. . "Chinookan refere-se a v\u00E1rios grupos de nativos americanos da regi\u00E3o do noroeste dos Estados Unidos da Am\u00E9rica. No in\u00EDcio do s\u00E9culo XIX, o povo Chinookan vivia ao longo do baixo e m\u00E9dio rio Columbia nos atuais Oregon e Washington. As tribos Chinookan foram aquelas descobertas pela expedi\u00E7\u00E3o de Lewis e Clark em 1805 no baixo Columbia."@pt . "Sub la termino \u0109inukoj oni komprenas kelkajn grupoj de la usonaj indianoj en la Pacifika Nordokcidento de Usono. En la frua parto de la 19-a jarcento, la \u0109inukaj popoloj lo\u011Dis la\u016D la malsupraj kaj mezaj bordoj de la rivero Kolumbio en terenoj nun trovi\u011Dantaj en Oregono kaj Va\u015Dingtonio. La \u0109inukoj estis tiu popolo kiun renkontis la ekspedicio de Lewis kaj Clark en 1805 \u0109e la malsupra Kolumbio."@eo . . . . . . . . . . "Location of Chinookan territory early in the 19th century"@en . . . "\u0427\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A\u0438"@ru . . . . . . "Chinook egun ia desagertu den herri amerindiarra da, Columbia ibaialdean eta Ozeano Bareko kostaldean (Oregon eta Washington estatuak, AEB) bizi zena. Chinook herria lurralde haietan europarrekin harremanetan jarri zen lehen herria izan zen. Frantsesetiko eta ingelesezko hitzez osaturiko pidgin bat erabili zuten, merkataritzarako hizkuntza gisa, Oregondik Alaskarainoko kostaldean."@eu . . . "Les Chinook \u00E9taient des Am\u00E9rindiens qui vivaient sur la c\u00F4te Pacifique, au nord-ouest de l'Am\u00E9rique du Nord, \u00E0 l'emplacement actuel des \u00C9tats de l'Oregon et de Washington. Leur territoire s'\u00E9tendait principalement le long du fleuve Columbia."@fr . . "Czinukowie (ang. Chinook) \u2013 plemi\u0119 Indian Ameryki P\u00F3\u0142nocnej, znani ze swych umiej\u0119tno\u015Bci rybo\u0142\u00F3wczych i handlowych. Zamieszkiwali uj\u015Bcie rzeki Columbia na zachodnim wybrze\u017Cu Stan\u00F3w Zjednoczonych. W kontaktach z innymi plemionami, a zw\u0142aszcza z bia\u0142ymi handlarzami futer z faktorii Astoria w Oregonie, Czinukowie u\u017Cywali stworzonego w tym celu j\u0119zyka zwanego \u201E\u017Cargonem czinuckim\u201D (ang. Chinook Jargon lub inaczej Oregon Trade Language), jako \u017Ce ich w\u0142asny j\u0119zyk uchodzi\u0142 za trudny do nauczenia dla obcych, zw\u0142aszcza pod wzgl\u0119dem wymowy i artykulacji. J\u0119zyk ten sk\u0142ada\u0142 si\u0119 z mieszaniny kilku j\u0119zyk\u00F3w india\u0144skich, angielskiego, francuskiego i kilku s\u0142\u00F3w z rosyjskiego. Odnotowany po raz pierwszy ok. roku 1810 s\u0142u\u017Cy\u0142 na zachodnim wybrze\u017Cu tym samym celom, co nad Zatok\u0105 Meksyka\u0144sk\u0105 i j\u0119zyk migowy Indi"@pl . "Chinook people meet the Corps of Discovery on the Lower Columbia, October 1805"@en . . "Lewis and clark-expedition.jpg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Chinook (popolo)"@it . . . . . "Czinukowie"@pl . "De term Chinook, afgeleid van het T\u2019sinu\u2019k, verwijst naar een groep indianen in het noordwesten van de Verenigde Staten die talen van de Chinooktaalfamilie spraken. In het begin van de 19e eeuw leefden zij langs de benedenloop van de Columbiarivier in het huidige Oregon en Washington. De groepen die het dichtst bij de kust wonen worden tot noordwestelijke cultuurgebied gerekend. De Chinook verder stroomopwaarts behoren tot de ."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . "Chinook (volk)"@nl . . . . "Chinookan peoples include several groups of Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest in the United States who speak the Chinookan languages. Since at least 4000 BCE Chinookan peoples have resided along the Lower and Middle Columbia River (Wimahl) (\u2033Great River\u2033) from the river's gorge (near the present town of The Dalles, Oregon) downstream (west) to the river's mouth, and along adjacent portions of the coasts, from Tillamook Head of present-day Oregon in the south, north to Willapa Bay in southwest Washington. In 1805 the Lewis and Clark Expedition encountered the Chinook Tribe on the lower Columbia."@en . . . . "Chinook (grup hum\u00E0)"@ca . "Chinookan Peoples"@en . . . "Chinook (tribus)"@es . . . . . . . . "Sub la termino \u0109inukoj oni komprenas kelkajn grupoj de la usonaj indianoj en la Pacifika Nordokcidento de Usono. En la frua parto de la 19-a jarcento, la \u0109inukaj popoloj lo\u011Dis la\u016D la malsupraj kaj mezaj bordoj de la rivero Kolumbio en terenoj nun trovi\u011Dantaj en Oregono kaj Va\u015Dingtonio. La \u0109inukoj estis tiu popolo kiun renkontis la ekspedicio de Lewis kaj Clark en 1805 \u0109e la malsupra Kolumbio."@eo . . "I Chinook sono un gruppo di trib\u00F9 che abitavano nel Nord America tutte appartenenti alla stessa famiglia linguistica (Lingue chinook)."@it . . . "1114247940"^^ . . . "Els chinook s\u00F3n una tribu \u00EDndia que parla un idioma a\u00EFllat de les lleng\u00FCes amer\u00EDndies, el nom de la qual prov\u00E9 del chehalis tsinuk \"cap rod\u00F3\". Es dividien en nombroses subtribus, les principals de les quals eren: \n* Chilluckkittequaw, extinta (eren 2.200 el 1806 a Oregon). \n* Cathlapole, extinta (eren 900 el 1806 a Oregon). \n* Clackamas, nom\u00E9s en restaven 5 a Oregon el 1920. \n* Skillot, nom\u00E9s en restaven 200 el 1850 a Oregon. \n* Wattelea, se sap que eren 1.400 el 1812 a Oregon. \n* Clatsop, la seva llengua era parlada per 26 individus el 1910. \n* Multomah, la seva llengua potser tenia 800 parlants el 1806. Se subdividia en els grups cathlacomatup, cathlacumup, claninnata, multomah, cathlanaquiah, clannaquah, kathlaminiwin, nechacokee, shoto i nemalquinnees. \n* Upper Chinook, que es dividia en dues tribus: wasco (parlada per 10 persones el 1962 a Oregon), i wishram (amb menys de 10 parlants el mateix any a Oregon i Washington). \n* Clowwewalla, nom\u00E9s n'hi havia 13 el 1851 a Oregon. \n* Kathlamet, tenia 58 individus a Oregon el 1849. \n* Wakanisisi, la parla es va extingir el 1910 (tenia menys de 100 parlants el 1849). \n* Waika'nom, extinta el 1850."@ca . . . . . . . "\u0427\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A\u0438 (\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A) - \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u0421\u0428\u0410."@uk . . . . . . . "Chinookan Peoples"@en . . "Chinook bezeichnet sowohl eine Stammesgruppe mehrerer kulturell sowie sprachlich eng verwandter Indianergruppen im Pazifischen Nordwesten der USA als auch die gleichnamige indigene Sprachfamilie Chinook. Im engeren Sinne werden mit Chinook meist Lower-Chinook-sprachige Gruppen am Unterlauf und der M\u00FCndung des Columbia Rivers bezeichnet. Ihre Stammesgebiete erstreckten sich entlang des Lower und Middle Columbia River (Wimahl, \u201EGro\u00DFer Fluss\u201C) von der Columbia River Gorge (nahe der heutigen Stadt The Dalles) im Norden von Oregon flussabw\u00E4rts (westlich) bis zur Flussm\u00FCndung und entlang angrenzender K\u00FCstenabschnitte, sowie von Tillamook Head, einer Landzunge an der Nordk\u00FCste Oregons im S\u00FCden nordw\u00E4rts bis zur Willapa Bay im S\u00FCdwesten Washington; zudem siedelten sie auf den Clatsop Plains und entlang des Lower Willamette Rivers und dessen Nebenfl\u00FCssen. Kulturell werden sie allgemein daher zur Nordwestk\u00FCstenkultur gerechnet, wobei die weiter flussaufw\u00E4rts im Inland (\u00F6stlich) im Columbia Plateau lebenden Gruppen mehr dem Kulturareal des Plateau zuzurechnen sind. Es gibt mehrere Theorien dar\u00FCber, woher der Name Chinook stammt. Einige leiten die heute \u00FCbliche Sammelbezeichnung aus der Sprache der Chehalis (Tsihalis) ab, eines Volks der K\u00FCsten-Salish, die mit dem Wort Tsin\u00FAk sowohl eine bestimmte Siedlung an der als auch deren Bewohner bezeichneten; die Bedeutung wird entweder als \u201EFischesser\u201C oder \u201Estarke K\u00E4mpfer\u201C wiedergegeben. Vor den katastrophalen Verlusten durch Epidemien und der hieraus folgenden sozialen Desintegration waren die Chinook-V\u00F6lker die bedeutendsten H\u00E4ndler am Columbia River, der wichtigsten Wasserstra\u00DFe zwischen der Westk\u00FCste und dem Landesinneren. Da sie von der K\u00FCste flussaufw\u00E4rts bis zu Celilo und The Dalles den Handel als Mittelsm\u00E4nner dominierten, entwickelte sich Chinook Wawa (Chinook Jargon) von Oregon bis Alaska sowie landeinw\u00E4rts bis auf das Columbia Plateau im amerikanisch-kanadischen Pazifikraum zur Lingua franca und diente als Handelssprache. Ihre Geschichte zeigt besonders deutlich, wie wenig europ\u00E4ische Vorstellungen von Stammesstrukturen zur Aufhellung beitragen. Zudem ist sie \u00E4u\u00DFerst verwickelt."@de . . . . "De term Chinook, afgeleid van het T\u2019sinu\u2019k, verwijst naar een groep indianen in het noordwesten van de Verenigde Staten die talen van de Chinooktaalfamilie spraken. In het begin van de 19e eeuw leefden zij langs de benedenloop van de Columbiarivier in het huidige Oregon en Washington. De groepen die het dichtst bij de kust wonen worden tot noordwestelijke cultuurgebied gerekend. De Chinook verder stroomopwaarts behoren tot de ."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . "Chinook egun ia desagertu den herri amerindiarra da, Columbia ibaialdean eta Ozeano Bareko kostaldean (Oregon eta Washington estatuak, AEB) bizi zena. Chinook herria lurralde haietan europarrekin harremanetan jarri zen lehen herria izan zen. Frantsesetiko eta ingelesezko hitzez osaturiko pidgin bat erabili zuten, merkataritzarako hizkuntza gisa, Oregondik Alaskarainoko kostaldean."@eu . "\u0427\u0438\u043D\u0443\u0301\u043A, \u0427\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A\u0438 (\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A) \u2014 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u0430 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0421\u0428\u0410."@ru . . . . "Chinookan refere-se a v\u00E1rios grupos de nativos americanos da regi\u00E3o do noroeste dos Estados Unidos da Am\u00E9rica. No in\u00EDcio do s\u00E9culo XIX, o povo Chinookan vivia ao longo do baixo e m\u00E9dio rio Columbia nos atuais Oregon e Washington. As tribos Chinookan foram aquelas descobertas pela expedi\u00E7\u00E3o de Lewis e Clark em 1805 no baixo Columbia."@pt . . . . . "\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u4EBA"@zh . . "traditional tribal religion"@en . "Chinook es un t\u00E9rmino que denomina a varios grupos \u00E9tnicos amerindios de Estados Unidos. El \u00E1mbito territorial de las tribus chinook abarca una regi\u00F3n de la costa del Pac\u00EDfico noroeste estadounidense. A principios del siglo XIX, los pueblos chinook viv\u00EDan a lo largo de los cursos medio y alto del r\u00EDo Columbia, en los actuales estados de Oreg\u00F3n y Washington. Los chinook establecieron sus primeros contactos con los estadounidenses gracias a la expedici\u00F3n de Lewis y Clark en 1805, en el bajo Columbia. y adem\u00E1s son las \u00FAnicas tribus de Norte Am\u00E9rica que no fue conquistadas por los pa\u00EDses Europeos"@es . . . . "Chinook Jargon, English, formerly Chinookan languages"@en . . . . . . . "\u0108inukoj"@eo . . . "Chinookan peoples"@en . . . . . . "I Chinook sono un gruppo di trib\u00F9 che abitavano nel Nord America tutte appartenenti alla stessa famiglia linguistica (Lingue chinook)."@it . "2700"^^ . . . . . . "Chinook bezeichnet sowohl eine Stammesgruppe mehrerer kulturell sowie sprachlich eng verwandter Indianergruppen im Pazifischen Nordwesten der USA als auch die gleichnamige indigene Sprachfamilie Chinook. Im engeren Sinne werden mit Chinook meist Lower-Chinook-sprachige Gruppen am Unterlauf und der M\u00FCndung des Columbia Rivers bezeichnet. Ihre Geschichte zeigt besonders deutlich, wie wenig europ\u00E4ische Vorstellungen von Stammesstrukturen zur Aufhellung beitragen. Zudem ist sie \u00E4u\u00DFerst verwickelt."@de . . . . . "\u010Cinukov\u00E9"@cs . . . . "Les Chinook \u00E9taient des Am\u00E9rindiens qui vivaient sur la c\u00F4te Pacifique, au nord-ouest de l'Am\u00E9rique du Nord, \u00E0 l'emplacement actuel des \u00C9tats de l'Oregon et de Washington. Leur territoire s'\u00E9tendait principalement le long du fleuve Columbia."@fr . . . . "311560"^^ . . . . . "\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u4EBA\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AChinookan peoples\uFF09\uFF0C\u53C8\u8B6F\u5207\u52AA\u514B\u4EBA\u3001\u5947\u52AA\u514B\u4EBA\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u4E86\u591A\u500B\u4F7F\u7528\u7684\u7F8E\u570B\u3002\u9019\u4E9B\u8B1B\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u8A9E\u7684\u4EBA\u5B9A\u5C45\u65BC\u54E5\u502B\u6BD4\u4E9E\u6CB3\u4E2D\u4E0B\u6E38\uFF0C\u5F9E\u6CB3\u7684\u5CFD\u8C37\uFF08\u4ECA\u65E5\u9644\u8FD1\uFF09\u6CBF\u8457\u4E0B\u6E38\uFF08\u897F\u65B9\uFF09\u53BB\u5230\u6CB3\u53E3\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u6CBF\u8457\u6D77\u5CB8\u7684\u76F8\u9130\u90E8\u5206\uFF0C\u5357\u9022\u4ECA\u65E5\u4FC4\u52D2\u5CA1\u5DDE\uFF0C\u5317\u9054\u83EF\u76DB\u9813\u5DDE\u897F\u5357\u7684\u30021805\u5E74\uFF0C\u8DEF\u6613\u65AF\u8207\u514B\u62C9\u514B\u7684\u9060\u5F81\u968A\u5728\u54E5\u502B\u6BD4\u4E9E\u6CB3\u4E0B\u6E38\u8207\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u4EBA\u767C\u751F\u63A5\u89F8\u3002\u9019\u88E1\u6709\u5F88\u591A\u7406\u8AD6\u95DC\u65BC\u201C\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u201D\uFF08Chinook\uFF09\u4E4B\u540D\u7684\u4F86\u6E90\u3002\u90E8\u5206\u4EBA\u8AAA\u5B83\u4F86\u81EA\u7684Tsin\u00FAk\uFF0C\u5373\u662F\u201C\u5403\u9B5A\u7684\u4EBA\u201D\u3002\u5B83\u4EA6\u53EF\u4EE5\u6307\u201C\u5F37\u5927\u7684\u6230\u58EB\u201D\u3002 \u6709\u90E8\u5206\u8B1B\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u8A9E\u7684\u65CF\u7FA4\u5DF2\u7D93\u7372\u5F97\u806F\u90A6\u627F\u8A8D\uFF1A\u96C5\u514B\u746A\u4EBA\uFF08the Yakama Nation\uFF09\u3001\u6C83\u59C6\u65AF\u666E\u6797\u65AF\u4FDD\u7559\u5730\u806F\u90A6\u90E8\u843D\uFF08the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation\uFF09\u3001\u5927\u9F8D\u5FB7\u806F\u90A6\u90E8\u843D\uFF08Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde\uFF09\u3001\u85A9\u5229\u5E0C\u5370\u7B2C\u5B89\u806F\u90A6\u90E8\u843D\uFF08Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians\uFF09\u3002 \u7531\u4E94\u652F\u6700\u897F\u9762\u7684\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u4EBA\u7D44\u6210\u7684\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u5370\u7B2C\u5B89\u570B\uFF08The Chinook Indian Nation\uFF09\u6B63\u5728\u5C0B\u6C42\u806F\u90A6\u627F\u8A8D\u3002\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u5370\u7B2C\u5B89\u570B\u66FE\u7D93\u57282001\u5E74\u514B\u6797\u9813\u57F7\u653F\u6642\u5F9E\u7F8E\u570B\u5167\u653F\u90E8\u7372\u5F97\u806F\u90A6\u627F\u8A8D\u3002\u55AC\u6CBB\u5E03\u6B8A\u4E0A\u53F0\u5F8C\uFF0C\u4ED6\u7684\u653F\u6CBB\u4EFB\u547D\u4EBA\u54E1\u5BE9\u67E5\u4E86\u6B64\u6848\uFF0C\u4E26\u6975\u5176\u7F55\u898B\u5730\u64A4\u92B7\u4E86\u627F\u8A8D\u3002\u4E4B\u5F8C\u57282008\u5E74\uFF0C\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u5370\u7B2C\u5B89\u570B\u85C9\u8457\u5E03\u840A\u6069\u00B7\u5DF4\u723E\u5FB7\u7684\u6CD5\u6848\u5C0B\u6C42\u570B\u6703\u7ACB\u6CD5\u627F\u8A8D\u3002\u8A72\u6CD5\u6848\u5728\u570B\u6703\u88AB\u64A4\u3002"@zh . . . . . "2700"^^ . . "\u0427\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A\u0438 (\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A) - \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u0421\u0428\u0410."@uk . . . "Jako \u010Cinukov\u00E9 jsou ozna\u010Dovan\u00ED p\u0159\u00EDslu\u0161n\u00EDci indi\u00E1nsk\u00E9ho kmene, kte\u0159\u00ED \u017Eij\u00ED na severoz\u00E1pad\u011B Spojen\u00FDch st\u00E1t\u016F. \u010Cinukov\u00E9 \u017Eij\u00ED na relativn\u011B mal\u00E9m \u00FAzem\u00ED pod\u00E9l \u0159eky Columbia v m\u00EDstech, kde se nach\u00E1z\u00ED dne\u0161n\u00ED st\u00E1ty Oregon a Washington. V roce 1805 se s nimi st\u0159etla Expedice Lewise a Clarka. Po\u010Det registrovan\u00FDch \u010Cinuk\u016F je p\u0159es dva tis\u00EDce, v\u011Bt\u0161inou \u017Eij\u00ED v rezervaci ve st\u00E1t\u011B Washington. V\u011Bt\u0161inou hovo\u0159\u00ED ji\u017E pouze anglicky a nikoli sv\u00FDm jazykem, n\u00E1le\u017Eej\u00EDc\u00EDm do jazykov\u00E9 rodiny (je p\u0159\u00EDbuzn\u00FD jazyk\u016Fm kalifornsk\u00FDch indi\u00E1n\u016F).\u010Cinukov\u00E9 pat\u0159\u00ED mezi indi\u00E1nsk\u00E9 kmeny severoz\u00E1padn\u00EDho pob\u0159e\u017E\u00ED. \u017Divili se p\u0159ev\u00E1\u017En\u011B rybolovem (hlavn\u011B lovem losos\u016F), ale tak\u00E9 sb\u011Brem jedl\u00FDch rostlin, lov byl m\u00E9n\u011B v\u00FDznamn\u00FD. Jejich spole\u010Dnost byla matriline\u00E1rn\u00ED. \u017Dili v osad\u00E1ch, tvo\u0159en\u00FDch velk\u00FDmi prkenn\u00FDmi domy, kter\u00E9 v\u0161ak, na rozd\u00EDl od severn\u011Bji"@cs . . . . "Els chinook s\u00F3n una tribu \u00EDndia que parla un idioma a\u00EFllat de les lleng\u00FCes amer\u00EDndies, el nom de la qual prov\u00E9 del chehalis tsinuk \"cap rod\u00F3\". Es dividien en nombroses subtribus, les principals de les quals eren:"@ca . . . . "\u0427\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A\u0438"@uk . . "Czinukowie (ang. Chinook) \u2013 plemi\u0119 Indian Ameryki P\u00F3\u0142nocnej, znani ze swych umiej\u0119tno\u015Bci rybo\u0142\u00F3wczych i handlowych. Zamieszkiwali uj\u015Bcie rzeki Columbia na zachodnim wybrze\u017Cu Stan\u00F3w Zjednoczonych. W kontaktach z innymi plemionami, a zw\u0142aszcza z bia\u0142ymi handlarzami futer z faktorii Astoria w Oregonie, Czinukowie u\u017Cywali stworzonego w tym celu j\u0119zyka zwanego \u201E\u017Cargonem czinuckim\u201D (ang. Chinook Jargon lub inaczej Oregon Trade Language), jako \u017Ce ich w\u0142asny j\u0119zyk uchodzi\u0142 za trudny do nauczenia dla obcych, zw\u0142aszcza pod wzgl\u0119dem wymowy i artykulacji. J\u0119zyk ten sk\u0142ada\u0142 si\u0119 z mieszaniny kilku j\u0119zyk\u00F3w india\u0144skich, angielskiego, francuskiego i kilku s\u0142\u00F3w z rosyjskiego. Odnotowany po raz pierwszy ok. roku 1810 s\u0142u\u017Cy\u0142 na zachodnim wybrze\u017Cu tym samym celom, co nad Zatok\u0105 Meksyka\u0144sk\u0105 i j\u0119zyk migowy Indian prerii. Przyk\u0142ady s\u0142\u00F3w w \u017Cargonie czinuckim: Amerykanin \u2013 Boston Manzdziwienie \u2013 He-Heszczotka \u2013 Bloombizon \u2013 Moos-MoosBo\u017Ce Narodzenie \u2013 Hy-as Sundayje\u015B\u0107 \u2013 Muck-a-Muckzegar \u2013 Hy-as Watch Do transportu i rybo\u0142\u00F3wstwa pos\u0142ugiwali si\u0119 \u0142odziami-d\u0142ubankami i mieszkali w drewnianych, solidnych domach. Byli wy\u017Csi od innych Indian tego regionu, mieli szersze twarze i ostre, du\u017Ce nosy. Deformowali swoje g\u0142owy zak\u0142adaj\u0105c dzieciom opaski uciskaj\u0105ce ciemi\u0119, bowiem uwa\u017Cali naturalnie uformowan\u0105 g\u0142ow\u0119 za co\u015B niegodnego prawdziwych ludzi i przypisane wy\u0142\u0105cznie niewolnikom. Blisko spokrewniony z nimi by\u0142 szczep Clatsop (suszony \u0142oso\u015B), zamieszkuj\u0105cy brzegi rzeki Columbia. Imi\u0119 plemienia Czinuk\u00F3w nosi kilka miast i jednostek administracyjnych w stanach Waszyngton, Oregon i Montana, a tak\u017Ce ci\u0119\u017Cki \u015Bmig\u0142owiec wojskowy. Od nazwy szczepu Clatsop wzi\u0119\u0142o nazw\u0119 miasto i hrabstwo w Oregonie."@pl . . . . "Chinook (tribu)"@fr . . . . . . "Chinook (Volk)"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Chinook etnia"@eu . . "\u0427\u0438\u043D\u0443\u0301\u043A, \u0427\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A\u0438 (\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043A) \u2014 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u0430 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432 \u043D\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E-\u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0421\u0428\u0410."@ru . . . "Chinookan"@pt . . . "Chinookan peoples include several groups of Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest in the United States who speak the Chinookan languages. Since at least 4000 BCE Chinookan peoples have resided along the Lower and Middle Columbia River (Wimahl) (\u2033Great River\u2033) from the river's gorge (near the present town of The Dalles, Oregon) downstream (west) to the river's mouth, and along adjacent portions of the coasts, from Tillamook Head of present-day Oregon in the south, north to Willapa Bay in southwest Washington. In 1805 the Lewis and Clark Expedition encountered the Chinook Tribe on the lower Columbia. The term \"Chinook\" also has a wider meaning in reference to the Chinook Jargon, which is based on Chinookan languages, in part, and so the term \"Chinookan\" was coined by linguists to distinguish the older language from its offspring, Chinuk Wawa. There are several theories about where the name \u2033Chinook\u2033 came from. Some say it is a Chehalis word Tsin\u00FAk for the inhabitants of and a particular village site on Baker Bay, or \"Fish Eaters\". It may also be a word meaning \"strong fighters\". Some Chinookan peoples are part of several federally recognized Tribes: the Yakama Nation (primarily Wishram), the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation (primarily Wasco), Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community, and the Chinook Indian Nation, consisting of the Cathlamet, Clatsop, Lower Chinook, Wahkiakum, and Willapa Chinooks. The Chinook Indian Nation, consisting of the five westernmost Tribes of Chinookan peoples, Lower Chinook, Clatsop, Willapa, Wahkiakum and Kathlamet is currently (2021) working to obtain federal recognition. The Chinook Nation gained Federal Recognition on January 3, 2001 from the Department of Interior under President Bill Clinton. After President George W. Bush was elected, his political appointees reviewed the case and, in a highly unusual action, revoked the recognition. The Chinook Nation sought Congressional support for recognition by the legislature in 2008 with a Bill Introduced by Brian Baird. The Bill died in Congress. The unrecognized Tchinouk Indians of Oregon trace their Chinook ancestry to two Chinook women who married French Canadians traders from the Hudson's Bay Company prior to 1830. The specific Chinook band these women were from or if they were Lower or Upper Chinook could not be determined. These individuals, settled in the French Prairie region of northwestern Oregon, becoming part of the community of French-Canadians and M\u00E9tis (Mix-Bloods). There is no evidence that they are a distinct Indian community within French Prairie. The Chinook Indian Nation denied that the Tchinouk had any common history with them or any organizational affiliation. On January 16, 1986, the Bureau of Indian Affairs determined that the Tchinouk Indians of Oregon do not meet the requirements necessary to be a federally recognized tribe. The unrecognized Clatsop-Nehalem Confederate Tribes was formed in 2000. The Clatsop-Nehalem have approximately 130 members and claim to have Chinookan and Salish-speaking Tillamook (Nehalem) ancestry. This is contested by the Chinook Indian Nation. The Indian Claims Commission, Docket 234, found, in 1957, that the Clatsop Chinooks were part of the Chinook Indian Nation. The Indian Claims Commission also found in Docket 240, 1962, that the Nehalem people were part of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians."@en . . . . . . "Chinook es un t\u00E9rmino que denomina a varios grupos \u00E9tnicos amerindios de Estados Unidos. El \u00E1mbito territorial de las tribus chinook abarca una regi\u00F3n de la costa del Pac\u00EDfico noroeste estadounidense. A principios del siglo XIX, los pueblos chinook viv\u00EDan a lo largo de los cursos medio y alto del r\u00EDo Columbia, en los actuales estados de Oreg\u00F3n y Washington. Los chinook establecieron sus primeros contactos con los estadounidenses gracias a la expedici\u00F3n de Lewis y Clark en 1805, en el bajo Columbia. y adem\u00E1s son las \u00FAnicas tribus de Norte Am\u00E9rica que no fue conquistadas por los pa\u00EDses Europeos"@es . . . "\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u4EBA\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AChinookan peoples\uFF09\uFF0C\u53C8\u8B6F\u5207\u52AA\u514B\u4EBA\u3001\u5947\u52AA\u514B\u4EBA\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u4E86\u591A\u500B\u4F7F\u7528\u7684\u7F8E\u570B\u3002\u9019\u4E9B\u8B1B\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u8A9E\u7684\u4EBA\u5B9A\u5C45\u65BC\u54E5\u502B\u6BD4\u4E9E\u6CB3\u4E2D\u4E0B\u6E38\uFF0C\u5F9E\u6CB3\u7684\u5CFD\u8C37\uFF08\u4ECA\u65E5\u9644\u8FD1\uFF09\u6CBF\u8457\u4E0B\u6E38\uFF08\u897F\u65B9\uFF09\u53BB\u5230\u6CB3\u53E3\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u6CBF\u8457\u6D77\u5CB8\u7684\u76F8\u9130\u90E8\u5206\uFF0C\u5357\u9022\u4ECA\u65E5\u4FC4\u52D2\u5CA1\u5DDE\uFF0C\u5317\u9054\u83EF\u76DB\u9813\u5DDE\u897F\u5357\u7684\u30021805\u5E74\uFF0C\u8DEF\u6613\u65AF\u8207\u514B\u62C9\u514B\u7684\u9060\u5F81\u968A\u5728\u54E5\u502B\u6BD4\u4E9E\u6CB3\u4E0B\u6E38\u8207\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u4EBA\u767C\u751F\u63A5\u89F8\u3002\u9019\u88E1\u6709\u5F88\u591A\u7406\u8AD6\u95DC\u65BC\u201C\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u201D\uFF08Chinook\uFF09\u4E4B\u540D\u7684\u4F86\u6E90\u3002\u90E8\u5206\u4EBA\u8AAA\u5B83\u4F86\u81EA\u7684Tsin\u00FAk\uFF0C\u5373\u662F\u201C\u5403\u9B5A\u7684\u4EBA\u201D\u3002\u5B83\u4EA6\u53EF\u4EE5\u6307\u201C\u5F37\u5927\u7684\u6230\u58EB\u201D\u3002 \u6709\u90E8\u5206\u8B1B\u652F\u52AA\u5E72\u8A9E\u7684\u65CF\u7FA4\u5DF2\u7D93\u7372\u5F97\u806F\u90A6\u627F\u8A8D\uFF1A\u96C5\u514B\u746A\u4EBA\uFF08the Yakama Nation\uFF09\u3001\u6C83\u59C6\u65AF\u666E\u6797\u65AF\u4FDD\u7559\u5730\u806F\u90A6\u90E8\u843D\uFF08the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation\uFF09\u3001\u5927\u9F8D\u5FB7\u806F\u90A6\u90E8\u843D\uFF08Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde\uFF09\u3001\u85A9\u5229\u5E0C\u5370\u7B2C\u5B89\u806F\u90A6\u90E8\u843D\uFF08Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . "29169"^^ . . . . . "Jako \u010Cinukov\u00E9 jsou ozna\u010Dovan\u00ED p\u0159\u00EDslu\u0161n\u00EDci indi\u00E1nsk\u00E9ho kmene, kte\u0159\u00ED \u017Eij\u00ED na severoz\u00E1pad\u011B Spojen\u00FDch st\u00E1t\u016F. \u010Cinukov\u00E9 \u017Eij\u00ED na relativn\u011B mal\u00E9m \u00FAzem\u00ED pod\u00E9l \u0159eky Columbia v m\u00EDstech, kde se nach\u00E1z\u00ED dne\u0161n\u00ED st\u00E1ty Oregon a Washington. V roce 1805 se s nimi st\u0159etla Expedice Lewise a Clarka. Po\u010Det registrovan\u00FDch \u010Cinuk\u016F je p\u0159es dva tis\u00EDce, v\u011Bt\u0161inou \u017Eij\u00ED v rezervaci ve st\u00E1t\u011B Washington. V\u011Bt\u0161inou hovo\u0159\u00ED ji\u017E pouze anglicky a nikoli sv\u00FDm jazykem, n\u00E1le\u017Eej\u00EDc\u00EDm do jazykov\u00E9 rodiny (je p\u0159\u00EDbuzn\u00FD jazyk\u016Fm kalifornsk\u00FDch indi\u00E1n\u016F).\u010Cinukov\u00E9 pat\u0159\u00ED mezi indi\u00E1nsk\u00E9 kmeny severoz\u00E1padn\u00EDho pob\u0159e\u017E\u00ED. \u017Divili se p\u0159ev\u00E1\u017En\u011B rybolovem (hlavn\u011B lovem losos\u016F), ale tak\u00E9 sb\u011Brem jedl\u00FDch rostlin, lov byl m\u00E9n\u011B v\u00FDznamn\u00FD. Jejich spole\u010Dnost byla matriline\u00E1rn\u00ED. \u017Dili v osad\u00E1ch, tvo\u0159en\u00FDch velk\u00FDmi prkenn\u00FDmi domy, kter\u00E9 v\u0161ak, na rozd\u00EDl od severn\u011Bji \u017Eij\u00EDc\u00EDch kmen\u016F (Sali\u0161ov\u00E9, Kvakiutlov\u00E9, Tlingitov\u00E9), nezdobili totemov\u00FDmi sloupy. Z \u0159emesel bylo v\u00FDznamn\u00E9 tkan\u00ED a \u0159ezb\u00E1\u0159stv\u00ED, zejm\u00E9na v\u00FDroba velk\u00FDch k\u00E1no\u00ED. Prosluli tak\u00E9 jako obchodn\u00EDci, kte\u0159\u00ED organizovali sm\u011Bnn\u00FD obchod v cel\u00E9 oblasti severoz\u00E1padn\u00EDho pob\u0159e\u017E\u00ED Ameriky. Platidlem byly v\u011Bt\u0161inou ulity a kelnatek, ale tak\u00E9 m\u011Bd\u011Bn\u00E9 desti\u010Dky, mezi obchodn\u00EDm artiklem se vyskytovaly ko\u017Ee\u0161iny, tkan\u00E9 p\u0159ehozy (tzv. \u010Dilaktsk\u00E9 pokr\u00FDvky), dlaban\u00E9 k\u00E1noe, ryb\u00ED tuk, ale i otroci). K obchodn\u00EDm \u00FA\u010Del\u016Fm byl v 18. a 19. stol. pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n zvl\u00E1\u0161tn\u00ED jazyk, tzv. , zalo\u017Een\u00FD na b\u00E1zi \u010Dinuck\u00E9ho jazyka, ale ovlivn\u011Bn\u00FD tak\u00E9 jazykyk sousedn\u00EDch kmen\u016F, angli\u010Dtinou a francouz\u0161tinou. Z \u010Dinuck\u00E9ho jazyka poch\u00E1z\u00ED nap\u0159. slovo potla\u010D, ritu\u00E1l, spojen\u00FD s rozd\u00EDlen\u00EDm dar\u016F, kter\u00FD byl roz\u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00FD u v\u0161ech severoz\u00E1padn\u00EDch indi\u00E1n\u016F. Deformace lebek \u010Cinuk\u016F na obraze Paula Kaneho. \u010Cinukov\u00E9 pokl\u00E1dali za znamen\u00ED kr\u00E1sy a urozenosti ploch\u00E9, dozadu ub\u00EDhaj\u00EDc\u00ED \u010Delo. Proto sv\u00FDm d\u011Btem um\u011Ble deformovali lebky pomoc\u00ED desti\u010Dek, pevn\u011B p\u0159iv\u00E1zan\u00FDch k \u010Delu."@cs . . . .