"Vid tv\u00E4rbindning binds polymerer, molekylkedjor, ihop till tredimensionella n\u00E4tverk, med kovalenta bindningar eller jonbindningar. Man talar h\u00E4r \u00E4ven om \"f\u00F6rn\u00E4tning\". Det \u00E4r en form av h\u00E4rdning, d\u00E4r det tv\u00E4rbundna \u00E4mnet f\u00E5r \u00F6kad h\u00E5llbarhet. Ett exempel p\u00E5 detta \u00E4r h\u00E4rdplast, som efter h\u00E4rdning inte l\u00E4ngre \u00E4r sm\u00E4ltbart, p\u00E5 grund av tv\u00E4rbindningarna i materialet."@sv . "Sieciowanie"@pl . . . . . . . "La reticulaci\u00F3 (en angl\u00E8s:Cross-links) s\u00F3n enlla\u00E7os qu\u00EDmics que enllacen una cadena de pol\u00EDmers amb una altra. Poden ser enlla\u00E7os covalents o enlla\u00E7 i\u00F2nic. Les \"cadenes de pol\u00EDmers\" es poden referir a pol\u00EDmers sint\u00E8tics o pol\u00EDmers naturals (com les prote\u00EFnes). Quan el terme reticulaci\u00F3 (\"cross-linking\") es fa servir en pol\u00EDmers sint\u00E8tics normalment es refereix a l'\u00FAs de la reticulaci\u00F3 per promoure difer\u00E8ncies en les propietats f\u00EDsiques dels pol\u00EDmers. Quan la reticulaci\u00F3 es fa servir en biologia, es refereix a l'\u00FAs d'una sonda per enlla\u00E7ar prote\u00EFnes per investigar les interaccions prote\u00EFnes-prote\u00EFnes, com tamb\u00E9 en altres metodologies creatives de reticulaci\u00F3."@ca . "La reticolazione \u00E8 il processo mediante il quale le catene polimeriche vanno incontro ad una reazione che crea dei legami (detti legami crociati) fra diverse catene (o eventualmente tra due punti diversi della stessa catena), a livello di gruppi funzionali reattivi. Questi legami possono essere di tipo covalente oppure ionico, quindi legami forti. Tali legami possono essere immaginati come le traversine che collegano le rotaie di un binario ferroviario (rappresentanti le catene polimeriche). Con la formazione, le propriet\u00E0 chimiche-fisiche del polimero variano, in funzione della quantit\u00E0 relativa di tali legami. Tale variazione \u00E8 spesso cos\u00EC ampia, da cambiare sensibilmente le applicazioni pratiche per le quali pu\u00F2 essere impiegato un certo polimero. I nodi di reticolazione sono anche detti nodi chimici. Un'altra tipologia di nodi, sempre presenti in un materiale polimerico (a differenza dei nodi chimici, che sono presenti solo in alcune tipologie di materiali polimerici), sono i cosiddetti \"nodi fisici\" (o entanglement). In biologia con legame crociato si intende di norma un legame peptidico o disolfureo che consente di unire due catene polipeptidiche o creare legami tra due residui aminoacidici della stessa catena."@it . "S\u00ED\u0165ov\u00E1n\u00ED celul\u00F3zov\u00FDch textili\u00ED je chemick\u00E1 modifikace struktury vl\u00E1ken za \u00FA\u010Delem zlep\u0161en\u00ED ur\u010Dit\u00FDch fyzik\u00E1ln\u00EDch vlastnost\u00ED materi\u00E1lu. Sch\u00E9ma zes\u00ED\u0165ovan\u00FDch celul\u00F3zov\u00FDch \u0159et\u011Bzc\u016F Zes\u00EDt\u011Bn\u00ED se prov\u00E1d\u00ED \n* zm\u011Bnou makromolekul\u00E1rn\u00ED struktury celul\u00F3zov\u00FDch vl\u00E1ken s c\u00EDlem sn\u00ED\u017Eit p\u0159\u00ED\u010Dn\u00E9 bobtn\u00E1n\u00ED za spolu\u00FA\u010Dinku vhodn\u00FDch p\u0159\u00EDpravk\u016F \n* zm\u011Bnou monomer\u016F ve vl\u00E1knech na duroplasty Na n\u00E1kresu vpravo je nazna\u010Deno zes\u00EDt\u011Bn\u00ED (modr\u00FDch) celul\u00F3zov\u00FDch \u0159et\u011Bzc\u016F molekulami s\u00ED\u0165ovac\u00EDho p\u0159\u00EDpravku (R)."@cs . . "Tv\u00E4rbindning"@sv . . "In de polymeerchemie is een crosslink een verbinding die twee polymeerketens aan elkaar koppelt. Het proces waarbij deze crosslinks ontstaan, noemt men ook wel vernetten. Wanneer een crosslink wordt gevormd door een specifiek molecuul, noemt men dat molecuul wel een crosslinker."@nl . . . . "IUPAC definition"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Vernetzung bezeichnet in der makromolekularen Chemie Reaktionen, bei denen eine Vielzahl einzelner Makromolek\u00FCle zu einem dreidimensionalen Netzwerk verkn\u00FCpft wird. Die Verkn\u00FCpfung kann entweder direkt beim Aufbau der Makromolek\u00FCle oder durch Reaktionen an bereits bestehenden Polymeren erreicht werden."@de . . . "\u5316\u5B66\u53CD\u5FDC\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u67B6\u6A4B\uFF08\u304B\u304D\u3087\u3046, Cross-link, \u30AF\u30ED\u30B9\u30FB\u30EA\u30F3\u30AF\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4E3B\u306B\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u5316\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u30DD\u30EA\u30DE\u30FC\u540C\u58EB\u3092\u9023\u7D50\u3057\u3001\u7269\u7406\u7684\u3001\u5316\u5B66\u7684\u6027\u8CEA\u3092\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305B\u308B\u53CD\u5FDC\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 IUPAC\u306E\u5B9A\u7FA9\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5C11\u306A\u304F\u3068\u30824\u3064\u306E\u9396\u304C\u767A\u751F\u3057\u3001\u65E2\u5B58\u306E\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u4E0A\u306E\u90E8\u4F4D\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u304C\u95A2\u4E0E\u3059\u308B\u53CD\u5FDC\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u65E2\u5B58\u306E\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u9593\u306E\u76F8\u4E92\u4F5C\u7528\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5F62\u6210\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3001\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u5185\u306E\u5C0F\u3055\u306A\u9818\u57DF\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u67D4\u3089\u304B\u304F\u5F3E\u529B\u6027\u306E\u5C0F\u3055\u3044\u30A4\u30BD\u30D7\u30EC\u30F3\u30DD\u30EA\u30DE\u30FC\u304C\u786B\u9EC4\u306B\u3088\u308B\u67B6\u6A4B\u3067\u30BF\u30A4\u30E4\u306A\u3069\u306B\u6210\u578B\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u306A\u308A\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306B\u67B6\u6A4B\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3067\u786C\u3044\u30A8\u30DC\u30CA\u30A4\u30C8\u3068\u306A\u308B\u306E\u306F\u305D\u306E\u597D\u4F8B\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u786B\u9EC4\u306B\u3088\u308B\u67B6\u6A4B\u306F\u52A0\u786B\u3068\u3088\u3070\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u30A8\u30DD\u30AD\u30B7\u6A39\u8102\u63A5\u7740\u5264\u306E\u786C\u5316\u306F\u30A8\u30D4\u30AF\u30ED\u30ED\u30D2\u30C9\u30EA\u30F3\u306B\u3088\u308B\u67B6\u6A4B\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 \u307E\u305F\u3001\u751F\u7269\u306E\u4F53\u6BDB\u306F\u542B\u786B\u30BF\u30F3\u30D1\u30AF\u8CEA\u306E\u30B7\u30B9\u30C6\u30A4\u30F3\u540C\u58EB\u306E\u67B6\u6A4B\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300C\u30B3\u30B7\u300D\u3092\u4FDD\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u30D1\u30FC\u30DE\u5264\u306F\u3053\u306E\u67B6\u6A4B\u3092\u4E00\u6642\u7684\u306B\u65AD\u3061\u5207\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3088\u308A\u9AEA\u3092\u8EDF\u5316\u3055\u305B\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . "La reticulaci\u00F3n es una reacci\u00F3n qu\u00EDmica presente en la qu\u00EDmica de los pol\u00EDmeros. La reticulaci\u00F3n, de igual manera que la vulcanizaci\u00F3n o el curado, implica la formaci\u00F3n de una red tridimensional formada por la uni\u00F3n de las diferentes cadenas polim\u00E9ricas homog\u00E9neas. Existen diferentes tipos de reticulaci\u00F3n, que se pueden lograr con un solo pol\u00EDmero o dos o m\u00E1s pol\u00EDmeros que reaccionan para formar una unidad."@es . . . . . . . . "23998"^^ . "Sieciowanie \u2013 proces prowadz\u0105cy do powstania tr\u00F3jwymiarowej sieci nadcz\u0105steczkowej, na skutek powstawania mostk\u00F3w mi\u0119dzy r\u00F3\u017Cnymi cz\u0105steczkami chemicznymi. Najcz\u0119\u015Bciej m\u00F3wi si\u0119 o sieciowaniu w kontek\u015Bcie polimer\u00F3w. Gdy d\u0142ugie, liniowe cz\u0105steczki polimeru zawieraj\u0105 reaktywne grupy boczne mog\u0105 one z sob\u0105 reagowa\u0107, na skutek czego tworzy si\u0119 g\u0119stsza lub rzadsza tr\u00F3jwymiarowa sie\u0107, w kt\u00F3rej wszystkie, albo prawie wszystkie pierwotne \u0142a\u0144cuchy polimeru s\u0105 z sob\u0105 powi\u0105zane chemiczne."@pl . . . "Vernetzung (Chemie)"@de . . . . . "Reticula\u00E7\u00E3o"@pt . . "A small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains"@en . . . . . . "1089106"^^ . . "\u67B6\u6A4B"@ja . . . "macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules.\n\nNotes\n\n1. The small region may be an atom, a group of atoms, or a number of"@en . . 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"S\u00ED\u0165ov\u00E1n\u00ED celul\u00F3zy"@cs . . . . . . "La reticulaci\u00F3 (en angl\u00E8s:Cross-links) s\u00F3n enlla\u00E7os qu\u00EDmics que enllacen una cadena de pol\u00EDmers amb una altra. Poden ser enlla\u00E7os covalents o enlla\u00E7 i\u00F2nic. Les \"cadenes de pol\u00EDmers\" es poden referir a pol\u00EDmers sint\u00E8tics o pol\u00EDmers naturals (com les prote\u00EFnes). Quan el terme reticulaci\u00F3 (\"cross-linking\") es fa servir en pol\u00EDmers sint\u00E8tics normalment es refereix a l'\u00FAs de la reticulaci\u00F3 per promoure difer\u00E8ncies en les propietats f\u00EDsiques dels pol\u00EDmers. Quan la reticulaci\u00F3 es fa servir en biologia, es refereix a l'\u00FAs d'una sonda per enlla\u00E7ar prote\u00EFnes per investigar les interaccions prote\u00EFnes-prote\u00EFnes, com tamb\u00E9 en altres metodologies creatives de reticulaci\u00F3."@ca . . "1113003990"^^ . . . . . "A reticula\u00E7\u00E3o polim\u00E9rica \u00E9 um processo que ocorre quando cadeias polim\u00E9ricas lineares ou ramificadas s\u00E3o interligadas por liga\u00E7\u00F5es covalentes, um processo conhecido como crosslinking ou liga\u00E7\u00E3o cruzada, ou seja, liga\u00E7\u00F5es entre mol\u00E9culas lineares produzindo pol\u00EDmeros tridimensionais com alta massa molar. Com o aumento da reticula\u00E7\u00E3o, a estrutura se torna mais r\u00EDgida. A vulcaniza\u00E7\u00E3o da borracha \u00E9 um exemplo de liga\u00E7\u00E3o cruzada. Por causa da liga\u00E7\u00E3o cruzada, a cadeia polim\u00E9rica perde a sua fluidez e, como resultado, deixa de ser moldada. Tais pol\u00EDmeros s\u00E3o denominados de termorr\u00EDgidos. O aumento do peso molecular faz com que esses pol\u00EDmeros sejam insol\u00FAveis em \u00E1gua e sol\u00FAveis em solventes org\u00E2nicos. Um pol\u00EDmero termorr\u00EDgido pode ser considerado uma macromol\u00E9cula devido a rede formada pela interliga\u00E7\u00E3o das cadeias polim\u00E9ricas. O processo de reticula\u00E7\u00E3o pode ser feito irradiando-se pol\u00EDmeros com consequente aumento do peso molecular, podendo formar uma rede tridimensional insol\u00FAvel. A reticula\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 a rea\u00E7\u00E3o predominante na irradia\u00E7\u00E3o de poliestireno, polietileno, borrachas naturais e sint\u00E9ticas, entre outros. Apresenta efeito ben\u00E9fico nas propriedades mec\u00E2nicas de alguns pol\u00EDmeros e \u00E9 executada comercialmente para produzir polietileno com estabilidade aumentada e resist\u00EAncia a escorrer em altas temperaturas, por exemplo.A radia\u00E7\u00E3o ionizante, ao interagir com pol\u00EDmeros, transfere energia aos \u00E1tomos da cadeia polim\u00E9rica, provocando modifica\u00E7\u00F5es permanentes na sua estrutura f\u00EDsico-qu\u00EDmica. Tais modifica\u00E7\u00F5es podem resultar na reticula\u00E7\u00E3o ou na cis\u00E3o das cadeias polim\u00E9ricas, que s\u00E3o processos simult\u00E2neos e concorrentes, e cuja preponder\u00E2ncia de um ou outro depende principalmente da dose de radia\u00E7\u00E3o com que foi tratado o material. Uma parte das intera\u00E7\u00F5es da radia\u00E7\u00E3o com o material polim\u00E9rico pode tamb\u00E9m resultar diretamente em transfer\u00EAncia de energia, que n\u00E3o \u00E9 suficiente para causar ioniza\u00E7\u00E3o, mas resulta diretamente em um estado eletr\u00F4nicamente excitado. Estas mol\u00E9culas que se encontram no estado excitado decaem para o estado fundamental emitindo fosforesc\u00EAncia e fluoresc\u00EAncia ou por meio de rea\u00E7\u00F5es qu\u00EDmicas, por quebra heterol\u00EDtica da liga\u00E7\u00E3o produzindo \u00EDons, ou por quebra homol\u00EDtica de liga\u00E7\u00F5es, favorecendo a forma\u00E7\u00E3o de radicais, onde ocorrer\u00E1 o processo de reticula\u00E7\u00E3o. O grau de reticula\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 proporcional a dose absorvida, sendo independente da intensidade da radia\u00E7\u00E3o. Al\u00E9m da irradia\u00E7\u00E3o, agentes reticulantes como o glutaralde\u00EDdo podem ser utilizados. Este agente bifuncional \u00E9 extensamente utilizado em imobiliza\u00E7\u00E3o e reticula\u00E7\u00E3o de prote\u00EDnas atrav\u00E9s de seus grupos aminos residuais, que \u00E9 um m\u00E9todo simples, barato e conveniente para ligantes sens\u00EDveis a pH alcalino. A reticula\u00E7\u00E3o normalmente \u00E9 obtida utilizando-se um excesso do agente bifuncional que prover\u00E1 a superf\u00EDcie da matriz grupos diferentes dos grupos iniciais da mesma. A liga\u00E7\u00E3o covalente entre os tais grupos e o grupo alde\u00EDdo terminal do glutaralde\u00EDdo \u00E9 irrevers\u00EDvel e resiste a extremos de pH e temperatura."@pt . "\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Across-link\uFF09\u70BA\u9023\u63A5\u4E00\u500B\u805A\u5408\u9AD4\u8207\u5176\u5B83\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u9375\u3002\u5B83\u5011\u53EF\u4EE5\u662F\u5171\u50F9\u9375\u6216\u662F\u96E2\u5B50\u9375\u3002 \u201C\u805A\u5408\u7269\u93C8\u201D\u53EF\u4EE5\u6307\u5408\u6210\u805A\u5408\u7269\u6216\u5929\u7136\u805A\u5408\u7269\uFF08\u5982\u86CB\u767D\u8CEA\uFF09\u3002\u7576\u201C\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u201D\u7528\u65BC\u5408\u6210\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u9818\u57DF\u6642\uFF0C\u5B83\u901A\u5E38\u6307\u7684\u662F\u4F7F\u7528\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4FC3\u9032\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8CEA\u7684\u5DEE\u5225\u3002\u7576\u201C\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u201D\u4F7F\u7528\u65BC\u751F\u7269\u9818\u57DF\uFF0C\u5B83\u6307\u7684\u662F\u4F7F\u7528\u4E00\u500B\u63A2\u91DD\u8207\u86CB\u767D\u8CEA\u9023\u63A5\u5728\u4E00\u8D77\uFF0C\u6AA2\u67E5\u86CB\u767D\u8CEA\u4EA4\u4E92\u4F5C\u7528\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u5176\u5B83\u7684\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u65B9\u6CD5\u3002 \u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u4F7F\u7528\u65BC\u5408\u6210\u805A\u5408\u7269\u5316\u5B78\u548C\u751F\u7269\u79D1\u5B78\u3002\u96D6\u7136\u8A72\u540D\u8A9E\u5E38\u88AB\u4F7F\u7528\u4F86\u6307\u9019\u5169\u500B\u79D1\u5B78\u7684\u201C\u805A\u5408\u7269\u93C8\u7684\u9023\u63A5\u57FA\u201D\uFF0C\u4F46\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u7684\u7BC4\u570D\u548C\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u7684\u7279\u7570\u6027\u9084\u662F\u6709\u6240\u4E0D\u540C\u3002\u7576\u7136\uFF0C\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u4E5F\u6703\u6709\u4E00\u5B9A\u7A0B\u5EA6\u7684\u91CD\u758A\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4E0B\u7684\u5283\u5B9A\u70BA\u958B\u59CB\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4E86\u89E3\u7684\u5B83\u5011\u7D30\u5FAE\u7684\u5DEE\u7570\u3002 \u7576\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u88AB\u6DFB\u52A0\u5230\u9577\u6A61\u81A0\u5206\u5B50\u6642\uFF0C\u5B83\u7684\u4F38\u7E2E\u6027\u6703\u964D\u4F4E\uFF0C\u786C\u5EA6\u6703\u589E\u52A0\u4E26\u4E14\u7194\u9EDE\u4E5F\u6703\u589E\u52A0\u3002"@zh . . . . "\u5316\u5B66\u53CD\u5FDC\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u67B6\u6A4B\uFF08\u304B\u304D\u3087\u3046, Cross-link, \u30AF\u30ED\u30B9\u30FB\u30EA\u30F3\u30AF\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u4E3B\u306B\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u5316\u5B66\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u30DD\u30EA\u30DE\u30FC\u540C\u58EB\u3092\u9023\u7D50\u3057\u3001\u7269\u7406\u7684\u3001\u5316\u5B66\u7684\u6027\u8CEA\u3092\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305B\u308B\u53CD\u5FDC\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 IUPAC\u306E\u5B9A\u7FA9\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5C11\u306A\u304F\u3068\u30824\u3064\u306E\u9396\u304C\u767A\u751F\u3057\u3001\u65E2\u5B58\u306E\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u4E0A\u306E\u90E8\u4F4D\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30B0\u30EB\u30FC\u30D7\u304C\u95A2\u4E0E\u3059\u308B\u53CD\u5FDC\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u307E\u305F\u306F\u65E2\u5B58\u306E\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u9593\u306E\u76F8\u4E92\u4F5C\u7528\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5F62\u6210\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3001\u9AD8\u5206\u5B50\u5185\u306E\u5C0F\u3055\u306A\u9818\u57DF\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u67D4\u3089\u304B\u304F\u5F3E\u529B\u6027\u306E\u5C0F\u3055\u3044\u30A4\u30BD\u30D7\u30EC\u30F3\u30DD\u30EA\u30DE\u30FC\u304C\u786B\u9EC4\u306B\u3088\u308B\u67B6\u6A4B\u3067\u30BF\u30A4\u30E4\u306A\u3069\u306B\u6210\u578B\u3067\u304D\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u306A\u308A\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306B\u67B6\u6A4B\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3067\u786C\u3044\u30A8\u30DC\u30CA\u30A4\u30C8\u3068\u306A\u308B\u306E\u306F\u305D\u306E\u597D\u4F8B\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u786B\u9EC4\u306B\u3088\u308B\u67B6\u6A4B\u306F\u52A0\u786B\u3068\u3088\u3070\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u30A8\u30DD\u30AD\u30B7\u6A39\u8102\u63A5\u7740\u5264\u306E\u786C\u5316\u306F\u30A8\u30D4\u30AF\u30ED\u30ED\u30D2\u30C9\u30EA\u30F3\u306B\u3088\u308B\u67B6\u6A4B\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002 \u307E\u305F\u3001\u751F\u7269\u306E\u4F53\u6BDB\u306F\u542B\u786B\u30BF\u30F3\u30D1\u30AF\u8CEA\u306E\u30B7\u30B9\u30C6\u30A4\u30F3\u540C\u58EB\u306E\u67B6\u6A4B\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300C\u30B3\u30B7\u300D\u3092\u4FDD\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u30D1\u30FC\u30DE\u5264\u306F\u3053\u306E\u67B6\u6A4B\u3092\u4E00\u6642\u7684\u306B\u65AD\u3061\u5207\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u3088\u308A\u9AEA\u3092\u8EDF\u5316\u3055\u305B\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . "Reticulaci\u00F3n"@es . . "R\u00E9ticulation"@fr . . . . "Crosslink"@nl . . . "La reticolazione \u00E8 il processo mediante il quale le catene polimeriche vanno incontro ad una reazione che crea dei legami (detti legami crociati) fra diverse catene (o eventualmente tra due punti diversi della stessa catena), a livello di gruppi funzionali reattivi. Questi legami possono essere di tipo covalente oppure ionico, quindi legami forti. Tali legami possono essere immaginati come le traversine che collegano le rotaie di un binario ferroviario (rappresentanti le catene polimeriche)."@it . . . . . . . . . "branch points connected by bonds, groups of atoms, or oligomeric chains.\n\n2. In the majority of cases, a crosslink is a covalent structure but the term"@en . "A reticula\u00E7\u00E3o polim\u00E9rica \u00E9 um processo que ocorre quando cadeias polim\u00E9ricas lineares ou ramificadas s\u00E3o interligadas por liga\u00E7\u00F5es covalentes, um processo conhecido como crosslinking ou liga\u00E7\u00E3o cruzada, ou seja, liga\u00E7\u00F5es entre mol\u00E9culas lineares produzindo pol\u00EDmeros tridimensionais com alta massa molar. Com o aumento da reticula\u00E7\u00E3o, a estrutura se torna mais r\u00EDgida. A vulcaniza\u00E7\u00E3o da borracha \u00E9 um exemplo de liga\u00E7\u00E3o cruzada."@pt . "Reticolazione"@it . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643"@ar . . . . . . "Sieciowanie \u2013 proces prowadz\u0105cy do powstania tr\u00F3jwymiarowej sieci nadcz\u0105steczkowej, na skutek powstawania mostk\u00F3w mi\u0119dzy r\u00F3\u017Cnymi cz\u0105steczkami chemicznymi. Najcz\u0119\u015Bciej m\u00F3wi si\u0119 o sieciowaniu w kontek\u015Bcie polimer\u00F3w. Gdy d\u0142ugie, liniowe cz\u0105steczki polimeru zawieraj\u0105 reaktywne grupy boczne mog\u0105 one z sob\u0105 reagowa\u0107, na skutek czego tworzy si\u0119 g\u0119stsza lub rzadsza tr\u00F3jwymiarowa sie\u0107, w kt\u00F3rej wszystkie, albo prawie wszystkie pierwotne \u0142a\u0144cuchy polimeru s\u0105 z sob\u0105 powi\u0105zane chemiczne. Polimery o niezbyt du\u017Cej wyj\u015Bciowej masie cz\u0105steczkowej, usieciowane w niewielkim stopniu, tworz\u0105 \u017Cele. Niezbyt g\u0119sto usieciowane polimery o odpowiedniej strukturze i masie cz\u0105steczkowej uzyskuj\u0105 cz\u0119sto w\u0142asno\u015Bci gumy. Proces sieciowania prowadz\u0105cy do powstania gumy nazywa si\u0119 wulkanizacj\u0105. G\u0119ste usieciowanie prowadzi do otrzymania kruchych i twardych duromer\u00F3w. Usieciowane polimery staj\u0105 si\u0119 nierozpuszczalne w niczym, zamiast tego mog\u0105 jedynie wch\u0142ania\u0107 do swojej obj\u0119to\u015Bci rozpuszczalnik w wyniku czego p\u0119czniej\u0105. Sieciowanie mo\u017Ce zachodzi\u0107 tak\u017Ce w innych uk\u0142adach ni\u017C polimery. Np. u\u017Cycie wyj\u015Bciowych zwi\u0105zk\u00F3w posiadaj\u0105cych wi\u0119cej ni\u017C dwie grupy funkcyjne w procesie polikondensacji prowadzi od razu do otrzymania uk\u0142adu usieciowanego z pomini\u0119ciem otrzymywania liniowego polimeru. Opr\u00F3cz tego sieciowanie mo\u017Ce te\u017C zachodzi\u0107 w uk\u0142adach koloidalnych gdzie \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 si\u0119 z sob\u0105 nie cz\u0105steczki polimer\u00F3w, lecz raczej ca\u0142e micele co prowadzi do koagulacji. Opr\u00F3cz sieciowania poprzez reakcje chemiczne mo\u017Cliwe s\u0105 te\u017C inne rodzaje sieciowania, np. poprzez nietrwa\u0142e oddzia\u0142ywania mi\u0119dzycz\u0105steczkowe (jonowe, Van Der Waalsa) oraz na skutek mechanicznego spl\u0105tania d\u0142ugich \u0142a\u0144cuch\u00F3w polimeru. Sieciowanie radiacyjne prowadzi do powstania materia\u0142\u00F3w termokurczliwych."@pl . "In chemistry and biology a cross-link is a bond or a short sequence of bonds that links one polymer chain to another. These links may take the form of covalent bonds or ionic bonds and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural polymers (such as proteins). In polymer chemistry \"cross-linking\" usually refers to the use of cross-links to promote a change in the polymers' physical properties."@en . . "is also used to describe sites of weaker chemical interactions, portions of"@en . . "S\u00ED\u0165ov\u00E1n\u00ED celul\u00F3zov\u00FDch textili\u00ED je chemick\u00E1 modifikace struktury vl\u00E1ken za \u00FA\u010Delem zlep\u0161en\u00ED ur\u010Dit\u00FDch fyzik\u00E1ln\u00EDch vlastnost\u00ED materi\u00E1lu. Sch\u00E9ma zes\u00ED\u0165ovan\u00FDch celul\u00F3zov\u00FDch \u0159et\u011Bzc\u016F Zes\u00EDt\u011Bn\u00ED se prov\u00E1d\u00ED \n* zm\u011Bnou makromolekul\u00E1rn\u00ED struktury celul\u00F3zov\u00FDch vl\u00E1ken s c\u00EDlem sn\u00ED\u017Eit p\u0159\u00ED\u010Dn\u00E9 bobtn\u00E1n\u00ED za spolu\u00FA\u010Dinku vhodn\u00FDch p\u0159\u00EDpravk\u016F \n* zm\u011Bnou monomer\u016F ve vl\u00E1knech na duroplasty Na n\u00E1kresu vpravo je nazna\u010Deno zes\u00EDt\u011Bn\u00ED (modr\u00FDch) celul\u00F3zov\u00FDch \u0159et\u011Bzc\u016F molekulami s\u00ED\u0165ovac\u00EDho p\u0159\u00EDpravku (R)."@cs . . . "emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing"@en . . . . . . . "Cross-link"@en . . . . "crystallites, and even physical interactions and entanglements."@en . . . . . "Vid tv\u00E4rbindning binds polymerer, molekylkedjor, ihop till tredimensionella n\u00E4tverk, med kovalenta bindningar eller jonbindningar. Man talar h\u00E4r \u00E4ven om \"f\u00F6rn\u00E4tning\". Det \u00E4r en form av h\u00E4rdning, d\u00E4r det tv\u00E4rbundna \u00E4mnet f\u00E5r \u00F6kad h\u00E5llbarhet. Ett exempel p\u00E5 detta \u00E4r h\u00E4rdplast, som efter h\u00E4rdning inte l\u00E4ngre \u00E4r sm\u00E4ltbart, p\u00E5 grund av tv\u00E4rbindningarna i materialet."@sv . . "La reticulaci\u00F3n es una reacci\u00F3n qu\u00EDmica presente en la qu\u00EDmica de los pol\u00EDmeros. La reticulaci\u00F3n, de igual manera que la vulcanizaci\u00F3n o el curado, implica la formaci\u00F3n de una red tridimensional formada por la uni\u00F3n de las diferentes cadenas polim\u00E9ricas homog\u00E9neas. Existen diferentes tipos de reticulaci\u00F3n, que se pueden lograr con un solo pol\u00EDmero o dos o m\u00E1s pol\u00EDmeros que reaccionan para formar una unidad. Despu\u00E9s de la reticulaci\u00F3n las mol\u00E9culas adquieren mayor rigidez, ya que los movimientos de relajaci\u00F3n se encuentran impedidos. En el caso de los elast\u00F3meros esto ayuda a que las propiedades de resiliencia incrementen."@es . "En chimie des polym\u00E8res, la r\u00E9ticulation correspond \u00E0 la formation d'un ou de plusieurs r\u00E9seaux tridimensionnels, par voie chimique ou physique. Des liaisons chimiques (appel\u00E9es ponts) entre les cha\u00EEnes macromol\u00E9culaires sont cr\u00E9\u00E9es. Les structures r\u00E9ticul\u00E9es sont g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement pr\u00E9par\u00E9es \u00E0 partir de pr\u00E9-polym\u00E8res lin\u00E9aires ou ramifi\u00E9s de faible masse molaire (issus d'une polym\u00E9risation partielle), r\u00E9ticul\u00E9s sous l'action de la chaleur en pr\u00E9sence d'un catalyseur/durcisseur (agent r\u00E9ticulant). L'UICPA d\u00E9finit une r\u00E9ticulation comme une petite r\u00E9gion d'une macromol\u00E9cule d'o\u00F9 sortent au moins quatre cha\u00EEnes, et qui est form\u00E9e par des r\u00E9actions entre des sites ou des groupes chimiques aux mol\u00E9cules existantes, ou bien par des interactions entre des macromol\u00E9cules existantes."@fr . . "Vernetzung bezeichnet in der makromolekularen Chemie Reaktionen, bei denen eine Vielzahl einzelner Makromolek\u00FCle zu einem dreidimensionalen Netzwerk verkn\u00FCpft wird. Die Verkn\u00FCpfung kann entweder direkt beim Aufbau der Makromolek\u00FCle oder durch Reaktionen an bereits bestehenden Polymeren erreicht werden. Durch den Prozess der Vernetzung ver\u00E4ndern sich die Eigenschaften der vernetzten Stoffe. Allgemein wird eine Erh\u00F6hung der H\u00E4rte, der Z\u00E4higkeit, des Schmelzpunktes und eine Absenkung der L\u00F6slichkeit beobachtet. Die Ver\u00E4nderung nimmt mit dem Vernetzungsgrad, dem Anteil der vernetzten Stellen bezogen auf die Gesamtpolymermenge, zu. Ein Vernetzungsmittel (engl. cross-linker) zeichnet sich durch mindestens zwei reaktive Gruppen aus. Vernetzer mit zwei gleichen reaktiven Gruppen werden als homobifunktionelle Vernetzer bezeichnet, solche mit zwei unterschiedlichen Gruppen dagegen als heterobifunktionelle Vernetzer."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5"@zh . "Reticulaci\u00F3"@ca . . . 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"\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Across-link\uFF09\u70BA\u9023\u63A5\u4E00\u500B\u805A\u5408\u9AD4\u8207\u5176\u5B83\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u9375\u3002\u5B83\u5011\u53EF\u4EE5\u662F\u5171\u50F9\u9375\u6216\u662F\u96E2\u5B50\u9375\u3002 \u201C\u805A\u5408\u7269\u93C8\u201D\u53EF\u4EE5\u6307\u5408\u6210\u805A\u5408\u7269\u6216\u5929\u7136\u805A\u5408\u7269\uFF08\u5982\u86CB\u767D\u8CEA\uFF09\u3002\u7576\u201C\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u201D\u7528\u65BC\u5408\u6210\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u9818\u57DF\u6642\uFF0C\u5B83\u901A\u5E38\u6307\u7684\u662F\u4F7F\u7528\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4FC3\u9032\u805A\u5408\u7269\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8CEA\u7684\u5DEE\u5225\u3002\u7576\u201C\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u201D\u4F7F\u7528\u65BC\u751F\u7269\u9818\u57DF\uFF0C\u5B83\u6307\u7684\u662F\u4F7F\u7528\u4E00\u500B\u63A2\u91DD\u8207\u86CB\u767D\u8CEA\u9023\u63A5\u5728\u4E00\u8D77\uFF0C\u6AA2\u67E5\u86CB\u767D\u8CEA\u4EA4\u4E92\u4F5C\u7528\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u5176\u5B83\u7684\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u65B9\u6CD5\u3002 \u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u4F7F\u7528\u65BC\u5408\u6210\u805A\u5408\u7269\u5316\u5B78\u548C\u751F\u7269\u79D1\u5B78\u3002\u96D6\u7136\u8A72\u540D\u8A9E\u5E38\u88AB\u4F7F\u7528\u4F86\u6307\u9019\u5169\u500B\u79D1\u5B78\u7684\u201C\u805A\u5408\u7269\u93C8\u7684\u9023\u63A5\u57FA\u201D\uFF0C\u4F46\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u7684\u7BC4\u570D\u548C\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u7684\u7279\u7570\u6027\u9084\u662F\u6709\u6240\u4E0D\u540C\u3002\u7576\u7136\uFF0C\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u79D1\u5B78\u4E5F\u6703\u6709\u4E00\u5B9A\u7A0B\u5EA6\u7684\u91CD\u758A\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4E0B\u7684\u5283\u5B9A\u70BA\u958B\u59CB\uFF0C\u4EE5\u4E86\u89E3\u7684\u5B83\u5011\u7D30\u5FAE\u7684\u5DEE\u7570\u3002 \u7576\u4EA4\u53C9\u93C8\u63A5\u88AB\u6DFB\u52A0\u5230\u9577\u6A61\u81A0\u5206\u5B50\u6642\uFF0C\u5B83\u7684\u4F38\u7E2E\u6027\u6703\u964D\u4F4E\uFF0C\u786C\u5EA6\u6703\u589E\u52A0\u4E26\u4E14\u7194\u9EDE\u4E5F\u6703\u589E\u52A0\u3002"@zh . "In de polymeerchemie is een crosslink een verbinding die twee polymeerketens aan elkaar koppelt. Het proces waarbij deze crosslinks ontstaan, noemt men ook wel vernetten. Wanneer een crosslink wordt gevormd door een specifiek molecuul, noemt men dat molecuul wel een crosslinker."@nl . . . . . . . "In chemistry and biology a cross-link is a bond or a short sequence of bonds that links one polymer chain to another. These links may take the form of covalent bonds or ionic bonds and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural polymers (such as proteins). In polymer chemistry \"cross-linking\" usually refers to the use of cross-links to promote a change in the polymers' physical properties. When \"crosslinking\" is used in the biological field, it refers to the use of a probe to link proteins together to check for protein\u2013protein interactions, as well as other creative cross-linking methodologies. Although the term is used to refer to the \"linking of polymer chains\" for both sciences, the extent of crosslinking and specificities of the crosslinking agents vary greatly. As with all science, there are overlaps, and the following delineations are a starting point to understanding the subtleties."@en . . . . . "En chimie des polym\u00E8res, la r\u00E9ticulation correspond \u00E0 la formation d'un ou de plusieurs r\u00E9seaux tridimensionnels, par voie chimique ou physique. Des liaisons chimiques (appel\u00E9es ponts) entre les cha\u00EEnes macromol\u00E9culaires sont cr\u00E9\u00E9es. Les structures r\u00E9ticul\u00E9es sont g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement pr\u00E9par\u00E9es \u00E0 partir de pr\u00E9-polym\u00E8res lin\u00E9aires ou ramifi\u00E9s de faible masse molaire (issus d'une polym\u00E9risation partielle), r\u00E9ticul\u00E9s sous l'action de la chaleur en pr\u00E9sence d'un catalyseur/durcisseur (agent r\u00E9ticulant)."@fr . . . . . .