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備忘録 Commonplace book Commonplace book كناشة Kollektaneenbuch
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الكُنَّاشَةُ أو الكناشات هي إحدى الطرق لتجميع العلوم وتصنيفها، والتي عادةً ما تكون بكتابة المعلومات على الكتب. وتشبه هذه الكناشات أساسًا سجلات القصاصات التي تحوي معلومات باختلاف أنواعها: الوصفات، الاقتباسات، الرسائل، القصائد، جداول الأوزان والمقاييس، الأمثال، الأدعية، الصيغ القانونية. وعادة ما يستخدم الكناشات القراء، والكتاب، والطلاب والعلماء كمساعد لهم لتذكر الأفكار والمعلومات المفيدة مما تعلموه. وتختلف كل كناشة عن أخرى وتتميز وفقًا لاهتمام كاتبها. وقد أصبحت الكناشات ذات أهمية بالغة في المجتمع الأوروبي الحديث. 備忘録（びぼうろく）は、記憶すべき事柄を簡単にメモするための個人的な雑記帳である。忘備録（ぼうびろく）は本来は誤記だが（忘れるのに備える記録で備忘録）、和製漢語の造語法としては自然なため（目的語+動詞）、普通に用いられている。 Commonplace books (or commonplaces) are a way to compile knowledge, usually by writing information into books. They have been kept from antiquity, and were kept particularly during the Renaissance and in the nineteenth century. Such books are similar to scrapbooks filled with items of many kinds: sententiae (often with the compiler's responses), notes, proverbs, adages, aphorisms, maxims, quotes, letters, poems, tables of weights and measures, prayers, legal formulas, and recipes. Entries are most often organized under subject headings and differ functionally from journals or diaries, which are chronological and introspective." Commonplaces are used by readers, writers, students, and scholars as an aid for remembering useful concepts or facts; sometimes they were required of young women as Ein Kollektaneenbuch (auch Kollektanee) ist eine individuelle handschriftliche Zusammenstellung von Informationen in einem Buch. Kollektaneen sind aus der Antike überliefert und wurden vor allem in der Renaissance und im 19. Jahrhundert bewahrt. Sie waren mit unterschiedlichen Elementen gefüllt: Rezepte, Zitate, Briefe, Gedichte, Gewichts- und Maßtabellen, Redewendungen, Gebete und Rechtsformulierungen. I Commonplace books (o commonplace) sono un modo per compilare conoscenza, di solito scrivendo informazioni all'interno dei libri. Questi libri sono essenzialmente album riempiti con elementi di ogni genere: ricette, citazioni, lettere, poesie, tabelle di pesi e misure, proverbi, preghiere, formule legali. I commonplace sono usati da lettori, scrittori, studenti e studiosi come supporto per ricordare concetti o fatti utili che hanno imparato. Ogni commonplace book è unico per i particolari interessi del suo creatore. Essi sono diventati significativi nell'Europa premoderna.
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Commonplace books (or commonplaces) are a way to compile knowledge, usually by writing information into books. They have been kept from antiquity, and were kept particularly during the Renaissance and in the nineteenth century. Such books are similar to scrapbooks filled with items of many kinds: sententiae (often with the compiler's responses), notes, proverbs, adages, aphorisms, maxims, quotes, letters, poems, tables of weights and measures, prayers, legal formulas, and recipes. Entries are most often organized under subject headings and differ functionally from journals or diaries, which are chronological and introspective." Commonplaces are used by readers, writers, students, and scholars as an aid for remembering useful concepts or facts; sometimes they were required of young women as evidence of their mastery of social roles and as demonstrations of the correctness of their upbringing. They became significant in Early Modern Europe. "Commonplace" is a translation of the Latin term locus communis (from Greek tópos koinós, see literary topos) which means "a general or common topic", such as a statement of proverbial wisdom. In this original sense, commonplace books were collections of such sayings, such as John Milton's example. 'Commonplace book' is at times used with an expansive sense, referring to collections by an individual in one volume which have a common theme (e.g. ethics) or explores several themes. The term overlaps with aspects of the terms 'anthology' or 'mixed-manuscript' in these productions but most properly refers to a collection of sayings or excerpts by an individual, often collected under thematic headings. As a genre, commonplace books were generally private collections of information, but as the amount of information grew following the invention of movable type and printing became less expensive, some were published for the general public. Commonplaces are a separate genre of writing from diaries or travelogues. In 1685 the English Enlightenment philosopher John Locke wrote a treatise in French on commonplace books, translated into English in 1706 as A New Method of Making Common-Place-Books, "in which techniques for entering proverbs, quotations, ideas, speeches were formulated. Locke gave specific advice on how to arrange material by subject and category, using such key topics as love, politics, or religion. Following the publication of his work, publishers often printed empty commonplace books with space for headings and indices to be filled in by their users. An example is "Bell’s Common-Place Book, Formed generally upon the Principles Recommended and Practised by Mr Locke" which was published by John Bell almost a century after Locke's treatise. A copy of this blank commonplace was used by Erasmus Darwin from 1776 to 1787, and it was later used by Charles Darwin who called it "the great book" when composing his grandfather's biography. By the early eighteenth century, they had become an information management device in which a note-taker stored quotations, observations, and definitions. They were used in private households to collate ethical or informative texts, sometimes alongside recipes or medical formulae. For women, who were excluded from formal higher education, the commonplace book could be a repository of intellectual references. The gentlewoman Elizabeth Lyttelton kept one from the 1670s to 1713 and a typical example was published by Mrs Anna Jameson in 1855, including headings such as Ethical Fragments; Theological; Literature and Art. Commonplace books were used by scientists and other thinkers in the same way that a database might now be used: Carl Linnaeus, for instance, used commonplacing techniques to invent and arrange the nomenclature of his Systema Naturae (which is the basis for the system used by scientists today). In the era of information technology, paper-based commonplace books can still be kept, for those so inclined; in addition, there are that paper-based commonplace books served for previous generations of thinkers. الكُنَّاشَةُ أو الكناشات هي إحدى الطرق لتجميع العلوم وتصنيفها، والتي عادةً ما تكون بكتابة المعلومات على الكتب. وتشبه هذه الكناشات أساسًا سجلات القصاصات التي تحوي معلومات باختلاف أنواعها: الوصفات، الاقتباسات، الرسائل، القصائد، جداول الأوزان والمقاييس، الأمثال، الأدعية، الصيغ القانونية. وعادة ما يستخدم الكناشات القراء، والكتاب، والطلاب والعلماء كمساعد لهم لتذكر الأفكار والمعلومات المفيدة مما تعلموه. وتختلف كل كناشة عن أخرى وتتميز وفقًا لاهتمام كاتبها. وقد أصبحت الكناشات ذات أهمية بالغة في المجتمع الأوروبي الحديث. كلمة كناشة (بالإنجليزية: Commonplace)‏ هي ترجمة للمصطلح اللاتيني (locus communis) والمأخوذ من المصطلح الإغريقي (tópos koinós) والذي يعني السمة العامة للتطبيق والمقتبسة من أحد الأمثال. وفي الشكل الأصلي لها فإن الكناشة هي مجموعة من الأقوال مثل: كناشة جون ميلتون. وقد وسع العلماء مفهومها واستخدامها لتشمل أي مخطوطة تتضمن معلومات من نفس السمة التي يختارها الفرد. ليست الكناشات مذكرات ولا قصص رحلات والتي لا يمكن مقارنتها بها لاختلافها الكلي. كتب الفليسوف التنويري جون لوكفي سنة 1706 كتاب بعنوان «الطريقة الجديدة لكتابة الكناشات» والذي يحوي تقنيات كتابة الأمثال، الاقتباسات، الأفكار، والخطابات المصاغة. وكان لوك قد أعطى نصيحة مخصوصة بطريقة ترتيب العناصر في الكناشة وفقًا للعنوان والفئة، باستخدام عناوين مفتاحية كالحب، والسياسة والدين. كما ينبغي التأكيد على أن الكناشات لا تشابه الصحف أو الجرائد والتي عادةً ما تكون مرتبة زمنيًّا ومحددة باتجاه فكري معين. بحلول القرن الثامن، أصبحت الكناشات أداة لإدارة المعلومات وتنظيمها، حيث يخزن كاتب الملاحظات فيها الاقتباسات، والملاحظات والتعاريف. كما استخدمها العلماء المميزين، فمثلًا استخدم كارل لاينس طريقة الكناشات لكتابة وترتيب مصطلحات طبيعة التنظيم (والتي تعد اليوم النظام الأساسي الذي يستعمله العلماء في الوقت الحالي). Ein Kollektaneenbuch (auch Kollektanee) ist eine individuelle handschriftliche Zusammenstellung von Informationen in einem Buch. Kollektaneen sind aus der Antike überliefert und wurden vor allem in der Renaissance und im 19. Jahrhundert bewahrt. Sie waren mit unterschiedlichen Elementen gefüllt: Rezepte, Zitate, Briefe, Gedichte, Gewichts- und Maßtabellen, Redewendungen, Gebete und Rechtsformulierungen. 備忘録（びぼうろく）は、記憶すべき事柄を簡単にメモするための個人的な雑記帳である。忘備録（ぼうびろく）は本来は誤記だが（忘れるのに備える記録で備忘録）、和製漢語の造語法としては自然なため（目的語+動詞）、普通に用いられている。 I Commonplace books (o commonplace) sono un modo per compilare conoscenza, di solito scrivendo informazioni all'interno dei libri. Questi libri sono essenzialmente album riempiti con elementi di ogni genere: ricette, citazioni, lettere, poesie, tabelle di pesi e misure, proverbi, preghiere, formule legali. I commonplace sono usati da lettori, scrittori, studenti e studiosi come supporto per ricordare concetti o fatti utili che hanno imparato. Ogni commonplace book è unico per i particolari interessi del suo creatore. Essi sono diventati significativi nell'Europa premoderna. "Commonplace" è la traduzione inglese dell'espressione latina locus communis (dal greco tópos koinós, vedi topos) che significa letteralmente "luogo comune", quale può essere un detto, un proverbio o una citazione. Nel senso originario del termine, dunque, i commonplace book erano raccolte di proverbi, come ad esempio il commonplace book di John Milton. Gli studiosi hanno esteso quest'uso, portando a concepire il commonplace book come il manoscritto di un individuo che raccoglie materiale su un tema comune. In italiano l'espressione "commonplace book" può trovare il suo corrispondente nel termine "zibaldone". Sebbene esso sia usato anche per indicare una "mescolanza confusa di cose o persone diverse" e una "pietanza composta di molti ingredienti", in realtà il termine, in virtù dell'associazione alla gigantesca raccolta di appunti personali - Zibaldone di pensieri - di Giacomo Leopardi, ha assunto come significato preponderante quello di quaderno non sistematico di appunti, riflessioni sparse, bozze, su cui le annotazioni sono fatte così come càpitano. I Commonplace book non sono diari personali né diari di viaggio, con i quali essi possono essere messi in contrasto. Il filosofo illuminista inglese John Locke nel 1706 scrisse il libro A New Method of Making Common-Place-Books, "in cui sono state formulate tecniche per l'inserimento di proverbi, citazioni, idee, discorsi. Locke ha dato consigli specifici su come organizzare il materiale per argomento e categoria, usando argomenti chiave come l'amore, la politica o la religione. I commonplace book, va sottolineato, non sono diari, che sono cronologici e introspettivi". All'inizio del XVIII secolo essi sono diventati un espediente di gestione dell'informazione in cui un "prendi-appunti" ha raccolto citazioni, osservazioni e definizioni. Essi sono stati utilizzati perfino da influenti scienziati. Carl Linnaeus, per esempio, usava tecniche di commonplacing per inventare e organizzare la nomenclatura del suo Systema Naturae (che è la base per il sistema utilizzato oggi dagli scienzati).
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