humanities, e-Medicine oder e-Engineering. Was vor allem in Deutschland und Großbritannien unter dem Begriff e-Science diskutiert wird, entspricht in den USA etwa dem Konzept der "cyberinfrastructure" und in Australien dem Konzept der "e-Research". O termo e-Science (ou, no Brasil, e-Ciência) refere-se aos métodos de obtenção de resultados científicos por meio da utilização intensiva de computação, usualmente paralela, e de imenso volume de dados. Existem programas governamentais para o desenvolvimento da e-Science, como, por exemplo, o programa britânico de e-Science. No Brasil, diversas infraestruturas para e-Ciência (também chamadas de e-Infrastructures ou Cyberinfrastructures) estão sendo desenvolvidas. Entre as mais conhecidas estão: * SINAPAD * Rede Galileu * GridUNESP * EELA * CCES - CEPID E-Science or eScience is computationally intensive science that is carried out in highly distributed network environments, or science that uses immense data sets that require grid computing; the term sometimes includes technologies that enable distributed collaboration, such as the Access Grid. The term was created by John Taylor, the Director General of the United Kingdom's Office of Science and Technology in 1999 and was used to describe a large funding initiative starting in November 2000. E-science has been more broadly interpreted since then, as "the application of computer technology to the undertaking of modern scientific investigation, including the preparation, experimentation, data collection, results dissemination, and long-term storage and accessibility of all materials generated through the scientific process. These may include data modeling and analysis, electronic/digitized laboratory notebooks, raw and fitted data sets, manuscript production and draft versions, pre-prints, and print and/or electronic publications." In 2014, IEEE eScience Conference Series condensed the definition to "eScience promotes innovation in collaborative, computationally- or data-intensive research across all disciplines, throughout the research lifecycle" in one of the working definitions used by the organizers. E-science encompasses "what is often referred to as big data [which] has revolutionized science... [such as] the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN... [that] generates around 780 terabytes per year... highly data intensive modern fields of science...that generate large amounts of E-science data include: computational biology, bioinformatics, genomics" and the human digital footprint for the social sciences. Turing Award winner Jim Gray imagined "data-intensive science" or "e-science" as a "fourth paradigm" of science (empirical, theoretical, computational and now data-driven) and asserted that "everything about science is changing because of the impact of information technology" and the data deluge. E-Science revolutionizes both fundamental legs of the scientific method: empirical research, especially through digital big data; and scientific theory, especially through computer simulation model building. These ideas were reflected by The White House's Office and Science Technology Policy in February 2013, which slated many of the aforementioned e-Science output products for preservation and access requirements under the memorandum's directive. E-sciences include particle physics, earth sciences and social simulations. العلوم الإلكترونية (eScience) هي العلوم التي تنفذ باستخدام الحوسبة وتُنشر من خلال شبكة حاسوب أو هي تلك العلوم التي تستخدم مجموعات هائلة من البيانات التي تتطلب حوسبة شبكية؛ يتضمن هذا المصطلح أحياناً تقنيات تتيح توزيعاً تعاونياً كشبكة الوصول. اصطلح هذا المصطلح جون تايلور (وهو مهندس بريطاني في العلوم الإلكترونية)، وقد كان المدير العام لمكتب التكنولوجيا والعلوم في بريطانيا عام 1999. وقد استخدمه لوصف مبادرة تمويل كبيرة بدءاً من تشرين الثاني (نوفمبر) 2000.منذ ذلك الحين، فُسّر مصطلح «العلوم الإلكترونية» على نطاق واسع، كتطبيق لتكنولوجيا الحاسوب لأداء التحقق العلمي الحديث، بما في ذلك التحضير والتجريب وجمع البيانات ونشر النتائج وتخزين المعلومات لمدد زمنية كبيرة وسهولة الوصول إلى المواد المنتجة من خلال العمليات العلمية.وقد يشمل ذلك على نمذجة البيانات وتحليلها، حواسيب المختبرات الرقمية \الإلكترونية المحمولة، مجموعات البيانات الخام والمجهّزة، إنتاج المخطوطات وإصدار المسودات، والمطبوعات والمنشورات الإلكترونية".لخصت العديد من البحوث هذه المخرجات للحفاظ على نتائج أبحاث علمية ممولة من الحكومة الاتحادية بواسطة مكتب البيت الأبيض وسياسة تكنولوجيا العلوم في شباط (فبراير) 2013، وكان من ضمنها أن بعض (وليس الكل) منتجات مخرجات العلوم الإلكترونية المذكورة آنفاً كان مقرر الحفاظ عليها والوصول إلى المتطلبات.تتضمن العلوم الإلكترونية فيزياء الجسيمات وعلوم الأرض والمحاكاة الاجتماعية. تتمتع فيزياء الجسيمات ببنية تحتية علمية متطورة، نظراً لحاجتها إلى تسهيلات حوسبة كافية لتحليل النتائج وتخزين البيانات الناتجة عن سرن مصادم الهدرونات الكبير، الذي بدء بتلقيمه بالبيانات في 2009. تشمل العلوم الإلكترونية ما يعرف بـ «البيانات الكبيرة» التي أحدثت ثورة علمية.. اعتباراًمن 2013، بدأ مصادم هادرون الكبير في سيرن بإنتاج حوالي 780 تيرا بايت من البيانات سنوياً، كما أنتج مسح Sloan Digital Sky حوالي 60 تيرا بايت مؤخراً. ومن حقول العلوم الحديثة الأخرى التي تنتج كميات هائلة من البيانات: علم الأحياء الحاسوبي، المعلومات الحيوية وعلم الجينيوم.
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