"Civil rights movement (1865\u20131896)"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The civil rights movement (1865\u20131896) aimed to eliminate racial discrimination against African Americans, improve their educational and employment opportunities, and establish their electoral power, just after the abolition of slavery in the United States. The period from 1865 to 1895 saw a tremendous change in the fortunes of the black community following the elimination of slavery in the South."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Storia del movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani (1865-1896)"@it . . . "\u062D\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646\u064A\u0629 (1865-1896)"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1113105529"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "The civil rights movement (1865\u20131896) aimed to eliminate racial discrimination against African Americans, improve their educational and employment opportunities, and establish their electoral power, just after the abolition of slavery in the United States. The period from 1865 to 1895 saw a tremendous change in the fortunes of the black community following the elimination of slavery in the South. Immediately after the American Civil War, the federal government launched a program known as Reconstruction which aimed to rebuild the states of the former Confederacy. The federal programs also provided aid to the former slaves and attempted to integrate them into society as citizens. Both during and after this period, blacks gained a substantial amount of political power and many of them were able to move from abject poverty to land ownership. At the same time resentment of these gains by many whites resulted in an unprecedented campaign of violence which was waged by local chapters of the Ku Klux Klan, and in the 1870s it was waged by paramilitary groups like the Red Shirts and White League. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, a landmark upholding \"separate but equal\" racial segregation as constitutional. It was a very significant setback for civil rights, as the legal, social, and political status of the black population reached a nadir. From 1890 to 1908, beginning with Mississippi, southern states passed new constitutions and laws disenfranchising most blacks and excluding them from the political system, a status that was maintained in many cases into the 1960s. Much of the early reform movement during this era was spearheaded by the Radical Republicans, a faction of the Republican Party. By the end of the 19th century, with disenfranchisement in progress to exclude blacks from the political system altogether, the so-called lily-white movement also worked to substantially weaken the power of remaining blacks in the party. The most important civil rights leaders of this period were Frederick Douglass (1818\u20131895) and Booker T. Washington (1856\u20131915)."@en . . . . . . . "24627166"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"Il movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani \u00E8 il movimento successivo alla guerra di secessione americana i cui obiettivi erano l'eliminazione della discriminazione razziale, il miglioramento delle opportunit\u00E0 di istruzione e di occupazione, e l'instaurazione e la tutela del diritto di voto e dei diritti civici in genere per gli ex schiavi e i loro discendenti. Questo periodo copre il lasso di tempo intercorrente tra il 1865 e il 1896, che vide uno straordinario cambiamento nella sorte della comunit\u00E0 nera a seguito dell'abolizione della schiavit\u00F9 negli Stati Uniti d'America. L'anno 1865 registr\u00F2 due avvenimenti assai importanti nella storia afroamericana; la ratifica del XIII emendamento della Costituzione, che elimin\u00F2 definitivamente lo schiavismo, e l'arrivo delle truppe dell'Unione in Texas per far rispettare il proclama di emancipazione. Per i liberti sembr\u00F2 cos\u00EC iniziare una nuova esistenza, con il paese che si riprendeva dalle devastazioni della guerra civile dando l'avvio all'era della Ricostruzione. Immediatamente dopo la fine del conflitto, il governo federale avvi\u00F2 un vasto programma di ricostruzione degli ex Stati Confederati d'America. Furono adottati anche vari progetti di aiuto per gli ex schiavi, nel tentativo d'integrarli come cittadini a tutti gli effetti nel corpo sociale della nazione. Durante e dopo questo periodo i neri fecero notevoli progressi nell'ambito del potere politico e molti di loro furono in grado di passare da uno stato di assoluta povert\u00E0 alla propriet\u00E0 di terreni. Allo stesso tempo per\u00F2, il forte risentimento della stragrande maggioranza dei bianchi americani del profondo Sud nei confronti di questi progressi condusse ad una situazione di violenza diffusa senza precedenti, guidata dalle sezioni locali del Ku Klux Klan e, pi\u00F9 tardi, nel corso degli anni 1870, da gruppi organizzati paramilitari come le \"Red Shirts\" (Camicie rosse) e la \"White League\" (Lega bianca). Nel 1896 la Corte suprema degli Stati Uniti stabil\u00EC, nella sentenza del caso Plessy contro Ferguson, un punto di riferimento confermando la segregazione razziale con la formula \"separati ma uguali\", dandole in tal modo valore costituzionale. Questa sentenza rappresent\u00F2 una sconfitta pesante per il primo movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani; lo status giuridico, sociale e politico della popolazione nera tocc\u00F2 in quegli anni il suo nadir. Dal 1890 al 1908, a partire dal Mississippi, praticamente tutti gli Stati Uniti meridionali approvarono nuove Costituzioni e nuove leggi che tolsero diritti politici alla maggior parte dei neri, escludendoli quasi interamente dal sistema politico; la situazione per molti versi rimase inalterata fino agli inoltrati anni sessanta del XX secolo. Gran parte del primo movimento riformista durante l'evolvere di questi decenni fu guidato dai Repubblicani radicali, una fazione del Partito Repubblicano. Tuttavia, alla fine del XIX secolo, mentre erano in corso le politiche segregazioniste dei singoli Stati per emarginare totalmente i neri dalla politica nazionale, il cosiddetto \"movimento bianco-giglio\" oper\u00F2 per indebolire l'autorevolezza dei neri che erano rimasti nel Partito Repubblicano. I principali capi del movimento per i diritti civili in questo periodo furono Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) e Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)."@it . . . "Il movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani \u00E8 il movimento successivo alla guerra di secessione americana i cui obiettivi erano l'eliminazione della discriminazione razziale, il miglioramento delle opportunit\u00E0 di istruzione e di occupazione, e l'instaurazione e la tutela del diritto di voto e dei diritti civici in genere per gli ex schiavi e i loro discendenti. Questo periodo copre il lasso di tempo intercorrente tra il 1865 e il 1896, che vide uno straordinario cambiamento nella sorte della comunit\u00E0 nera a seguito dell'abolizione della schiavit\u00F9 negli Stati Uniti d'America."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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