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Statements

Subject Item
dbr:Civil_rights_movement
rdf:type
dbo:PersonFunction owl:Thing
rdfs:label
Afro-amerikarren eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimendua (1955-1968) Afro-Amerikaanse burgerrechtenbeweging 미국의 흑인 민권 운동 Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos Κίνημα δικαιωμάτων των πολιτών Ruch praw obywatelskich Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika (1955-1968) 非裔美國人民權運動 Afroamerické hnutí za občanská práva Рух за громадянські права афроамериканців у США Afrikusona Civilrajta Movado Mouvement américain des droits civiques Civil rights movement حركة الحقوق المدنية Bürgerrechtsbewegung Движение за гражданские права чернокожих в США Medborgarrättsrörelsen i USA 1955–1968 Moviment afroamericà pels drets civils アフリカ系アメリカ人公民権運動 Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani Movimento dos direitos civis dos negros nos Estados Unidos
rdfs:comment
아프리카계 미국인 민권 운동(African-American Civil Rights Movement)은 1950년대에서 1960년대에 걸쳐 미국의 흑인 (아프리카계 미국인)이 시민권 신청과 인종 차별의 해소를 요구한 대중 운동이다. 일반적으로 1954년, 1955년 브라운 대 토피카 교육위원회 재판과 로자 파크스에 의한 몽고메리 버스 보이콧부터 시작되었다고 본다. 1964년 민권법과 1965년 투표권법에 따라 결실을 맺었다. 흑인인권운동은 미국사회에서 흑인에 대한 백인의 차별과 억압에 대항한 흑인들이 자신들의 주체적인 인권을 보장받기 위해 벌이는 운동이다. 1950년대부터 현재까지 계속해서 발생하고 있다. Die Bürgerrechtsbewegung (englisch Civil Rights Movement) ist eine antirassistische soziale Bewegung in den Vereinigten Staaten. Ihre historische Hochphase erreichte sie zwischen den späten 1950er Jahren und dem Ende der 1960er Jahre. Der Schwerpunkt der damaligen Bewegung lag im Engagement für die Durchsetzung der Bürgerrechte der Afroamerikaner gegen die zu dieser Zeit in Form der „Rassentrennung“ (englisch Racial Segregation) gesetzlich festgeschriebenen Diskriminierung der schwarzen Bevölkerung in den Südstaaten der USA. Dort erstritt sie maßgebliche Reformen zur Gleichberechtigung und Gleichstellung mit bis in das amerikanische Verfassungsrecht auswirkender Bedeutung. 非裔美國人民權運動（英文：Civil rights movement），是美國民權運動的一部分，是非裔美国人为争取与白人同等的地位而发起的群众性斗争运动，乃是經由非暴力的抗議行動，爭取非裔美國人民權的群眾鬥爭。這個全國性政治運動除了黑人外，亦有不少白人支持。该运动起源于19世纪末期的美国重建时期，于1954年-1968年间到达高峰，以期终结美国的种族隔离制度、种族歧视以及对黑人的选举权剥夺。 1954年，历史转折点到来，第14任美国首席大法官厄尔·沃伦领导下的美國聯邦最高法院发起了一场自由主义“宪政革命（Constitutional Revolution）”，开始逐渐摧毁美国的种族隔离和种族歧视。沃伦法院作出了一系列里程碑式的判决，主要包括1954年的布朗訴托皮卡教育局案、1964年的以及1967年的，这些判决禁止了公立学校和公立场所内的种族隔离、裁定包括弗吉尼亚州在内的17州反异族通婚法违宪。沃伦法院的判决还协助终结了美国南部各州的种族隔离法——吉姆·克劳法。 La Afrikusona Civilrajta Movado aŭ en angla African-American Civil Rights Movement enhavas la agadon de sociaj movadoj en Usono kies celo estas finigi rasisman segregaciadon kaj diskriminaciadon kiuj funkciis kontraŭ afrik-usonanoj kaj sekurigi la konstitucian balotrajton al ili. Tiu artikolo kovras la fazon de la movado inter 1954 kaj 1968, partikulare ĉe la Sudo. The civil rights movement was a political movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish institutional racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement throughout the United States. The movement had its origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, although it made its largest legislative gains in the 1960s after years of direct actions and grassroots protests. The social movement's major nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the civil rights of all Americans. Afroamerické hnutí za občanská práva bylo americké sociální hnutí zaměřené proti rasové segregaci a diskriminaci Afroameričanů ve Spojených státech amerických, působící v 50. a 60. letech 20. století. Jeho hlavním cílem bylo zrušení zákonů stanovujících rasovou segregaci a prosazení ústavních práv vztahujících se na Afroameričany. Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika (1955-1968) mengacu pada gerakan-gerakan di Amerika Serikat yang ditujukan untuk melarang diskriminasi rasial terhadap orang Afrika-Amerika dan memulihkan hak-hak suara mereka. Artikel ini mencakup fase gerakan antara tahun 1955 dan 1968, khususnya di Selatan Amerika Serikat. Munculnya yang berlangsung sekitar 1966-1975, memperluas tujuan Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil untuk memasukkan martabat ras, ekonomi dan politik, serta kebebasan dari penindasan orang Amerika berkulit putih. アフリカ系アメリカ人公民権運動（アフリカけいアメリカじんこうみんけんうんどう、African-American Civil Rights Movement）とは、主に1950年代から1960年代にかけて、アメリカ合衆国の黒人（アフリカ系アメリカ人）が、公民権の適用と人種差別の解消を求めて行った大衆的な社会運動である。「公民権運動」も狭義には本記事の件を指している。 كانت حركة الحقوق المدنيّة (المعروفة أيضًا باسم حركة الحقوق المدنيّة الأمريكيّة الأفريقيّة أو حركة الحقوق المدنية الأمريكيّة أو تعابير أخرى) في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية حركةً مستمرّةً لعقود بهدف ضمان الحقوق القانونيّة للأمريكيين الأفارقة التي قد تحفّظ عليها أمريكيون آخرون. مع بزوغِ جذورها في عصر إعادة الإعمار أواخرَ القرن التاسع عشر، أدّت الحركة إلى أكبر الآثار التشريعية بعد الإجراءات المباشرة والاحتجاجات الشعبية التي نُظّّمت من منتصف الخمسينات حتى عام 1968. Civil rights movement Mouvement américain pour les droits civiques Le mouvement américain des droits civiques (en anglais : Civil rights movement) désigne les diverses luttes et manifestations menées par des citoyens afro-américains et par des Blancs américains abolitionnistes pour que les Afro-Américains puissent bénéficier comme tout autre américain des droits civiques inscrits et garantis par la Déclaration d'Indépendance et la Constitution des États-Unis sans limitation ou restriction que ce soit. Το κίνημα δικαιωμάτων των πολιτών (Αγγλική γλώσσα:Civil rights movement) στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες ήταν μια εκστρατεία δεκαετιών από Αφροαμερικανούς και τους υποστηρικτές για τον τερματισμό των θεσμοθετημένων φυλετικών διακρίσεων και του φυλετικού διαχωρισμού στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Ruch praw obywatelskich (ew. ruch na rzecz praw obywatelskich) – czynny w latach 50. i 60. XX w. ruch społeczny, dążący metodami pokojowymi do zniesienia segregacji rasowej w Stanach Zjednoczonych. El Moviment afroamericà pels drets civils (1955-1968) es refereix als moviments que van aparèixer als Estats Units d'Amèrica (especialment als estats del sud, entre els quals Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas i Geòrgia hi destaquen) amb l'objectiu de prohibir la discriminació racial contra els afroamericans i restablir el seu dret a vot. L'aparició de l'eslògan del Black Power ('Poder Negre'), que va durar aproximadament des del 1966 al 1975, va ampliar els objectius del moviment pels drets civils en incloure la dignitat ètnica, l'autosuficiència econòmica i política, i la llibertat davant l'opressió dels . Il movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani (noto anche come movimento per i diritti civili degli anni sessanta, in lingua inglese 1960s Civil Rights Movement) consta di movimenti sociali negli Stati Uniti i cui obiettivi erano porre fine alla segregazione razziale e alla discriminazione contro gli afroamericani, per garantire il riconoscimento legale e la protezione federale dei diritti di cittadinanza elencati nella Costituzione. Il movimento è anacronisticamente attribuito agli “afroamericani”, anacronisticamente perché tale termine entrò nel linguaggio comune statunitense soltanto qualche decennio più tardi. Med medborgarrättsrörelsen i USA 1955-1968 avses den kamp som fördes under denna tid för lika medborgerliga rättigheter för alla medborgare i USA, särskilt med avseende på att den svarta befolkningen skulle få mänskliga rättigheter. Medborgarrättsrörelsen var inte en enskild organisation eller ens en fullkomligt enig rörelse med samma slutgiltiga mål. Inte heller användes alltid samma metoder för att uppnå det man ville åstadkomma; medan man såväl på juridisk som på politisk väg försökte påverka rättsutvecklingen i landet, användes också utomparlamentariska metoder som massmöten och demonstrationer. På sina håll användes också olika våldsmetoder för att påverka utvecklingen. Rörelsen var som starkast i södern, där den rassegregerande lagstiftningen sedan sent 1800-tal varit som störst. Med De (Afro-Amerikaanse) burgerrechtenbeweging (Engels: civil rights movement) was een sociale beweging in de Verenigde Staten die in de jaren 1950 en 1960 streed voor gelijkberechtiging van zwarte Amerikanen. Ze streed met geweldloze middelen (burgerlijke ongehoorzaamheid) tegen de juridisch vastgelegde rassensegregatie in het zuiden van de VS en de meer algemene discriminatie tegen zwarten. Als voornaamste succes geldt de Civil Rights Act 1964. Het begin van de beweging wordt doorgaans geplaatst in de eerste helft van de jaren 1950. Als einde geldt 1968, het jaar waarin de voornaamste leider van de beweging, Martin Luther King Jr., werd vermoord, waarna de beweging uiteenviel. O movimento dos direitos civis dos negros nos Estados Unidos foi a campanha por direitos civis e igualdade para a comunidade afro-americana nos Estados Unidos. Os negros foram escravizados nos EUA de 1619, trazidos da África por colonos ingleses, até 1863, com o fim da Guerra Civil, a Proclamação de Emancipação e o início da Reconstrução Americana. A escravidão foi a base da economia dos estados do Sul, e marcou profundamente as relações sociais nessa região. El Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos fue una lucha larga para extender el acceso pleno a los derechos civiles y la igualdad ante la ley a los grupos que no los tienen, sobre todo a los ciudadanos afroamericanos. Han sido numerosos movimientos a favor de otros grupos en EE. UU. a través del tiempo, pero generalmente se usan el término para referirse a las luchas que tomaron lugar entre 1956 y 1969 para terminar la discriminación contra los afroamericanos y terminar con la segregación racial, especialmente en el sur de Estados Unidos. Движение за гражданские права чернокожих в США (англ. Civil Rights Movement) — массовое общественное движение чернокожих граждан США и поддерживавших их белых активистов против расовой дискриминации в 1950-е — 1960-е годы. 1955 urtetik 1968 urtera bitartean gauzaturiko afro-amerikarren eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimendua Estatu Batuetan izandako gizarte mugimendu eraldatzaile zenbaiten multzoa izan zen, helburu gisa zeukatenak afro-amerikarrek pairatzen zuten arraza-diskriminazioa legez kanpo uztea eta Estatu Batuen Hegoaldeko estatuetan boto-eskubidea berrezartzea. Black Power Movement delakoaren agerpenarekin, zeinak gutxi gorabehera 1966tik 1975era bitartean iraun baitzuen, eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimenduaren helburuei gehitu zitzaizkien arraza-duintasuna, buruaskitasun ekonomiko eta politikoa, eta zuriengandiko zapalkuntzatik askatzea.
rdfs:seeAlso
dbr:Greensboro_sit-ins dbr:Orangeburg_massacre dbr:African_American–Jewish_relations dbr:The_Communist_Party dbr:Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement dbr:African-Americans
foaf:depiction
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The 1963 March on Washington participants and leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial
dbp:causes
dbr:Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States dbr:Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era dbr:Racism_in_the_United_States dbr:Jim_Crow_laws dbr:Income_inequality_in_the_United_States
dbp:date
2016-08-22 July 2022 0001-05-17
dbp:description
James Brown's "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud" 0001-08-28 audio only 0001-08-06 30.0
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Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act Lyndon Baines Johnson.ogg I've Been To The Mountaintop.ogg Say It Loud sample.ogg Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act Lyndon Baines Johnson.ogv I Have A Dream sample.ogg
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dbr:Civil_disobedience dbr:Nonviolence dbr:Nonviolent_resistance
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United States
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right left
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Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group.
dbp:reason
From clicking on the source it is not obvious how this conclusion is drawn or what it means in context
dbp:result
* Ratification of a federal constitutional amendment: * Rulings by federal judiciary: ** "Separate but equal" doctrine overturned by Brown v. Board of Education ** Bus segregation ruled unconstitutional by Browder v. Gayle ** Interracial marriages legalized by Loving v. Virginia * Passage of federal laws: * Formation of federal agencies:
dbp:title
Civil rights movement "I Have a Dream" "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud" "Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act" "I've Been to the Mountaintop"
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1
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n81:book_detail%3Ftitle_id=1771
dbo:abstract
كانت حركة الحقوق المدنيّة (المعروفة أيضًا باسم حركة الحقوق المدنيّة الأمريكيّة الأفريقيّة أو حركة الحقوق المدنية الأمريكيّة أو تعابير أخرى) في الولايات المتحدة الأميركية حركةً مستمرّةً لعقود بهدف ضمان الحقوق القانونيّة للأمريكيين الأفارقة التي قد تحفّظ عليها أمريكيون آخرون. مع بزوغِ جذورها في عصر إعادة الإعمار أواخرَ القرن التاسع عشر، أدّت الحركة إلى أكبر الآثار التشريعية بعد الإجراءات المباشرة والاحتجاجات الشعبية التي نُظّّمت من منتصف الخمسينات حتى عام 1968. شملت الاستراتيجيات والجماعات المختلفة والحركات الاجتماعية المنظّمة لتحقيق أهداف إنهاء الفصل والتمييز العنصري القانوني في الولايات المتحدة، وحصلت الحركة باستخدام الحملات اللاعنفية الكبرى في نهاية المطاف على اعتراف حديث في القانون الفيدرالي والحماية الفيدرالية بجميع الأمريكيين. بعد انتهاء الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية وإلغاء العبودية في ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر، سعت تعديلات إعادة الإعمار لدستور الولايات المتحدة إلى ضمان حقوق الأمريكيين الأفارقة. وبالرغم من حصول الأمريكيين الأفارقة على حق التصويت لفترة قصيرة وأصبحوا يشغلون مناصب سياسية، فإنهم سرعان ما حُرموا من الحقوق المدنيّة غالبًا بموجب قوانين جيم كرو، وتعرّضوا للتمييز والعنف المتواصل. بذل الأمريكيون الأفارقة خلال القرن التالي العديد من الجهود لتأمين حقوقهم الشرعية. بين عامي 1955 و 1968، أدّت أعمال الاحتجاج اللاعنفي والعصيان المدني إلى الوصول لحالات حرجة وحوارات مثمرة بين الناشطين والسلطات الحكومية. كان على الحكومات والمجتمعات الفيدرالية والمحلية وحكومة الولاية، أن تستجيب على الفور لهذه الحالات، ما سلّط الضوء على أوجه عدم المساواة التي يواجهها الأمريكيون الأفارقة. وقد أدى إعدام الشاب إميت تيل والاستجابة العميقة لقرار والدته بإجراء مراسم جنازة مفتوحة إلى تعبئة المجتمع الأمريكي الأفريقي في جميع أنحاء البلاد. شملت أشكال الاحتجاج و/أو العصيان المدني المقاطعة مثل النجاح في مقاطعة الحافلات في مونتغومري (1955–1956) في ألاباما؛ بالإضافة إلى الاعتصام مثل اعتصامات غرينزبورو المؤثرة (1960) في كارولينا الشمالية واعتصامات ناشفيل الناجحة في تينيسي، والمسيرات مثل حملة برمنجهام عام 1963 والمسيرة من سِلمى إلى مونتغمري عام 1965 في ولاية ألاباما، مع مجموعة واسعة من الأنشطة اللاعنفية الأخرى. عمل المعتدلون من الحركة مع الكونغرس لإقرار عدّة قوانين هامّة من التشريعات الفيدرالية التي تُسقِط الممارسات التمييزية. إذ حظر قانون الحقوق المدنية لعام 1964 بصريح العبارة التمييزَ على أساس العرق أو اللون أو الدين أو الجنس أو الأصل القومي في ممارسات التوظيف، إضافةً إلى إنهاء التطبيق غير المتكافئ لمتطلبات تسجيل الناخبين ومنع الفصل العنصري في المدارس ومقرّات العمل وفي الأماكن العامة. أعاد قانون حق التصويت لعام 1965 حقوق الأقليات بالتصويت وحماها من خلال تفويض الإشراف الفيدرالي على التسجيل والانتخابات في المناطق التي نَقُصَ فيها التمثيل التاريخي للأقليات كناخبين. كما حظر قانون الإسكان العادل لعام 1968 التمييز في بيع أو استئجار المساكن. عاد الأمريكيون الأفارقة إلى الحياة السياسية في الجنوب، وأُلهمَ الشباب في جميع أنحاء البلاد لاتخاذ الإجراءات. أدّت موجة من أعمال الشغب وقعت بين عاميّ 1964 و1970 داخل المدن في المجتمعات ذات العرق الأسود إلى تقويض الدعم من الطبقة الوسطى البيضاء، ولكن مع تزايد الدعم من المؤسسات الخاصة. كما شجع ظهور «حركة القوة السوداء» والتي استمرت بين عامي 1965 و 1975، القيادة السوداء الثابتة على موقفها التعاوني وعدم ممارستها العنف، وبدلاً من ذلك طالبت بناء الاكتفاء الذاتي الاقتصادي في مجتمع السود، بالإضافة إلى القوانين الجديدة المكتسبة من خلال الحركة اللاعنفية. تمحورت العديد من التجلّيات الشعبية للحركة في القيادة الساحرة والحكمة التي تمتّع بها مارتن لوثر كنغ الابن، والذي حاز لدوره فيها على جائزة نوبل للسلام عام 1964. وبالرغم من ذلك، كتب بعض الباحثون أن الحركة اتسمت بالتنوع الغالب بحيث لا يمكن نسبها لأي شخص أو منظمة أو إستراتيجية واحدة. Το κίνημα δικαιωμάτων των πολιτών (Αγγλική γλώσσα:Civil rights movement) στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες ήταν μια εκστρατεία δεκαετιών από Αφροαμερικανούς και τους υποστηρικτές για τον τερματισμό των θεσμοθετημένων φυλετικών διακρίσεων και του φυλετικού διαχωρισμού στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες. Μετά τον Αμερικανικό Εμφύλιο Πόλεμο και την τη δεκαετία του 1860, οι 13, 14, 15 Αναθεωρήσεις στο Σύνταγμα των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών παραχώρησαν συνταγματικά δικαιώματα σε όλους τους Αφροαμερικανούς, οι περισσότεροι από τους οποίους είχαν υποδουλωθεί πρόσφατα. Για μικρό χρονικό διάστημα, οι άνδρες Αφροαμερικανοί ψήφιζαν και κατείχαν πολιτικό αξίωμα, αλλά στερούνταν ολοένα και περισσότερο από πολιτικά δικαιώματα, συχνά σύμφωνα με τους λεγόμενους νόμους του Jim Crow, κυρίως στις Νότιες Πολιτείες. Τον 20ο Αιώνα, κατεβλήθησαν διάφορες προσπάθειες από Αφρικανούς Αμερικανούς για την εξασφάλιση των νομικών και πολιτικών τους δικαιωμάτων. Το 1954, το νομοσχέδιο "Separate but equal" ετέθη σε εφαρμογή, το οποίο βοήθησε στην επιβολή των ρατσιστικών νόμων του Jim Crow. Τελικά ακυρώθηκε με απόφαση του Ανωτάτου Δικαστηρίου των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών. Μεταξύ 1955 και 1968, οι μη βίαιες μαζικές διαμαρτυρίες και η πολιτική ανυπακοή δημιούργησαν ένα πλαίσιο για διαλόγους μεταξύ ακτιβιστών και κυβερνητικών αρχών. Οι μορφές διαμαρτυρίας περιελάμβαναν μποϊκοτάζ, όπως το επιτυχημένο Μποϋκοτάζ των λεωφορείων στο Μοντγκόμερυ (1955) στην Αλαμπάμα, καθιστικές διαμαρτυρίες, μαζικές πορείες και ένα ευρύ φάσμα άλλων μη βίαιων δραστηριοτήτων και αντίστασης. Το Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο των ΗΠΑ το 1954 υπό την ηγεσία του Earl Warren ανεκάλεσε πολλούς από τους νόμους που επέτρεπαν διακρίσεις και τις ενέκρινε ως αντισυνταγματικές. Επίσης, αποφάσισε την ανάκληση από μία σειρά διατάξεων και απαγορεύσεων, όπως η κατάργηση των διαχωρισμών στα δημόσια σχολεία και καταλύματα, ανεκλήθησαν όλες οι διατάξεις που απαγόρευαν τον διαφυλετικό γάμο. Τη δεκαετία του 1960, οι μετριοπαθείς στο κίνημα συνεργάστηκαν με το Κογκρέσο των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών για να επιτύχουν τον σκοπό τους. Ο Νόμος περί Πολιτικών Δικαιωμάτων του 1964 , ο οποίος έγινε δεκτός από το Ανώτατο Δικαστήριο στο Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. κατά Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών (1964), απαγορεύει ρητώς κάθε διάκριση λόγω φυλής, χρώματος, θρησκείας, φύλου. Τον επόμενο χρόνο, δόθηκαν πολιτικά δικαιώματα στους Αφροαμερικανούς. アフリカ系アメリカ人公民権運動（アフリカけいアメリカじんこうみんけんうんどう、African-American Civil Rights Movement）とは、主に1950年代から1960年代にかけて、アメリカ合衆国の黒人（アフリカ系アメリカ人）が、公民権の適用と人種差別の解消を求めて行った大衆的な社会運動である。「公民権運動」も狭義には本記事の件を指している。 O movimento dos direitos civis dos negros nos Estados Unidos foi a campanha por direitos civis e igualdade para a comunidade afro-americana nos Estados Unidos. Os negros foram escravizados nos EUA de 1619, trazidos da África por colonos ingleses, até 1863, com o fim da Guerra Civil, a Proclamação de Emancipação e o início da Reconstrução Americana. A escravidão foi a base da economia dos estados do Sul, e marcou profundamente as relações sociais nessa região. Todavia, a situação legal dos negros permaneceu por longo tempo inferior à dos demais cidadãos, com as leis Jim Crow, a segregação racial, a doutrina "separados, mas iguais" e a atuação da Ku Klux Klan. Embora a Constituição americana garantisse direitos fundamentais a todos os cidadãos desde 1787, os negros tinham prerrogativas legais negadas por legislações estaduais, com base no princípio dos . A doutrina da incorporação, a partir de 1873, levou à gradual extensão dos direitos constitucionais fundamentais para todos os cidadãos. Na virada do século, ativistas como W. E. B. Du Bois criaram a Associação Nacional para o Progresso de Pessoas de Cor, em defesa da igualdade racial e do progresso da comunidade negra. A decisão do caso Brown v. Board of Education na Suprema Corte americana, em 1954, foi o fundamento legal para o fim da segregação racial. Rosa Parks liderou, no ano seguinte, o boicote aos ônibus de Montgomery. Na década de 1960, Malcolm X, com um discurso mais virulento, e Martin Luther King Jr., um pacifista, reclamaram o fim da discriminação institucional. A marcha sobre Washington e a concessão do Prêmio Nobel da Paz a King em 1964 trouxeram atenção mundial para a causa afro-americana. A Lei de Direitos Civis de 1964 e a Lei dos Direitos ao Voto de 1965, ambas promovidas pelo presidente Lyndon B. Johnson, do Partido Democrata, codificaram as conquistas dos negros. Elas asseguraram o fim da segregação racial em espaços públicos, ainda que sejam propriedade privada, e o voto universal, independentemente de nível educacional ou condição social. La Afrikusona Civilrajta Movado aŭ en angla African-American Civil Rights Movement enhavas la agadon de sociaj movadoj en Usono kies celo estas finigi rasisman segregaciadon kaj diskriminaciadon kiuj funkciis kontraŭ afrik-usonanoj kaj sekurigi la konstitucian balotrajton al ili. Tiu artikolo kovras la fazon de la movado inter 1954 kaj 1968, partikulare ĉe la Sudo. Tiu movado estis karakterizata de grandaj kampanjoj de civila rezistado. Inter 1955 kaj 1968, okazis agoj de senperforta protestado kaj civila malobeo kiu okazigis krizajn situaciojn inter aktivuloj kaj registaraj aŭtoritatoj. Federalaj, subŝtataj, kaj lokaj registaroj, negocoj kaj komunumoj ofte devis respondi tuje al tiuj situacioj kiuj fokusigis la malegalecojn kiujn devis fronti la afrik-usonanoj. Formoj de protesto kaj/aŭ civila malobeo estis bojkoto kiaj la sukcesa busa bojkoto de Montgomery (1955–56) en Alabamo; surstrata "amassidado" kiaj la influaj amassidadoj de Greensboro (1960) en Norda Karolino; manifestacioj, kiaj la Marŝo el Selma al Montgomery (1965) en Alabamo; kaj ampleksa gamo de aliaj neperfortaj aktivaĵoj. Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika (1955-1968) mengacu pada gerakan-gerakan di Amerika Serikat yang ditujukan untuk melarang diskriminasi rasial terhadap orang Afrika-Amerika dan memulihkan hak-hak suara mereka. Artikel ini mencakup fase gerakan antara tahun 1955 dan 1968, khususnya di Selatan Amerika Serikat. Munculnya yang berlangsung sekitar 1966-1975, memperluas tujuan Gerakan Hak-Hak Sipil untuk memasukkan martabat ras, ekonomi dan politik, serta kebebasan dari penindasan orang Amerika berkulit putih. Gerakan ini ditandai oleh kampanye-kampanye besar . Antara 1955 dan 1968, aksi-aksi protes dan pembangkangan sipil mengakibatkan terjadinya situasi krisis antara pihak aktivis dan pemerintah. Pemerintah federal dan negara bagian, pemerintah lokal, pemilik bisnis, dan masyarakat sering harus segera tanggap terhadap berbagai peristiwa yang menyoroti ketidakadilan yang dihadapi orang Afrika-Amerika. Bentuk-bentuk protes dan/atau pembangkangan sipil di antaranya: pemboikotan-pemboikotan seperti Boikot Bus Montgomery (1955-1956) yang sukses di Alabama; "aksi-aksi duduk" seperti aksi duduk di Greensboro yang berpengaruh di Carolina Utara (1960), pawai-pawai, seperti (1965) di Alabama, dan berbagai aktivitas antikekerasan lainnya. Pencapaian legislatif terpenting selama fase Gerakan Hak Sipil termasuk bagian dari: Undang-Undang Hak-Hak Sipil tahun 1964 yang melarang diskriminasi berdasarkan "ras, warna, agama, atau asal usul bangsa" dalam praktik-praktik ketenagakerjaan dan akomodasi publik; yang memulihkan dan melindungi hak suara; yang secara dramatis membuka pintu masuk ke Amerika Serikat untuk imigran-imigran bangsa lain yang bukan dari dari kelompok-kelompok tradisional Eropa, dan yang melarang diskriminasi dalam penjualan atau sewa perumahan. Afrika-Amerika memasuki kembali dunia politik di Selatan, dan generasi muda di seluruh negeri terinspirasi untuk ikut berpartisipasi. El Movimiento por los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos fue una lucha larga para extender el acceso pleno a los derechos civiles y la igualdad ante la ley a los grupos que no los tienen, sobre todo a los ciudadanos afroamericanos. Han sido numerosos movimientos a favor de otros grupos en EE. UU. a través del tiempo, pero generalmente se usan el término para referirse a las luchas que tomaron lugar entre 1956 y 1969 para terminar la discriminación contra los afroamericanos y terminar con la segregación racial, especialmente en el sur de Estados Unidos. Usualmente consideran que este periodo comienza con el boicot de autobuses de Montgomery en 1955 y termina con el asesinato de Martin Luther King en 1968, aunque el movimiento por los derechos civiles en los Estados Unidos sigue de muchas formas hasta nuestros días. Il movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani (noto anche come movimento per i diritti civili degli anni sessanta, in lingua inglese 1960s Civil Rights Movement) consta di movimenti sociali negli Stati Uniti i cui obiettivi erano porre fine alla segregazione razziale e alla discriminazione contro gli afroamericani, per garantire il riconoscimento legale e la protezione federale dei diritti di cittadinanza elencati nella Costituzione. Il movimento è anacronisticamente attribuito agli “afroamericani”, anacronisticamente perché tale termine entrò nel linguaggio comune statunitense soltanto qualche decennio più tardi. Generalmente, la leadership di questi movimenti era nelle mani di un esponente afroamericano, ma gran parte del sostegno politico e finanziario provenne dai sindacati (guidati da Walter Reuther), da alcune associazioni religiose e da importanti uomini politici bianchi, come Hubert Humphrey e Lyndon B. Johnson. Il movimento è stato caratterizzato da importanti campagne di resistenza civile. Tra il 1955 e il 1968, gli atti di protesta non violenta e la disobbedienza civile hanno prodotto situazioni di crisi e dialoghi produttivi tra gli attivisti e le autorità governative. Imprese, governi e comunità locali, statali e federali spesso hanno dovuto rispondere immediatamente a queste situazioni che hanno evidenziato le ingiustizie affrontate dagli afroamericani. Tra le forme di protesta e/o di disobbedienza civile è degno di nota il boicottaggio degli autobus a Montgomery (1955-1956) in Alabama, così come il "sit-in" del 1960 a Greensboro nella Carolina del Nord e i vari cortei, tra cui la marcia da Selma a Montgomery (1965) in Alabama. Importanti traguardi raggiunti grazie a questi movimenti includono il disegno di legge Civil Rights Act del 1964, che vietò la discriminazione basata sulla razza, il colore della pelle, la religione, il sesso o le origini in ogni pratica di lavoro, per non parlare della fine della diseguale registrazione degli elettori e della segregazione nelle scuole, sul posto di lavoro e nelle aree pubbliche. L'anno seguente, nel 1965, fu approvato il Voting Rights Act, che restaurò la tutela del diritto di voto esteso a tutti i cittadini americani; dello stesso anno sono anche la legge sull'immigrazione, che ha aperto un ingente flusso di immigrati provenienti da diverse aree del Nord Europa e il Fair Housing Act del 1968 che vietò la discriminazione nella vendita o nella locazione di abitazioni. Nonostante tali movimenti si siano registrati prevalentemente nel Sud, le proteste ispirarono i giovani di tutti gli Stati Uniti e del resto del mondo, guidando molte associazioni europee alle rivolte degli anni Sessanta. Molte rappresentazioni popolari del movimento sono incentrate sulla leadership e sulle predicazioni di Martin Luther King Jr., che vinse il Premio Nobel per la pace nel 1964 per il suo ruolo nel movimento divenendo una guida nonché fonte di ispirazione per molti altri leader a venire. Ruch praw obywatelskich (ew. ruch na rzecz praw obywatelskich) – czynny w latach 50. i 60. XX w. ruch społeczny, dążący metodami pokojowymi do zniesienia segregacji rasowej w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Afroamerické hnutí za občanská práva bylo americké sociální hnutí zaměřené proti rasové segregaci a diskriminaci Afroameričanů ve Spojených státech amerických, působící v 50. a 60. letech 20. století. Jeho hlavním cílem bylo zrušení zákonů stanovujících rasovou segregaci a prosazení ústavních práv vztahujících se na Afroameričany. Hnutí za občanská práva, které zaznamenalo svůj začátek v padesátých letech, prosazovalo nenásilné protesty, skrze které požadovalo rovná práva pro všechny černošské Američany. Jedním z největších vůdců tohoto hnutí byl Martin Luther King. Výsledkem tohoto hnutí bylo formální zrovnoprávnění Afroameričanů s bělochy. 1955 urtetik 1968 urtera bitartean gauzaturiko afro-amerikarren eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimendua Estatu Batuetan izandako gizarte mugimendu eraldatzaile zenbaiten multzoa izan zen, helburu gisa zeukatenak afro-amerikarrek pairatzen zuten arraza-diskriminazioa legez kanpo uztea eta Estatu Batuen Hegoaldeko estatuetan boto-eskubidea berrezartzea. Black Power Movement delakoaren agerpenarekin, zeinak gutxi gorabehera 1966tik 1975era bitartean iraun baitzuen, eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimenduaren helburuei gehitu zitzaizkien arraza-duintasuna, buruaskitasun ekonomiko eta politikoa, eta zuriengandiko zapalkuntzatik askatzea. Eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimenduan parte-hartzerik aktiboena izan zutenetako askok, hala nola NAACP, , eta , nahiago dute Southern Freedom Movement izena (alegia, "Hegoaldeko Askatasun Mugimendua"), borroka hura askoz ere haratago baitzihoan legearen araberako eskubide zibil hutsen ingurukoa izatetik: borroka zen, halaber, askatasunari, errespetuari, duintasunari eta berdintasun ekonomiko eta sozialari zegozkien oinarrizko aferei buruzkoa. 1955-1968 epean, desobedientzia zibileko eta indarkeriarik gabeko protesta-ekintzek krisi-egoerak sortu zituzten aktibisten eta agintarien artean. Gobernuek, negozioek, hezkuntza-erakundeek eta erkidegoek, hala maila federalekoek nola estatukoek eta udalerrietakoek, sarritan berehalako erantzuna eman behar izan zieten afro-amerikarren berdintasunik eza agerian uzten zuten krisi-egoerei. Protesta egiteko eta desobedientzia zibilerako baliatu ziren, besteak beste, boikotak, hala nola Montgomery-ko Autobusen Boikota (Montgomery, Alabama, 1955-1956); eserialdiak, hala nola Greensboro-ko eserialdi eraginkorra (Greensboro, Ipar Carolina, 1960); martxak, Selma-tik Montgomery-rako martxak (Alabama, 1965) bezalakoak; eta indarkeriarik gabeko mota askotako beste zenbait jarduera. Eskubide zibilen aldeko mugimenduaren fase honetako legegintza-lorpen azpimarragarriak izan ziren eskubide zibilen 1964ko legearen onespena (Civil Rights Act), zeinak diskriminazioa debekatu baitzuen enplegu-prozeduretan eta instalazio publikoetan; boto-eskubideei buruzko 1965eko legea (Voting Rights Act), zeinak boto-eskubideak berrezarri eta babestu baitzituen; 1965eko Immigration and Nationality Services Act legea, zeinaren bidez izugarri ireki baitzitzaien Estatu Batuetan sartzeko modua jatorri europar tradizionalekoak ez ziren giza taldeei; eta eskubide zibilen 1968ko legea, zeinak bazterkeria debekatu baitzuen etxebizitzen salmentan edo alokairuan. Estatu Batuen Hegoaldean, afro-amerikarrak politikagintzan sartu ziren berriro ere, eta Estatu Batuetan zehar, gazteek ekintzarako inspirazioa jaso zuten. 아프리카계 미국인 민권 운동(African-American Civil Rights Movement)은 1950년대에서 1960년대에 걸쳐 미국의 흑인 (아프리카계 미국인)이 시민권 신청과 인종 차별의 해소를 요구한 대중 운동이다. 일반적으로 1954년, 1955년 브라운 대 토피카 교육위원회 재판과 로자 파크스에 의한 몽고메리 버스 보이콧부터 시작되었다고 본다. 1964년 민권법과 1965년 투표권법에 따라 결실을 맺었다. 흑인인권운동은 미국사회에서 흑인에 대한 백인의 차별과 억압에 대항한 흑인들이 자신들의 주체적인 인권을 보장받기 위해 벌이는 운동이다. 1950년대부터 현재까지 계속해서 발생하고 있다. Med medborgarrättsrörelsen i USA 1955-1968 avses den kamp som fördes under denna tid för lika medborgerliga rättigheter för alla medborgare i USA, särskilt med avseende på att den svarta befolkningen skulle få mänskliga rättigheter. Medborgarrättsrörelsen var inte en enskild organisation eller ens en fullkomligt enig rörelse med samma slutgiltiga mål. Inte heller användes alltid samma metoder för att uppnå det man ville åstadkomma; medan man såväl på juridisk som på politisk väg försökte påverka rättsutvecklingen i landet, användes också utomparlamentariska metoder som massmöten och demonstrationer. På sina håll användes också olika våldsmetoder för att påverka utvecklingen. Rörelsen var som starkast i södern, där den rassegregerande lagstiftningen sedan sent 1800-tal varit som störst. Medborgarrättsrörelsen hade arbetat före 1955 också, men att man i amerikansk historieskrivning ofta påbörjar ett nytt kapitel just vid denna tid har flera skäl. Det trädde fram nya ledare för den svarta befolkningen, som Martin Luther King, Jr. och Malcolm X och det var vid den här tiden som man utöver juridiska processer även började anordna massmöten, bojkotter och liknande aktioner. Framförallt så var det just den 1 december 1955 som en symbolisk milstolpe inträffade när den svarta busspassageraren Rosa Parks vägrade lämna plats åt en vit passagerare på bussen i staden Montgomery i Alabama, en händelse som kom att ge stort eko i massmedia och utlöste Bussbojkotten i Montgomery som fick folk att få upp ögonen för det absurda i rasåtskillnadslagarna. Marschen till Washington för arbete och frihet, en demonstration som samlade mer än 250 000 deltagare, ägde rum i Washington DC den 28 augusti 1963, där Martin Luther King höll sitt berömda tal I Have a Dream framför Lincolnmonumentet, anses vara ett av medborgarrättsrörelsens mer betydelsefulla. En annan milstolpe var Bloody Sunday, den 7 mars 1965, då kravallpolis gick till brutal attack mot den fredliga marsch mellan Selma och Montgomery, där bl.a. ledaren för medborgarrättsrörelsen i Selma, Amelia Boynton Robinson, skadades svårt. Denna tid har kommit att kallas "den andra rekonstruktionstiden", ett namn som hänsyftar till rekonstruktionstiden som följde efter amerikanska inbördeskriget, då slaveri och rasistiska medborgarskaps- och rösträttslagar förbjöds. Under denna period hade åtskilliga afroamerikaner (samtliga republikaner) plats i kongressen fram till 1901, då den siste avböjde omval under ökat tryck från ny segregering och allt framgångsrikare försök att minska det svarta röstdeltagandet. Perioden kan sägas avgränsas framåt i tiden av händelser som mordet på Martin Luther King, Jr. 1968 och av framväxten av Black Power- och Black Panther-rörelserna, som hade sin starkaste tid 1966-1975. Black Panther-rörelserna var en kommunistisk rörelse som kämpade för afroamerikaners rättigheter. Bland den betydelsefulla lagstiftning som drevs igenom under denna period kan nämnas (1957 års medborgarrättslag), som inte hade stor praktisk effekt men desto större symbolvärde i och med att det var den första federala anti-diskrimineringslagen sedan 1875. Lagen uppmärksammades ännu mer sedan den demokratiske senatorn Strom Thurmond från South Carolina hållit ett 24 timmar långt tal mot lagen. Civil Rights Act of 1964, som förbjöd diskriminering i arbetslivet och på offentliga inrättningar (privata klubbar är fortfarande undantagna), (1965 års rösträttslag) återställde rösträtten och förbjöd det tidigare ofta använda kravet att man måste vara läskunnig för att få rösta (något som även drabbat sämre bemedlade vita) och införde federal övervakning av hur val genomförs. Även krav på att ha betalt vissa grundläggande skatter avskaffades genom grundlagstillägg; sedan 1972 är därmed alla amerikanska medborgare över 18 år röstberättigade (enda undantaget är om man är dömd för ett allvarligt brott, dock endast för grova brott och permanent endast i två delstater: Kentucky och Virginia). som genomgripande förändrade USA:s immigrationsregler samt Civil Rights Act 1968, som förbjöd diskriminering vid fastighetsförsäljningar och bostadsuthyrning. De (Afro-Amerikaanse) burgerrechtenbeweging (Engels: civil rights movement) was een sociale beweging in de Verenigde Staten die in de jaren 1950 en 1960 streed voor gelijkberechtiging van zwarte Amerikanen. Ze streed met geweldloze middelen (burgerlijke ongehoorzaamheid) tegen de juridisch vastgelegde rassensegregatie in het zuiden van de VS en de meer algemene discriminatie tegen zwarten. Als voornaamste succes geldt de Civil Rights Act 1964. Het begin van de beweging wordt doorgaans geplaatst in de eerste helft van de jaren 1950. Als einde geldt 1968, het jaar waarin de voornaamste leider van de beweging, Martin Luther King Jr., werd vermoord, waarna de beweging uiteenviel. Veel populaire voorstellingen van de Afro-Amerikaanse burgerrechtenbeweging zijn gecentreerd rond het charismatische leiderschap en de filosofie van King, die in 1964 de Nobelprijs voor de Vrede won voor zijn rol in de beweging. Sommige onderzoekers en historici wijzen er echter op dat de beweging te divers was om aan een persoon, organisatie of strategie te worden toegekend. 非裔美國人民權運動（英文：Civil rights movement），是美國民權運動的一部分，是非裔美国人为争取与白人同等的地位而发起的群众性斗争运动，乃是經由非暴力的抗議行動，爭取非裔美國人民權的群眾鬥爭。這個全國性政治運動除了黑人外，亦有不少白人支持。该运动起源于19世纪末期的美国重建时期，于1954年-1968年间到达高峰，以期终结美国的种族隔离制度、种族歧视以及对黑人的选举权剥夺。 1954年，历史转折点到来，第14任美国首席大法官厄尔·沃伦领导下的美國聯邦最高法院发起了一场自由主义“宪政革命（Constitutional Revolution）”，开始逐渐摧毁美国的种族隔离和种族歧视。沃伦法院作出了一系列里程碑式的判决，主要包括1954年的布朗訴托皮卡教育局案、1964年的以及1967年的，这些判决禁止了公立学校和公立场所内的种族隔离、裁定包括弗吉尼亚州在内的17州反异族通婚法违宪。沃伦法院的判决还协助终结了美国南部各州的种族隔离法——吉姆·克劳法。 此外，1955年阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利市，黑人公民以全面罷乘來反對公車上的黑白隔離措施；1963年華盛頓的林肯紀念堂廣場聚集二十五萬名群眾反種族隔離，美國民權運動領袖馬丁·路德·金博士發表的演說《我有一個夢想》為民權運動的高峰；其他參與的人物還有麥爾坎·X等人。運動在1968年反越戰時達到最高峰，雖然同年马丁·路德·金和羅伯特·弗朗西斯·甘迺迪遭到刺殺，但運動成功促使南方廢除實行一個世紀的種族隔離。 Civil rights movement Mouvement américain pour les droits civiques Le mouvement américain des droits civiques (en anglais : Civil rights movement) désigne les diverses luttes et manifestations menées par des citoyens afro-américains et par des Blancs américains abolitionnistes pour que les Afro-Américains puissent bénéficier comme tout autre américain des droits civiques inscrits et garantis par la Déclaration d'Indépendance et la Constitution des États-Unis sans limitation ou restriction que ce soit. À partir de 1863, au lendemain de la Guerre de Sécession, les droits civiques les plus élémentaires déniés auparavant aux Afro-Américains sont désormais garantis par plusieurs amendements de la Constitution à savoir : le treizième amendement du 6 décembre 1865 abolissant l'esclavage, le quatorzième amendement de 1868, accordant la citoyenneté à toute personne née ou naturalisée aux États-Unis et interdisant toute restriction à ce droit, et le Quinzième amendement de 1870, garantissant le droit de vote à tous les citoyens des États-Unis. Leurs applications sont entravées dans les états du Sud, par les lois Jim Crow, et par les divers règlements légalisant différentes formes de ségrégation raciale. De façon générale, le mouvement vise l'abolition de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale entravant l'exercice du droit de vote, l'accès à l'éducation, à l'emploi et au logement sur l'ensemble des différents États constituant les États-Unis d'Amérique. Il commence au XVIIIe siècle avec la fondation de la Pennsylvania Abolition Society et de la Free African Society et prend de l'ampleur au tout début du XXe siècle avec la création de diverses organisations comme la National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, la Conférence du leadership chrétien du Sud, la Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, etc. Le mouvement américain des droits civiques atteint son apogée entre les années 1954 et 1968, aboutissant à l'adoption de différentes lois fédérales comme le Civil Rights Act de 1964, le Voting Rights Act de 1965 et le Civil Rights Act de 1968 prohibant toutes les lois et réglementations ségrégatives sur l'ensemble des États-Unis. Les grandes figures de ce mouvement et de ses courants qui s'y rattachent sont Antoine Bénézet, Richard Allen, James Forten, William Lloyd Garrison, Theodore Dwight Weld, Arthur Tappan, Daniel Payne, Myrtilla Miner, Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, Oswald Garrison Villard, Mary White Ovington, Ida B. Wells, William Monroe Trotter, Asa Philip Randolph, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King, Daisy Bates, Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Coretta King, Angela Davis. El Moviment afroamericà pels drets civils (1955-1968) es refereix als moviments que van aparèixer als Estats Units d'Amèrica (especialment als estats del sud, entre els quals Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas i Geòrgia hi destaquen) amb l'objectiu de prohibir la discriminació racial contra els afroamericans i restablir el seu dret a vot. L'aparició de l'eslògan del Black Power ('Poder Negre'), que va durar aproximadament des del 1966 al 1975, va ampliar els objectius del moviment pels drets civils en incloure la dignitat ètnica, l'autosuficiència econòmica i política, i la llibertat davant l'opressió dels . El moviment es va caracteritzar per grans campanyes de resistència civil. Entre 1955 i 1968, els actes de protesta no-violenta i la desobediència civil van produir situacions de crisi entre els activistes i les autoritats governamentals. Els governs federal, estatals i locals, empreses i comunitats, sovint havien de respondre immediatament a aquestes situacions que van posar en relleu les desigualtats que les enfrontaven amb els afroamericans. Formes de protesta i/o desobediència civil van incloure boicots, com l'exitós boicot als autobusos de Montgomery (1955-1956) a Alabama, segudes com ara la influent (1960) a Carolina del Nord; marxes, com les marxes de Selma a Montgomery (1965) a Alabama, i una àmplia gamma d'altres activitats no violentes. Van destacar els èxits legislatius durant aquesta fase del moviment de drets civils, que van ser l'aprovació de la Civil Rights Act ('Llei de Drets Civils') del 1964, que prohibeix la discriminació basada en "ètnia, color, religió, o origen nacional", en les pràctiques d'ocupació i serveis públics, la Voting Rights Act ('Llei de Drets Electorals') del 1965, que va restaurar i protegir els drets de vot, la Immigration and Nationality Services Act ('Llei de Serveis d'Immigració i Nacionalitat') del 1965, que dramàticament va obrir l'entrada als EUA als immigrants que no fossin els tradicionals grups europeus, i la Fair Housing Act ('Llei d'Habitatge Just') del 1968, que va prohibir la discriminació en la venda o lloguer de l'habitatge. The civil rights movement was a political movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish institutional racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement throughout the United States. The movement had its origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, although it made its largest legislative gains in the 1960s after years of direct actions and grassroots protests. The social movement's major nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the civil rights of all Americans. After the American Civil War and the subsequent abolition of slavery in the 1860s, the Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution granted emancipation and constitutional rights of citizenship to all African Americans, most of whom had recently been enslaved. For a short period of time, African American men voted and held political office, but as time went on they were increasingly deprived of civil rights, often under the racist Jim Crow laws, and African Americans were subjected to discrimination and sustained violence by white supremacists in the South. Over the following century, various efforts were made by African Americans to secure their legal and civil rights, such as the civil rights movement (1865–1896) and the civil rights movement (1896–1954). The movement was characterized by nonviolent mass protests and civil disobedience following highly publicized events such as the lynching of Emmett Till. These included boycotts such as the Montgomery bus boycott," sit-ins" such as the Greensboro and Nashville sit-ins, and marches such as the Selma to Montgomery marches. At the culmination of a legal strategy pursued by African Americans, in 1954 the Supreme Court struck down many of the laws that had allowed racial segregation and discrimination to be legal in the United States as unconstitutional. The Warren Court made a series of landmark rulings against racist discrimination, including the separate but equal doctrine, such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964), and Loving v. Virginia (1967) which banned segregation in public schools and public accommodations, and struck down all state laws banning interracial marriage. The rulings played a crucial role in bringing an end to the segregationist Jim Crow laws prevalent in the Southern states. In the 1960s, moderates in the movement worked with the United States Congress to achieve the passage of several significant pieces of federal legislation that authorized oversight and enforcement of civil rights laws. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 explicitly banned all discrimination based on race, including racial segregation in schools, businesses, and in public accommodations. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with historic under-representation of minority voters. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and young people across the country began to take action. From 1964 through 1970, a wave of riots and protests in black communities dampened support from the white middle class, but increased support from private foundations. The emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1965 to 1975, challenged Black leaders of the movement for its cooperative attitude and its adherence to legalism and nonviolence. Its leaders demanded not only legal equality, but also economic self-sufficiency for the community. Support for the Black Power movement came from African Americans who had seen little material improvement since the civil rights movement's peak in the mid-1960s, and still faced discrimination in jobs, housing, education and politics. Martin Luther King Jr. is often cited as the most visible leader of the movement. However, some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to any particular person, organization, or strategy. Die Bürgerrechtsbewegung (englisch Civil Rights Movement) ist eine antirassistische soziale Bewegung in den Vereinigten Staaten. Ihre historische Hochphase erreichte sie zwischen den späten 1950er Jahren und dem Ende der 1960er Jahre. Der Schwerpunkt der damaligen Bewegung lag im Engagement für die Durchsetzung der Bürgerrechte der Afroamerikaner gegen die zu dieser Zeit in Form der „Rassentrennung“ (englisch Racial Segregation) gesetzlich festgeschriebenen Diskriminierung der schwarzen Bevölkerung in den Südstaaten der USA. Dort erstritt sie maßgebliche Reformen zur Gleichberechtigung und Gleichstellung mit bis in das amerikanische Verfassungsrecht auswirkender Bedeutung. Das Civil Rights Movement erlangte vor allem durch dessen populären Protagonisten Martin Luther King und den von ihm propagierten gewaltfreien Widerstand im zivilen Ungehorsam (englisch Civil Disobedience) weltweite Aufmerksamkeit. Mit der 1964 erfolgten Verleihung des Friedensnobelpreises an King wurde über seine Person hinaus auch die US-amerikanische Bürgerrechtsbewegung auf internationaler Ebene gewürdigt. Движение за гражданские права чернокожих в США (англ. Civil Rights Movement) — массовое общественное движение чернокожих граждан США и поддерживавших их белых активистов против расовой дискриминации в 1950-е — 1960-е годы.
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