. "La Convenzione di Costantinopoli fu un trattato firmato da Regno Unito, Germania, Austria-Ungheria, Spagna, Francia, Italia, Paesi Bassi, Impero russo e Impero ottomano il 29 ottobre 1888, sulle regole d'uso del Canale di Suez. I firmatari comprendevano tutte le grandi potenze europee nel 1888 e il trattato fu interpretato come un diritto di passaggio garantito di tutte le navi attraverso il Canale di Suez durante i periodi di guerra e di pace."@it . . . . "The Convention of Constantinople is a treaty concerning the use of the Suez Canal in Egypt. It was signed on 29 October 1888 by the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, the Russian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. The Khedivate of Egypt, through whose territory the Canal ran, and to whom all shares in the Suez Canal Company were due to revert when the company's 99-year lease to manage the Canal expired, was not invited to participate in the negotiations, and did not sign the treaty. The signatories comprised all the great European powers of the era, and the treaty was interpreted as a guaranteed right of passage of all ships through the Suez Canal during war and peace. During the 74 years of the United Kingdom's military presence in Egypt, from 1882 to 1956, the British government was in effective control of the Canal. In 1956, the Egyptian government nationalised the Suez Canal Company. Future wars between Egypt and the State of Israel would see the Canal blocked and unusable for extended periods of time."@en . 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\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043D\u043E\u043F\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0421\u0443\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0441\u044C."@uk . . . . . . "\u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u064F\u0642\u0639\u062A \u0641\u064A 29 \u0623\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0628\u0631 1888\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062F\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062F\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064A\u0633\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0631\u0641\u062A \u0628\u0633\u064A\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0641\u064A \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u062D\u0635\u0644\u062A \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064A\u0633."@ar . . "1888-10-29"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "La convention de Constantinople est un accord de droit maritime conclu le 29 octobre 1888 par l'Allemagne, l'Autriche-Hongrie, l'Empire ottoman, l'Espagne, la France, l'Italie, les Pays-Bas, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie r\u00E9gissant la libert\u00E9 de circulation dans le canal de Suez, \u00E0 l'occasion de l'ouverture de celui-ci en 1869. Le premier article de la convention pr\u00E9cise ainsi que \u00AB Le Canal Maritime de Suez sera toujours libre et ouvert, en temps de guerre comme en temps de paix, \u00E0 tout navire de commerce ou de guerre, sans distinction de pavillon. \u00BB Cette convention compl\u00E8te le trait\u00E9 de Paris sur la libert\u00E9 du trafic maritime. Elle a \u00E9t\u00E9 viol\u00E9e plusieurs fois : durant la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale, la Deuxi\u00E8me Guerre mondiale et le conflit isra\u00E9lo-arabe de 1956, mais reste toujours en vigueur."@fr . "Konstantinopolsk\u00E1 konvence, tak\u00E9 Konstantinopolsk\u00E1 smlouva nebo Konstantinopolsk\u00E1 dohoda byl dokument jen\u017E uzav\u0159ely Spojen\u00E9 kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED, N\u011Bmeck\u00E9 c\u00EDsa\u0159stv\u00ED, Rakousko-Uhersko, \u0160pan\u011Blsko, Francie, Italsk\u00E9 kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED, Nizozemsko, Rusko a Osmansk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e 29. \u0159\u00EDjna 1888 v Istanbulu."@cs . "La Convenci\u00F3n de Constantinopla es un tratado internacional firmado el 29 de octubre de 1888 por Reino Unido de Gran Breta\u00F1a e Irlanda, Francia, Imperio Alem\u00E1n, Imperio Ruso, Imperio Otomano, Imperio Austroh\u00FAngaro, Espa\u00F1a, Pa\u00EDses Bajos y el Reino de Italia en dicha ciudad por el que se estableci\u00F3 el uso libre del paso del Canal de Suez, tanto en tiempo de paz como de guerra y para todo tipo de buques, se prohibi\u00F3 el bloqueo del canal y la zona o \u00E1rea alrededor del mismo que quedaba sujeta al mismo."@es . "Konstantinopolsk\u00E1 konvence, tak\u00E9 Konstantinopolsk\u00E1 smlouva nebo Konstantinopolsk\u00E1 dohoda byl dokument jen\u017E uzav\u0159ely Spojen\u00E9 kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED, N\u011Bmeck\u00E9 c\u00EDsa\u0159stv\u00ED, Rakousko-Uhersko, \u0160pan\u011Blsko, Francie, Italsk\u00E9 kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED, Nizozemsko, Rusko a Osmansk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e 29. \u0159\u00EDjna 1888 v Istanbulu."@cs . . "N/A"@en . . "A Conven\u00E7\u00E3o de Constantinopla \u00E9 um tratado internacional assinado em 29 de outubro de 1888 pela Gr\u00E3-Bretanha, Fran\u00E7a, Alemanha, R\u00FAssia, Turquia, \u00C1ustria-Hungria, Espanha, Holanda e It\u00E1lia, na cidade de Constantinopla em que foi estabelecido o uso livre da passagem do Canal de Suez, tanto em tempo de paz e como de guerra e a todos os tipos de navios, foi proibido o bloqueio do canal ou da \u00E1rea ao redor da mesma que estava sujeita a ele. Para atingir seu objetivo foi estabelecido que o Canal de Suez n\u00E3o poderia ser zona de guerra, nem zona de seguran\u00E7a estabelecida tr\u00EAs milhas ao seu redor. O canal passou a ser desmilitarizado e suas fortifica\u00E7\u00F5es tinham que ser eliminadas e, em nenhum caso, deveria permitir a constru\u00E7\u00E3o de novos edif\u00EDcios militares. Em 1882, a Gr\u00E3-Bretanha havia recentemente adquirido o controle f\u00EDsico sobre o Canal de Suez e do Egito, ap\u00F3s sua invas\u00E3o ao pa\u00EDs. A Fran\u00E7a, que havia dominado o Canal e ainda controlava parte das a\u00E7\u00F5es da , esperava enfraquecer o controle brit\u00E2nico e tentou influenciar a opini\u00E3o p\u00FAblica europeia a favor da internacionaliza\u00E7\u00E3o do Canal. As duas pot\u00EAncias ficaram comprometidas por neutralizar o canal pelo presente Tratado. As raz\u00F5es para o estabelecimento do tratado nascem em 1854, quando \u00E9 dada a Ferdinand de Lesseps uma concess\u00E3o para a constru\u00E7\u00E3o do Canal pelos franceses. Os contratos entre a Companhia Universal do Canal de Suez e o Quedivato do Egito (sob o Imp\u00E9rio Otomano), previam o uso comercial, mas n\u00E3o b\u00E9lico, um acordo que tomou forma em 1866. Durante a Guerra russo-turca de 1877\u20131878, o Imp\u00E9rio Brit\u00E2nico (o maior acionista da Companhia Universal do Canal de Suez) temia um bloqueio de canal, que iria interromper suas comunica\u00E7\u00F5es com a \u00CDndia. Embora as partes em conflito manifestaram ao Reino Unido a sua vontade de n\u00E3o usar bloqueio do canal como uma arma de guerra, tanto este pa\u00EDs como a Fran\u00E7a, em 1885, iniciaram conversa\u00E7\u00F5es para alcan\u00E7ar um acordo internacional que defina o estatuto definitivo. Assim, em 1887, ambos os pa\u00EDses assinaram um acordo que, em suma, \u00E9 convertido com pouca varia\u00E7\u00F5es na Conven\u00E7\u00E3o de Constantinopla. Os signat\u00E1rios inclu\u00EDram todas as grandes pot\u00EAncias europeias da \u00E9poca, e o tratado foi interpretado como um direito garantido de passagem de todos os navios pelo Canal de Suez durante guerra e a paz. O Artigo I, garantia a passagem a todos os navios durante a guerra e a paz estava em tens\u00E3o com o Artigo X, que permitia ao Quediva tomar medidas para \"a defesa do Egito e \u00E0 manuten\u00E7\u00E3o da ordem p\u00FAblica\". Esta \u00FAltima foi utilizada para defender as suas a\u00E7\u00F5es pelos ingleses na Segunda Guerra Mundial e pelo Egito contra os navios de Israel depois de 1948. Em 5 de agosto de 1914, no in\u00EDcio da Primeira Guerra Mundial, o Egito declarou que o canal estaria aberto aos navios de todas as na\u00E7\u00F5es, mas a Gr\u00E3 Bretanha converteu sua ocupa\u00E7\u00E3o em um protetorado brit\u00E2nico, e proibiu o acesso ao Canal a navios inimigos. Citando a seguran\u00E7a do Canal, a Gr\u00E3-Bretanha tentou manter as suas prerrogativas em declara\u00E7\u00F5es unilaterais."@pt . "Convention of Constantinople"@en . . . . . . "Convention of Constantinople"@en . . . . . . . "\u30B9\u30A8\u30BA\u904B\u6CB3\u306E\u81EA\u7531\u822A\u884C\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u6761\u7D04"@ja . "Die Konvention von Konstantinopel bezeichnet einen Vertrag, der den v\u00F6lkerrechtlichen Status des Suezkanals bestimmt. Er betrifft die Nutzung des Suezkanals und wurde von neun Staaten im Oktober 1888 unterzeichnet. Es handelte sich um die damaligen Gro\u00DFm\u00E4chte Frankreich, Deutsches Reich, \u00D6sterreich-Ungarn, Spanien, Vereinigtes K\u00F6nigreich, Italien, Niederlande, Russisches Reich und Osmanisches Reich. Sp\u00E4ter traten weitere sieben Staaten hinzu, darunter China und Japan."@de . . "\u30B9\u30A8\u30BA\u904B\u6CB3\u306E\u81EA\u7531\u822A\u884C\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u6761\u7D04\uFF08\u82F1: Convention Respecting the Free Navigation of the Suez Maritime Canal\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30B9\u30A8\u30BA\u904B\u6CB3\u306E\u5730\u4F4D\u3092\u5B9A\u3081\u308B\u591A\u56FD\u9593\u6761\u7D04\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u7B2C1\u6761\u306F\u3001\u5E73\u6642\u304A\u3088\u3073\u6226\u6642\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u30B9\u30A8\u30BA\u904B\u6CB3\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u8239\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u958B\u653E\u3059\u308B\u65E8\u5B9A\u3081\u3001\u7DE0\u7D04\u56FD\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3001\u904B\u6CB3\u306E\u81EA\u7531\u306A\u4F7F\u7528\u306B\u5E72\u6E09\u3057\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7FA9\u52D9\u4ED8\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . "Conventie van Constantinopel"@nl . "Convenzione di Costantinopoli"@it . . . . . "1834511"^^ . "1117628434"^^ . . "Convention de Constantinople (1888)"@fr . . . . . . . . "La Convenzione di Costantinopoli fu un trattato firmato da Regno Unito, Germania, Austria-Ungheria, Spagna, Francia, Italia, Paesi Bassi, Impero russo e Impero ottomano il 29 ottobre 1888, sulle regole d'uso del Canale di Suez. Nel 1882 la guerra anglo-egiziana port\u00F2 la Gran Bretagna ad acquisire il controllo fisico del Canale di Suez e dell'Egitto. La Francia, che in precedenza aveva dominato il canale e i cui investitori controllavano ancora la maggioranza delle azioni della Compagnia del canale di Suez, sperava di indebolire il controllo britannico e tent\u00F2 di influenzare l'opinione europea al fine di internazionalizzare il canale. Le due potenze raggiunsero un compromesso attraverso il trattato. L'articolo I, che garantisce il passaggio a tutte le navi durante la guerra e la pace, era in conflitto con l'articolo X, che consentiva al Chediv\u00E8 di adottare misure per \"la difesa dell'Egitto e del mantenimento dell'ordine pubblico\". Quest'ultima clausola venne usata per difendere le loro azioni dagli inglesi nella seconda guerra mondiale e dall'Egitto contro la spedizione israeliana dopo il 1948. Tuttavia, la Gran Bretagna accett\u00F2 il trattato con riluttanza e solo con serie riserve: I delegati della Gran Bretagna, nell'offrire questo testo come regola definitiva per garantire il libero uso del Canale di Suez, ritengono che sia loro dovere annunciare una riserva generale sull'applicabilit\u00E0 delle sue disposizioni in quanto incompatibili con lo Stato transitorio ed eccezionale in cui si trova effettivamente l'Egitto e nella misura in cui potrebbero ostacolare la libert\u00E0 di azione del governo durante l'occupazione dell'Egitto da parte delle forze britanniche. La Francia accett\u00F2 la riserva ma, in conformit\u00E0 con il diritto internazionale dell'epoca, not\u00F2 che ci\u00F2 rendeva il trattato una \"dichiarazione accademica\" \"tecnicamente inoperante\". La riserva non fu rimossa fino all'Entente Cordiale tra Gran Bretagna e Francia, e la convenzione entr\u00F2 finalmente in vigore nel 1904. L'Intesa stabil\u00EC che il funzionamento della commissione internazionale di supervisione descritta nell'articolo 8 sarebbe \"rimasto sospeso\". Tuttavia, per i successivi quarant'anni, le azioni britanniche sarebbero state in gran parte nello spirito della riserva abbandonata. Il 5 agosto 1914, all'inizio della prima guerra mondiale, l'Egitto dichiar\u00F2 che il canale sarebbe stato aperto alle navi di tutte le nazioni, ma la Gran Bretagna convert\u00EC la sua occupazione in un protettorato britannico e viet\u00F2 l'accesso al canale alle navi nemiche. Citando la sicurezza del canale, la Gran Bretagna tent\u00F2 di mantenere le sue prerogative nelle dichiarazioni unilaterali. I firmatari comprendevano tutte le grandi potenze europee nel 1888 e il trattato fu interpretato come un diritto di passaggio garantito di tutte le navi attraverso il Canale di Suez durante i periodi di guerra e di pace. I successivi conflitti e scontri passarono sul controllo del Canale alle varie potenze, tra cui Regno Unito, Egitto, Israele e Nazioni Unite. Nel 1956 il governo egiziano nazionalizz\u00F2 il Canale di Suez. Il 5 giugno 1967, durante la Guerra dei Sei Giorni, l'Egitto chiuse e blocc\u00F2 il canale contro Israele. Il corso d'acqua venne riaperto il 10 giugno 1975. Una forza multinazionale di osservatori (compresi gli Stati Uniti, Israele e l'Egitto) supervisiona attualmente il canale, che \u00E8 di propriet\u00E0 e gestito dall'Autorit\u00E0 del Canale di Suez della Repubblica Araba d'Egitto. Secondo le regole internazionali che regolano la navigazione attraverso Suez, l'Egitto non pu\u00F2 vietare a nessuna nave di passare attraverso il Canale di Suez se non c'\u00E8 una guerra tra l'Egitto e quel paese."@it . "La convention de Constantinople est un accord de droit maritime conclu le 29 octobre 1888 par l'Allemagne, l'Autriche-Hongrie, l'Empire ottoman, l'Espagne, la France, l'Italie, les Pays-Bas, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie r\u00E9gissant la libert\u00E9 de circulation dans le canal de Suez, \u00E0 l'occasion de l'ouverture de celui-ci en 1869. Le premier article de la convention pr\u00E9cise ainsi que \u00AB Le Canal Maritime de Suez sera toujours libre et ouvert, en temps de guerre comme en temps de paix, \u00E0 tout navire de commerce ou de guerre, sans distinction de pavillon. \u00BB"@fr . . . . "De Conventie van Constantinopel is een multilateraal handelsverdrag betreffende het gebruik van het Suezkanaal tussen Groot-Brittanni\u00EB, Duitsland, Frankrijk, Spanje, Nederland, Oostenrijk-Hongarije, Rusland, Itali\u00EB en het Ottomaanse Rijk dat ontworpen is op 2 maart 1888. Enkele maanden later, op 29 oktober 1888 werd het verdrag door eerdergenoemde partijen ondertekend en december 1888 werd het daadwerkelijk actief. Namens Nederland waren aanwezig de heren M.M.H. Jansen en Prof. T.M.C. Asser, resp staatsraad en hoogleraar aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam"@nl . "Convenci\u00F3n de Constantinopla"@es . . "Representatives of each respective country"@en . . . . . "\u041A\u043E\u043D\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E \u0421\u0443\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B"@uk . "320"^^ . . "A Conven\u00E7\u00E3o de Constantinopla \u00E9 um tratado internacional assinado em 29 de outubro de 1888 pela Gr\u00E3-Bretanha, Fran\u00E7a, Alemanha, R\u00FAssia, Turquia, \u00C1ustria-Hungria, Espanha, Holanda e It\u00E1lia, na cidade de Constantinopla em que foi estabelecido o uso livre da passagem do Canal de Suez, tanto em tempo de paz e como de guerra e a todos os tipos de navios, foi proibido o bloqueio do canal ou da \u00E1rea ao redor da mesma que estava sujeita a ele."@pt . "De Conventie van Constantinopel is een multilateraal handelsverdrag betreffende het gebruik van het Suezkanaal tussen Groot-Brittanni\u00EB, Duitsland, Frankrijk, Spanje, Nederland, Oostenrijk-Hongarije, Rusland, Itali\u00EB en het Ottomaanse Rijk dat ontworpen is op 2 maart 1888. Enkele maanden later, op 29 oktober 1888 werd het verdrag door eerdergenoemde partijen ondertekend en december 1888 werd het daadwerkelijk actief. Namens Nederland waren aanwezig de heren M.M.H. Jansen en Prof. T.M.C. Asser, resp staatsraad en hoogleraar aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam Het verdrag behelsde de vrije doorgang van alle schepen door het Suezkanaal in tijden van oorlog en vrede. Om de vrije doorvaart te garanderen namen de Britten de taak op zich om de scheepvaart (en dus het kanaal) te verdedigen; er waren al sinds 1882 Britse troepen in Egypte aanwezig nadat zij een opstand van militairen tegen Europese en Ottomaanse overheersing hadden neergeslagen. Als gevolg hiervan werd het Khedivaat Egypte, door wiens grondgebied het kanaal liep en aan wie alle aandelen in de Suezkanaalmaatschappij zouden terugvallen toen de 99-jarige huurovereenkomst van de onderneming om het kanaal te beheren afliep, dan ook niet uitgenodigd om deel te nemen aan de onderhandelingen en heeft het verdrag ook niet ondertekend. De ondertekenaars omvatten alle grote Europese mogendheden van die tijd, en het verdrag werd ge\u00EFnterpreteerd als een gegarandeerd recht van doorvaart door het Suezkanaal tijdens oorlog en vrede. Tijdens de 74 jaar van de militaire aanwezigheid van het Verenigd Koninkrijk in Egypte, van 1882 tot 1956, had de Britse regering de effectieve controle over het kanaal. In 1956 nationaliseerde de Egyptische regering de Suezkanaal Maatschappij. Toekomstige oorlogen tussen Egypte en de staat Isra\u00EBl zouden het kanaal voor langere tijd geblokkeerd en onbruikbaar maken."@nl . . . "Multilateral trade treaty"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* Kingdom of Spain"@en . . . . . "Konvention von Konstantinopel (1888)"@de . . . "Konstantinopelkonventionen (franska: Convention de Constantinople) var ett internationellt f\u00F6rdrag som sl\u00F6ts i Konstantinopel den 29 oktober 1888 g\u00E4llande kontrollen \u00F6ver Suezkanalen, en tvistefr\u00E5ga fr\u00E4mst mellan Storbritannien och Frankrike."@sv . . . . . . . "Konstantinopolsk\u00E1 konvence"@cs . . "\u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0647\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u064F\u0642\u0639\u062A \u0641\u064A 29 \u0623\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0628\u0631 1888\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062C\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062B\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0625\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062F\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062F\u0629 \u062D\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062D\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064A\u0633\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0631\u0641\u062A \u0628\u0633\u064A\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062A\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A\u0647\u0627\u060C \u0641\u064A \u062D\u064A\u0646 \u062D\u0635\u0644\u062A \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064A\u0633."@ar . . . . . "1888-03-02"^^ . . . . . . . "Konstantinopelkonventionen"@sv . . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u043E\u043D\u0432\u0435\u0301\u043D\u0446\u0456\u044F \u0449\u043E\u0434\u043E \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0421\u0443\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E\u043C, \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0430 29 \u0436\u043E\u0432\u0442\u043D\u044F 1888 \u0432 \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456 (\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0431\u0443\u043B\u0456). \u041A\u043E\u043D\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u044E \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E-\u0423\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0456\u044F, \u041D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u0406\u0441\u043F\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0406\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0456\u044F, \u041D\u0456\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438, \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u043A\u0430. \u0414\u043E \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044F \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0456\u044F, \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u041F\u043E\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043B\u0456\u044F, \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0456\u044F, \u041D\u043E\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0433\u0456\u044F, \u0414\u0430\u043D\u0456\u044F, \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F, \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439. \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044F \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0432\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u044E \u0437\u0430 \u0404\u0433\u0438\u043F\u0435\u0442, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043D\u0435\u0457."@uk . . "La Convenci\u00F3n de Constantinopla es un tratado internacional firmado el 29 de octubre de 1888 por Reino Unido de Gran Breta\u00F1a e Irlanda, Francia, Imperio Alem\u00E1n, Imperio Ruso, Imperio Otomano, Imperio Austroh\u00FAngaro, Espa\u00F1a, Pa\u00EDses Bajos y el Reino de Italia en dicha ciudad por el que se estableci\u00F3 el uso libre del paso del Canal de Suez, tanto en tiempo de paz como de guerra y para todo tipo de buques, se prohibi\u00F3 el bloqueo del canal y la zona o \u00E1rea alrededor del mismo que quedaba sujeta al mismo. Para alcanzar su objetivo se fij\u00F3 que el Canal de Suez no podr\u00EDa ser zona de hostilidades, ni tampoco la zona de seguridad establecida tres millas alrededor de \u00E9l. El Canal pasaba a estar desmilitarizado y sus fortificaciones deb\u00EDan ser eliminadas y, en todo caso, no se permitir\u00EDan nuevas construcciones militares. Las razones para el establecimiento del tratado nacen cuando en 1854 se le otorga a Fernando de Lesseps la concesi\u00F3n para la construcci\u00F3n del Canal por parte de Francia. Los acuerdos entre la Compa\u00F1\u00EDa Universal del Canal de Suez y el Khedive de Egipto (sometido al Imperio Otomano) preve\u00EDan el uso comercial, pero no el b\u00E9lico, acuerdo que se plasm\u00F3 en 1866. Durante la guerra ruso-turca en 1877, el Imperio brit\u00E1nico (el mayor accionista de la Compa\u00F1\u00EDa Universal del Canal de Suez) temi\u00F3 un bloqueo del canal, lo que interrumpir\u00EDa sus comunicaciones con la India Brit\u00E1nica. Aunque las partes beligerantes manifestaron al Reino Unido su disposici\u00F3n al no uso del bloqueo del canal como arma de guerra, tanto este pa\u00EDs como Francia iniciaron en 1885 conversaciones para llegar a un acuerdo internacional que fijase el estatuto jur\u00EDdico definitivo. As\u00ED en 1887, ambos pa\u00EDses firmaron un acuerdo que, en resumen, se convertir\u00E1 con pocas variaciones en la Convenci\u00F3n de Constantinopla."@es . . "Conven\u00E7\u00E3o de Constantinopla"@pt . . . . "Die Konvention von Konstantinopel bezeichnet einen Vertrag, der den v\u00F6lkerrechtlichen Status des Suezkanals bestimmt. Er betrifft die Nutzung des Suezkanals und wurde von neun Staaten im Oktober 1888 unterzeichnet. Es handelte sich um die damaligen Gro\u00DFm\u00E4chte Frankreich, Deutsches Reich, \u00D6sterreich-Ungarn, Spanien, Vereinigtes K\u00F6nigreich, Italien, Niederlande, Russisches Reich und Osmanisches Reich. Sp\u00E4ter traten weitere sieben Staaten hinzu, darunter China und Japan. Laut Artikel I der Konvention ist die freie Durchfahrt von Handels- und Kriegsschiffen aller Flaggen in Friedens- und Kriegszeiten garantiert. Der Kanal kann zu gleichen Bedingungen benutzt werden. F\u00FCr Kriegsschiffe kriegf\u00FChrender Staaten gelten bestimmte Einschr\u00E4nkungen, beispielsweise die Durchfahrt ohne Halt und ohne Versorgung. Der Kanal ist neutralisiert. Kriegsrecht darf in seinem Bereich, seinen H\u00E4fen und einer Dreimeilenzone vor den Ausfahrten nicht angewendet werden. Jegliche Kriegshandlungen gegen den Kanal und seine Nebenanlagen sind verboten. Die Konvention von Konstantinopel gilt bis heute. Sie wird im \u00E4gyptischen Gesetz Nr. 30 von 1975 \u00FCber die Organisation der Suez Canal Authority ausdr\u00FCcklich als verbindlich bezeichnet. Brisanz erreichte die Konvention insbesondere w\u00E4hrend der Sueskrise. Die Idee, den Kanal zu neutralisieren, wurde wohl zuerst von Metternich in den Jahren 1838 und 1841 in Schreiben an Muhammad Ali Pascha aufgebracht und von Lesseps 1856 und nochmals einige Jahre sp\u00E4ter vorgeschlagen. 1869 befassten sich die franz\u00F6sische Regierung und 1870 eine Handelskonferenz in Kairo sowie die britische Admiralit\u00E4t mit der Idee. Auch die Internationale Kommission von 1873 behandelte das Thema. 1877 bekam das Thema durch den Krieg zwischen Russland und dem Osmanischen Reich praktische Bedeutung. Als Gro\u00DFbritannien 1882 \u00C4gypten besetzte, landeten Truppen in Sues und Port Said und unterbrachen den Schiffsverkehr vor\u00FCbergehend. Formal war dies allerdings durch einen Beschluss des Vizek\u00F6nigs gedeckt. 1883 schlug Gro\u00DFbritannien eine internationale Vereinbarung \u00FCber den Kanal vor, ohne weitere Folgen. 1885 kam es auf Betreiben Frankreichs zu einer Konferenz in Kairo, bei der ein Entwurf ausgearbeitet, aber nicht unterzeichnet wurde. 1887 wurde der Entwurf auf einer Konferenz in Konstantinopel weiterverhandelt. Schlie\u00DFlich wurde die Konvention von Konstantinopel am 29. Oktober 1888 unterzeichnet, jedoch mit dem Vorbehalt, dass sie erst nach der britischen Besetzung \u00C4gyptens in Kraft treten w\u00FCrde. Die Konvention hatte ihre erste Bew\u00E4hrungsprobe 1904, als russische Kriegsschiffe im Krieg gegen Japan ungehindert durch den Kanal fahren konnten, obwohl Japan mit Gro\u00DFbritannien verb\u00FCndet war. Im Zuge der Entente cordiale mit Frankreich vom 8. April 1904 erkl\u00E4rte Gro\u00DFbritannien, die Konvention in Kraft zu setzen."@de . . . . "Konstantinopelkonventionen (franska: Convention de Constantinople) var ett internationellt f\u00F6rdrag som sl\u00F6ts i Konstantinopel den 29 oktober 1888 g\u00E4llande kontrollen \u00F6ver Suezkanalen, en tvistefr\u00E5ga fr\u00E4mst mellan Storbritannien och Frankrike. Konventionen signerades av F\u00F6renade kungad\u00F6met Storbritannien och Irland, Franska republiken, Tyska riket, \u00D6sterrike-Ungern, Spanien, Kungariket Italien, Nederl\u00E4nderna, Ryska imperiet och Osmanska riket. Khedivatet Egypten, genom vars territorium kanalen skulle g\u00E5, var formellt underst\u00E4llt den turkiske sultanen och \u00E4gde d\u00E4rf\u00F6r ingen egen representationsr\u00E4tt."@sv . "\u03A3\u03CD\u03BC\u03B2\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u039A\u03C9\u03BD\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03C4\u03B9\u03BD\u03BF\u03CD\u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B7\u03C2 (1888)"@el . "8716"^^ . "\u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . . "1904-04-08"^^ . . "\u30B9\u30A8\u30BA\u904B\u6CB3\u306E\u81EA\u7531\u822A\u884C\u306B\u95A2\u3059\u308B\u6761\u7D04\uFF08\u82F1: Convention Respecting the Free Navigation of the Suez Maritime Canal\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30B9\u30A8\u30BA\u904B\u6CB3\u306E\u5730\u4F4D\u3092\u5B9A\u3081\u308B\u591A\u56FD\u9593\u6761\u7D04\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u7B2C1\u6761\u306F\u3001\u5E73\u6642\u304A\u3088\u3073\u6226\u6642\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u30B9\u30A8\u30BA\u904B\u6CB3\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306E\u8239\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u958B\u653E\u3059\u308B\u65E8\u5B9A\u3081\u3001\u7DE0\u7D04\u56FD\u306B\u5BFE\u3057\u3001\u904B\u6CB3\u306E\u81EA\u7531\u306A\u4F7F\u7528\u306B\u5E72\u6E09\u3057\u306A\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7FA9\u52D9\u4ED8\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "The Convention of Constantinople is a treaty concerning the use of the Suez Canal in Egypt. It was signed on 29 October 1888 by the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, the Russian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. The Khedivate of Egypt, through whose territory the Canal ran, and to whom all shares in the Suez Canal Company were due to revert when the company's 99-year lease to manage the Canal expired, was not invited to participate in the negotiations, and did not sign the treaty."@en . .