. . . . . . . . . . . . . "y"@en . . . . . . . . "Catharina II Aleksejevna (Russisch: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, Jekaterina II Aleksejevna) (Stettin, 2 mei 1729 \u2014 Tsarskoje Selo, 17 november 1796), bijgenaamd Catharina de Grote (Russisch: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F, Jekaterina Velikaja), was van 1762 tot 1796 tsarina van Rusland."@nl . . . . . . "\u0397 \u0391\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u0392\u0384 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A1\u03C9\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03B5\u03C0\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03B6\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B7 \u039C\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03B7 (\u03C1\u03C9\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F, 2 \u039C\u03B1\u0390\u03BF\u03C5 1729 \u2013 17 \u039D\u03BF\u03B5\u03BC\u03B2\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 1796) \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A1\u03C9\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03B3\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03B3\u03AE\u03C2. \u0397 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B4\u03AD\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03BD\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03B2\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BB\u03CC\u03B3\u03C9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B8\u03AE\u03BA\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039A\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03C3\u03BF\u03CD\u03BA-\u039A\u03B1\u03CA\u03BD\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B6\u03AE."@el . . . "Tenure"@en . "Catarina II (Estetino, 2 de maio de 1729 \u2013 S\u00E3o Petersburgo, 17 de novembro de 1796), conhecida como Catarina, a Grande, foi a Imperatriz da R\u00FAssia de 1762 at\u00E9 sua morte. Nascida como princesa Sofia Frederica Augusta de Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, era a filha mais velha de Cristiano Augusto, Pr\u00EDncipe de Anhalt-Zerbst, e sua esposa Joana Isabel de Hols\u00E1cia-Gottorp. Sofia se converteu para a Igreja Ortodoxa Russa, assumiu o nome de Catarina Alexeievna e se casou com o gr\u00E3o-duque Pedro Feodorovich, nascido pr\u00EDncipe de Hols\u00E1cia-Gottorp, em 1745. Seu marido ascendeu ao trono russo em janeiro de 1762 como Pedro III e ela organizou um golpe de estado que o tirou do trono em julho, com Pedro morrendo alguns dias depois supostamente assassinado."@pt . . . . . . . . . . "1762"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "November 2021"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Yekaterina II dari Rusia"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Catarina II da R\u00FAssia"@pt . . . . . "Kate\u0159ina II. (2. kv\u011Btna 1729 \u0160t\u011Bt\u00EDn \u2013 6. listopadujul./ 17. listopadu 1796greg. Petrohrad), zn\u00E1m\u00E1 t\u00E9\u017E jako Kate\u0159ina Velik\u00E1, nebo rusky Jekat\u011Brina Alexejevna, rodn\u00FDm jm\u00E9nem Sofie Frederika Augusta, byla mezi lety 1762 a\u017E 1796 ruskou carevnou \u2013 nejd\u00E9le vl\u00E1dnouc\u00ED panovnic\u00ED t\u00E9to zem\u011B. K moci se dostala po p\u0159evratu, kter\u00FD uspo\u0159\u00E1dala \u2013 co\u017E m\u011Blo za n\u00E1sledek svr\u017Een\u00ED jej\u00EDho man\u017Eela Petra III. Za jej\u00ED vl\u00E1dy Rusko o\u017Eilo; stalo se v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDm a siln\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm a bylo uzn\u00E1no jako jedna z velk\u00FDch evropsk\u00FDch mocnost\u00ED. V p\u0159\u00EDstupu k moci a vl\u00E1dnut\u00ED v \u0159\u00ED\u0161i se Kate\u0159ina \u010Dasto spol\u00E9hala na sv\u00E9 obl\u00EDbence z \u0159ad \u0161lechty, zejm\u00E9na hrab\u011Bte Grigorije Orlova a Grigorije Pot\u011Bmkina. S pomoc\u00ED \u00FAsp\u011B\u0161n\u00FDch gener\u00E1l\u016F, jako Alexander Suvorov a Pjotr Rumjancev nebo admir\u00E1la Fjodora U\u0161akova, vl\u00E1dla v dob\u011B, kdy se rusk\u00E1 \u0159\u00ED\u0161e rychle roz\u0161i\u0159ovala dob\u00FDv\u00E1n\u00EDm a diplomaci\u00ED. Na jihu byl po v\u00EDt\u011Bzstv\u00EDch nad Osmanskou \u0159\u00ED\u0161\u00ED v rusko-tureck\u00FDch v\u00E1lk\u00E1ch rozdrcen Krymsk\u00FD chan\u00E1t a Rusko kolonizovalo \u00FAzem\u00ED pod\u00E9l \u010Cern\u00E9ho a Azovsk\u00E9ho mo\u0159e zn\u00E1m\u00E9 jako Nov\u00E9 Rusko. Na z\u00E1pad\u011B byla nakonec polsko-litevsk\u00E1 unie, kter\u00E9 vl\u00E1dl d\u0159\u00EDv\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED milenec Kate\u0159iny, kr\u00E1l Stanis\u0142aw August Poniatowski, rozd\u011Blena, p\u0159i\u010Dem\u017E nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED pod\u00EDl p\u0159ipadl Rusku. Na v\u00FDchod\u011B Rusko za\u010Dalo kolonizovat Alja\u0161ku a vznikla Rusk\u00E1 Amerika. Kate\u0159ina reformovala spr\u00E1vu rusk\u00FDch guberni\u00ED a na jej\u00ED p\u0159\u00EDkaz bylo zalo\u017Eeno mnoho nov\u00FDch m\u011Bst a obc\u00ED. Po vzoru Petra Velik\u00E9ho pokra\u010Dovala v modernizaci Ruska dle z\u00E1padoevropsk\u00FDch sm\u011Br\u016F. Brann\u00E1 povinnost a hospod\u00E1\u0159stv\u00ED v\u0161ak nad\u00E1le z\u00E1visely na nevolnictv\u00ED a rostouc\u00ED po\u017Eadavky st\u00E1tu a soukrom\u00FDch vlastn\u00EDk\u016F p\u016Fdy zintenz\u00EDvnily vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00E1n\u00ED nevoln\u00EDk\u016F. To byl jeden z hlavn\u00EDch d\u016Fvod\u016F n\u011Bkolika povst\u00E1n\u00ED, v\u010Detn\u011B rozs\u00E1hl\u00E9ho Puga\u010Dovova povst\u00E1n\u00ED koz\u00E1k\u016F a roln\u00EDk\u016F. Kate\u0159ina se rozhodla nechat se nao\u010Dkovat proti ne\u0161tovic\u00EDm britsk\u00FDm l\u00E9ka\u0159em . V t\u00E9 dob\u011B to bylo pova\u017Eov\u00E1no za kontroverzn\u00ED metodu, ale usp\u011Bla. Pozd\u011Bji byl tak\u00E9 nao\u010Dkov\u00E1n jej\u00ED syn Pavel. Kate\u0159ina se pot\u00E9 sna\u017Eila o\u010Dkovat v cel\u00E9 sv\u00E9 \u0159\u00ED\u0161i a prohl\u00E1sila: \u201EM\u00FDm c\u00EDlem bylo prost\u0159ednictv\u00EDm m\u00E9ho p\u0159\u00EDkladu zachr\u00E1nit p\u0159ed smrt\u00ED mno\u017Estv\u00ED m\u00FDch poddan\u00FDch, kte\u0159\u00ED neznali hodnotu t\u00E9to techniky, m\u011Bli strach, byli ohro\u017Eeni.\u201C Do roku 1800 bylo v Carsk\u00E9m Rusku aplikov\u00E1no p\u0159ibli\u017En\u011B 2 miliony o\u010Dkovac\u00EDch l\u00E1tek (t\u00E9m\u011B\u0159 6% populace). Obdob\u00ED vl\u00E1dy Kate\u0159iny Velik\u00E9 je pova\u017Eov\u00E1no za Zlat\u00FD v\u011Bk Ruska. Manifest o svobod\u011B \u0161lechty, vydan\u00FD b\u011Bhem kr\u00E1tk\u00E9 vl\u00E1dy Petra III. a potvrzen\u00FD Kate\u0159inou, osvobodil ruskou \u0161lechtu z povinn\u00E9 vojensk\u00E9 nebo st\u00E1tn\u00ED slu\u017Eby. Stavba mnoha \u0161lechtick\u00FDch s\u00EDdel v klasick\u00E9m stylu schv\u00E1len\u00E9m carevnou, zm\u011Bnila tv\u00E1\u0159 zem\u011B. Nad\u0161en\u011B podporovala ide\u00E1ly osv\u00EDcenstv\u00ED a je \u010Dasto pova\u017Eov\u00E1na za osv\u00EDcen\u00E9ho despotu. Jako patronka um\u011Bn\u00ED p\u0159edsedala v\u011Bku rusk\u00E9ho osv\u00EDcenstv\u00ED, v\u010Detn\u011B z\u0159\u00EDzen\u00ED Smoln\u00E9ho institutu pro \u0161lechti\u010Dny, prvn\u00ED st\u00E1tem financovan\u00E9 vysok\u00E9 \u0161koly pro \u017Eeny v Evrop\u011B."@cs . . . . . . "Katerina la 2-a (Rusio)"@eo . . . . "Caterina II de R\u00FAssia (Szczecin, 2 de maig de 1729 - Sant Petersburg, 6 de novembre de 1796 (Juli\u00E0)), anomenada la Gran, rus: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430\u044F, Iekaterina II Aleks\u00E9ievna Vel\u00EDkaia, fou una princesa alemanya que esdevingu\u00E9 tsarina de R\u00FAssia per l'abdicaci\u00F3 del seu marit, el tsar Pere III. Representa la monarquia il\u00B7lustrada per antonom\u00E0sia del segle xviii a l'Imperi Rus."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30A8\u30AB\u30C1\u30A7\u30EA\u30FC\u30CA2\u4E16\uFF08\u30A8\u30AB\u30C1\u30A7\u30EA\u30FC\u30CA2\u4E16\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30BB\u30FC\u30A8\u30F4\u30CA\u3001\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u8A9E: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, \u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u6587\u5B57\u8EE2\u5199: Yekaterina II Alekseyevna \uFF08\u30A4\u30AB\u30C1\u30EA\u30FC\u30CA\u30FB\u30D5\u30BF\u30E9\u30FC\u30E4\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30BB\u30FC\u30A8\u30F4\u30CA\uFF09\u30011729\u5E744\u670821\u65E5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u66A6\uFF09/5\u67082\u65E5\uFF08\u30B0\u30EC\u30B4\u30EA\u30AA\u66A6\uFF09 - 1796\u5E7411\u67086\u65E5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u66A6\uFF09/11\u670817\u65E5\uFF08\u30B0\u30EC\u30B4\u30EA\u30AA\u66A6\uFF09\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30ED\u30DE\u30CE\u30D5\u671D\u7B2C8\u4EE3\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u7687\u5E1D\uFF08\u5728\u4F4D\uFF1A1762\u5E746\u670828\u65E5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u66A6\uFF09/7\u67089\u65E5\uFF08\u30B0\u30EC\u30B4\u30EA\u30AA\u66A6\uFF09 - 1796\u5E7411\u67086\u65E5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u66A6\uFF09/11\u670817\u65E5\uFF08\u30B0\u30EC\u30B4\u30EA\u30AA\u66A6\uFF09\uFF09\u3002\u592B\u306F\u30D4\u30E7\u30FC\u30C8\u30EB3\u4E16\u306A\u3089\u3073\u306B\u30B0\u30EA\u30B4\u30EA\u30FC\u30FB\u30DD\u30C1\u30E7\u30E0\u30AD\u30F3\uFF08\u79D8\u5BC6\u7D50\u5A5A\uFF09\u3001\u5B50\u306F\u30D1\u30FC\u30F4\u30A7\u30EB1\u4E16\u307B\u304B\u3002 \u30D7\u30ED\u30A4\u30BB\u30F3\u306E\u30D5\u30EA\u30FC\u30C9\u30EA\u30D22\u4E16\uFF08\u5927\u738B\uFF09\u3084\u30AA\u30FC\u30B9\u30C8\u30EA\u30A2\u306E\u30E8\u30FC\u30BC\u30D52\u4E16\u3068\u5171\u306B\u5553\u8499\u5C02\u5236\u541B\u4E3B\u306E\u4EE3\u8868\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u9818\u571F\u3092\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3084\u30A6\u30AF\u30E9\u30A4\u30CA\u306B\u62E1\u5927\u3057\u3001\u5927\u5E1D (\u30F4\u30A7\u30EA\u30FC\u30AB\u30E4)\uFF08\u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430\u044F\uFF09\u3068\u79F0\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002 \u5E1D\u653F\u6642\u4EE3\u306B\u304C\u767A\u884C\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F100\u30EB\u30FC\u30D6\u30EB\u7D19\u5E63\u306E\u8096\u50CF\u306B\u63CF\u304B\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u307B\u304B\u3001\u6CBF\u30C9\u30CB\u30A8\u30B9\u30C8\u30EB\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u306E\u304C\u767A\u884C\u3059\u308B500\u6CBF\u30C9\u30CB\u30A8\u30B9\u30C8\u30EB\u30FB\u30EB\u30FC\u30D6\u30EB\u306B\u3082\u63CF\u304B\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "\u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 II (\u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430; \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430\u044F; \u0443\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0421\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0301\u044F \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0301\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430 \u0410\u0301\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442-\u0426\u0435\u0301\u0440\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F (\u043D\u0435\u043C. Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg), \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430; 21 \u0430\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043B\u044F [2 \u043C\u0430\u044F] 1729, \u0428\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0438\u043D, \u041F\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044F \u2014 6 [17] \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1796, \u0417\u0438\u043C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0446, \u0421\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0442-\u041F\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F) \u2014 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F (1762\u20141796). \u041C\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430. \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0441\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044F\u043D \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . "Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"@en . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Catherine II"@fr . . . . . . . . "\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u063A\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u064F\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u062A\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u064A\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062A \u0643\u0631\u064A\u0633\u062A\u064A\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u063A\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u064A\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0644\u062A (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430\u044F)\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u062A\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064A\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u062A\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064A\u0645\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F)\u060C \u0647\u064A \u0625\u062D\u062F\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062D\u064F\u0643\u064E\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u062E\u0635\u064A\u064E\u0651\u0629 \u062D\u0643\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u064E\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u060C \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0647\u062F\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0645\u062A\u062F\u064E\u0651 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064F\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1762\u0645 \u062D\u062A\u064E\u0651\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1796\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u064F\u0645\u0631\u064D \u064A\u064F\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 67 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060C \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u064E\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064E\u0651 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u064B\u0627 \u0648\u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631\u064B\u0627. \u0648\u064F\u0644\u062F\u062A \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u062A\u0686\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u0650\u062F\u064F\u0648\u0642\u064A\u064E\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u064A\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064F\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064A \u0641\u0631\u062F\u0631\u064A\u0643 \u0623\u063A\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0644\u062A \u0632\u0631\u0628\u0633\u062A \u062F\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0628\u0631\u06AF (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629: Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg)\u060C \u0648\u062E\u0650\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629\u064D \u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642\u0629\u064D \u0645\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u0627\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u062A\u0632\u0648\u064E\u0651\u062C\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A \u0628\u064F\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0644\u062B\u060C \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062B\u064F\u0645\u064E\u0651 \u062A\u0631\u0628\u064E\u0651\u0639\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Portrait by Alexander Roslin,"@en . . "Catherine the Great"@en . . . . . . . "Caterina II di Russia (in russo: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430?, traslitterato: Ekaterina II Alekseevna; Stettino, 21 aprile 1729 \u2013 San Pietroburgo, 17 novembre 1796), conosciuta come Caterina la Grande, fu imperatrice di Russia dal 1762 alla morte. Fu uno dei pi\u00F9 significativi esempi di dispotismo illuminato. Nata a Stettino come Sofia Federica Augusta di Anhalt-Zerbst, di origine prussiana, venne data in sposa, sedicenne, all'erede al trono dell'Impero russo, il granduca Pietro F\u00EBdorovi\u010D, futuro Pietro III di Russia. Con un colpo di Stato detronizz\u00F2 il marito alla fine della Guerra dei sette anni. Sotto il suo regno l'Impero russo accrebbe la sua potenza e visse uno dei periodi di maggior riconoscimento a livello europeo. Volendo applicare al suo metodo di governo i principi illuministi, di cui era seguace, Caterina incominci\u00F2 con la redazione di un nuovo codice ispirato alle idee degli enciclopedisti. Con i propri favoriti, in particolare Grigorij Orlov e a Grigorij Pot\u00EBmkin, ma anche i generali di grande successo P\u00EBtr Rumjancev e Aleksandr Suvorov, e ammiragli come F\u00EBdor U\u0161akov, espanse rapidamente l'egemonia russa: a ovest vi fu l'annessione del territorio maggiore, ottenuto dallo smembramento della Confederazione polacco-lituana; in seguito alle guerre russo-turche occup\u00F2 la Crimea; all'estremo est incominci\u00F2 la colonizzazione dell'Alaska. Ammiratrice di Pietro il Grande, Caterina continu\u00F2 a modernizzare la Russia occidentale secondo le idee dell'assolutismo illuminato: s'interess\u00F2 ai problemi dell'istruzione, fondando il primo istituto d'istruzione superiore femminile in Europa, delle finanze e della creazione di nuove cittadine fondate su suo ordine. Tuttavia la sua politica comport\u00F2 un aumento del numero dei servi della gleba, con conseguente malcontento popolare e lo scoppio di numerose rivolte, represse violentemente, come quella guidata dal Puga\u010D\u00EBv. Nonostante queste ambiguit\u00E0 politiche, a causa dei suoi rapporti epistolari e personali con vari filosofi illuministi quali Voltaire e Diderot, che ne elogiarono il governo, il periodo della dominazione di Caterina la Grande \u00E8 considerato l'et\u00E0 d'oro dell'Impero russo. Fu sepolta nella cattedrale di San Pietro e Paolo a San Pietroburgo."@it . . . . . . . ""@en . "Catharina II Aleksejevna (Russisch: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, Jekaterina II Aleksejevna) (Stettin, 2 mei 1729 \u2014 Tsarskoje Selo, 17 november 1796), bijgenaamd Catharina de Grote (Russisch: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F, Jekaterina Velikaja), was van 1762 tot 1796 tsarina van Rusland. Ze werd in het Duitse Stettin in Pommeren (sinds 1945 Szczecin in Polen) geboren als Sophia Augusta Frederika, prinses van Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, dochter van vorst Christiaan August van Anhalt-Zerbst en hertogin Johanna Elisabeth van Sleeswijk-Holstein-Gottorp. Ze was een nicht van de koningen Gustaaf III en Karel XIII van Zweden en echtgenote van de Russische troonopvolger Peter III."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "--11-17"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Douglas Smith, Love and Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin"@en . . . . . "1124923106"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Katarina II av Ryssland"@sv . . . "Catherine II (born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 \u2013 17 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power following the overthrow of her husband, Peter III. Under her long reign, inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment, Russia experienced a renaissance of culture and sciences, which led to many new cities, universities, and theaters being founded; along with large-scale immigration from the rest of Europe, and the recognition of Russia as one of the great powers of Europe."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Katerina la 2-a (la Granda) (ruse \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F; naski\u011Dis la 2-an de majo 1729, mortis la 17-an de novembro 1796) estis unu el la plej famaj imperiestrinoj de Rusio (1762-1796). La tempon de \u015Dia regado oni nomas \"la ora tempo\" de la Rusia Imperio."@eo . . . "Yekaterina II (bahasa Rusia: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II, bahasa Inggris: Catherine II; 2 Mei [K.J.: 21 April] 1729 \u2013 17 November [K.J.: 6 November] 1796), juga dikenal dengan Yekaterina yang Agung (bahasa Rusia: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F, Yekaterina Velikaya, bahasa Inggris: Catherine the Great) adalah seorang Maharani (kaisar wanita) Rusia yang berkuasa selama 34 tahun, yakni dari tahun 1762 sampai mangkatnya karena stroke pada tahun 1796. Sebelum duduk di takhta, dia adalah seorang permaisuri sebagai istri dari Kaisar Pyotr III. Masa pemerintahan Yekaterina dikenal sebagai masa keemasan kekaisaran dan bangsawan Rusia. Dia membangun banyak kota dan melanjutkan untuk memodernisasi Rusia sejalan dengan Eropa Barat. Pada masa kekuasaannya pula, wilayah Rusia meluas berkali-kali lipat karena penaklukan dan diplomasi. Kekhanan Krimea berhasil ditaklukan menyusul dengan kemenangan Rusia dalam peperangan melawan Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah. Di barat, Yekaterina menjadikan Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania sebagai negara satelit Rusia dan mengangkat kekasihnya, Stanis\u0142aw August Poniatowski, sebagai raja di negara tersebut. Di timur, Rusia juga menduduki Alaska."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Manifesto of the Empress Catherine II, inviting foreign immigration"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "--01-05"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Caterina II de R\u00FAssia (Szczecin, 2 de maig de 1729 - Sant Petersburg, 6 de novembre de 1796 (Juli\u00E0)), anomenada la Gran, rus: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430\u044F, Iekaterina II Aleks\u00E9ievna Vel\u00EDkaia, fou una princesa alemanya que esdevingu\u00E9 tsarina de R\u00FAssia per l'abdicaci\u00F3 del seu marit, el tsar Pere III. Representa la monarquia il\u00B7lustrada per antonom\u00E0sia del segle xviii a l'Imperi Rus."@ca . . . . . . . . "Katalina II.a Errusiakoa"@eu . . ""@en . . "\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u4E8C\u4E16\u00B7\u963F\u5217\u514B\u8C22\u8036\u8299\u5A1C\uFF08\u4FC4\u8A9E\uFF1A\u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430\uFF0C1729\u5E745\u67082\u65E5\uFF0D1796\u5E7411\u670817\u65E5\uFF09\uFF0C\u4EA6\u79F0\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u5927\u5E1D\uFF08\u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F\uFF09\uFF0C\u6216\u4F9D\u7167\u82F1\u6587\uFF08Catherine II\uFF09\u8B6F\u70BA\u51F1\u85A9\u7433\u4E8C\u4E16\u3001\u51F1\u85A9\u7433\u5927\u5E1D\uFF0C\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u51FA\u751F\u4E8E\u666E\u9C81\u58EB\u6CE2\u7F8E\u62C9\u5C3C\u4E9A\u65AF\u5FB7\u4E01\uFF0C\u51FA\u751F\u540D\u4E3A\u7D22\u83F2\u4E9A\u00B7\u5F17\u96F7\u5FB7\u91CC\u5361\u00B7\u5965\u53E4\u65AF\u5854\u00B7\u51AF\u00B7\u5B89\u54C8\u5C14\u7279-\u91C7\u5C14\u5E03\u65AF\u7279-\u591A\u6069\u5821\uFF08\u5FB7\u8A9E\uFF1ASophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg\uFF09\uFF0C\u539F\u662F\u5F7C\u5F97\u4E09\u4E16\u4E4B\u59BB\uFF0C\u901A\u8FC7\u653F\u53D8\u5E9F\u9EDC\u5E76\u523A\u6740\u5176\u592B\u5A7F\u5F7C\u5F97\u4E09\u4E16\u5F8C\uFF0C\u5373\u4F4D\u4E3A\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5973\u7687\uFF0C\u4E26\u6210\u70BA\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u53F2\u4E0A\u5728\u4F4D\u65F6\u95F4\u6700\u957F\uFF081762\u5E74\u81F31796\u5E74\u5728\u4F4D\uFF09\u7684\u541B\u4E3B\uFF0C\u5728\u4F4D\u6642\u9593\u9577\u905434\u5E74\u3002\u5728\u5176\u6CBB\u4E0B\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u7ECF\u5386\u590D\u5174\uFF0C\u8FBE\u5230\u5176\u5386\u53F2\u9876\u5CF0\u5E76\u6210\u4E3A\u6B27\u6D32\u5217\u5F3A\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 \u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u5373\u4F4D\u548C\u5728\u4F4D\u65F6\u5747\u65F6\u5E38\u4F9D\u9760\u5176\u5BA0\u5E78\u8D35\u65CF\u7684\u534F\u52A9\uFF0C\u5982\u5965\u5C14\u6D1B\u592B\u548C\u6CE2\u5C06\u91D1\u3002\u5728\u82CF\u6C83\u6D1B\u592B\u3001\u9C81\u7F05\u91C7\u592B\u548C\u4E4C\u6C99\u79D1\u592B\u7B49\u5C06\u9886\u652F\u6301\u4E4B\u4E0B\uFF0C\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u6CBB\u4E0B\u7684\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u901A\u8FC7\u519B\u4E8B\u53CA\u5916\u4EA4\u8FC5\u901F\u6269\u5F20\u3002\u5728\u5357\u65B9\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u901A\u8FC7\u4FC4\u571F\u6218\u4E89\u51FB\u8D25\u5965\u65AF\u66FC\u5E1D\u56FD\u5E76\u51FB\u6E83\u514B\u91CC\u7C73\u4E9A\u6C57\u56FD\uFF0C\u5BF9\u9ED1\u6D77\u53CA\u4E9A\u901F\u6D77\u7684\u5E7F\u9614\u533A\u57DF\u8FDB\u884C\u4E86\u6B96\u6C11\uFF08\u5373\u65B0\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\uFF09\uFF1B\u5728\u897F\u65B9\uFF0C\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u524D\u60C5\u4EBA\u65AF\u5766\u5C3C\u65AF\u74E6\u592B\u00B7\u5965\u53E4\u65AF\u7279\u7EDF\u6CBB\u7684\u6CE2\u5170-\u7ACB\u9676\u5B9B\u8054\u90A6\u88AB\u74DC\u5206\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u83B7\u5F97\u4E86\u6700\u5927\u9762\u79EF\u7684\u9886\u571F\uFF1B\u5728\u4E1C\u90E8\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5F00\u59CB\u5BF9\u963F\u62C9\u65AF\u52A0\u8FDB\u884C\u6B96\u6C11\uFF0C\u5728\u5176\u5B50\u4FDD\u7F57\u4E00\u4E16\u7EDF\u6CBB\u65F6\u671F\u5EFA\u7ACB\u4FC4\u5C5E\u5317\u7F8E\u3002 \u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u6539\u9769\u884C\u653F\u533A\u5212\uFF0C\u8BF8\u591A\u65B0\u57CE\u9547\u5728\u5176\u4EE4\u4E0B\u5EFA\u7ACB\u8D77\u6765\u3002\u5979\u8DDF\u968F\u5176\u6240\u666F\u4EF0\u7684\u5F7C\u5F97\u5927\u5E1D\u7684\u6B65\u4F10\uFF0C\u7EE7\u7EED\u6839\u636E\u897F\u6B27\u6A21\u5F0F\u5BF9\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u8FDB\u884C\u73B0\u4EE3\u5316\u9769\u65B0\uFF0C\u4F46\u5F81\u5175\u5236\u53CA\u7ECF\u6D4E\u4ECD\u65E7\u4EE5\u4E3A\u57FA\u7840\uFF0C\u56FD\u5BB6\u53CA\u5730\u4E3B\u7684\u9700\u6C42\u8D8A\u6765\u8D8A\u4F9D\u8D56\u4E8E\u519C\u5974\uFF0C\u7531\u6B64\u5BFC\u81F4\u4E86\u591A\u6B21\u53DB\u4E71\uFF0C\u519C\u6C11\u53CA\u54E5\u8428\u514B\u7684\u666E\u52A0\u4E54\u592B\u8D77\u4E49\u5373\u4E3A\u4E00\u4F8B\u3002 \u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u7EDF\u6CBB\u65F6\u671F\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u65F6\u4EE3\u201D\uFF0C\u901A\u5E38\u88AB\u8BA4\u4E3A\u662F\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u53CA\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u8D35\u65CF\u7684\u9EC4\u91D1\u65F6\u4EE3\u3002\u5F7C\u5F97\u4E09\u4E16\u5728\u4F4D\u65F6\u9881\u5E03\uFF0C\u7531\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u786E\u8BA4\u5EF6\u7EED\u7684\u300A\u8D35\u65CF\u81EA\u7531\u5BA3\u8A00\u300B\u5C06\u8D35\u65CF\u7531\u5F3A\u5236\u5175\u5F79\u548C\u56FD\u5BB6\u516C\u52A1\u4E2D\u89E3\u653E\u51FA\u6765\u3002\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u63A8\u52A8\u8BF8\u591A\u53E4\u5178\u4E3B\u4E49\u8D35\u65CF\u5EFA\u7B51\u7684\u5EFA\u8BBE\uFF0C\u6539\u53D8\u4E86\u4FC4\u56FD\u7684\u9762\u8C8C\u3002\u5979\u70ED\u5FC3\u652F\u6301\u542F\u8499\u65F6\u4EE3\u7406\u5FF5\uFF0C\u7531\u6B64\u83B7\u5F97\u5F00\u660E\u4E13\u5236\u541B\u4E3B\u4E00\u79F0\u3002\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u4EA6\u652F\u6301\u827A\u672F\u4E8B\u4E1A\uFF0C\u63A8\u52A8\u4E86\u7684\u53D1\u5C55\u3002\u8FD9\u4E00\u65F6\u671F\u6240\u5EFA\u7ACB\u65AF\u83AB\u5C14\u5C3C\u5BAB\u662F\u6B27\u6D32\u9996\u5BB6\u7531\u56FD\u5BB6\u8D44\u52A9\u7684\u5973\u6027\u9AD8\u7B49\u6559\u80B2\u673A\u6784\u3002"@zh . . . . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II (\u0440\u043E\u0441. \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II; 21 \u043A\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043D\u044F (2 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044F) 1729 \u2014 6 (17) \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430 1796) \u2014 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044F (1762\u20131796). \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044F \u043D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442-\u0426\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0441\u0442. \u041D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0428\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043D\u0456, \u041F\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0456\u044F. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u041F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 III (\u0437 1745). \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u0437 \u043B\u044E\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0430\u0432'\u044F. \u041D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043C\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u041F\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0430 \u0406."@uk . . . . . . . . "Katharina II."@de . "Bh\u00ED Caitr\u00EDona II (R\u00FAisis: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430), Caitr\u00EDona Mh\u00F3r, ina banimpire ar an R\u00FAis \u00F3 1762 go 1796."@ga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Katarina II (ryska: \u0415\u043Aa\u0442e\u0440\u0438\u043Da \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, Jekaterina Aleksejevna), mer s\u00E4llan \u00E4ven Katarina den stora, f\u00F6dd 21 april 1729 som Sophie Friederike Auguste av Anhalt-Zerbst, d\u00F6d 6 november 1796 (g.s.), var regerande rysk kejsarinna (tsaritsa) fr\u00E5n 1762. Hon var dotter till Kristian August av Anhalt-Zerbst och Johanna Elisabeth av Holstein-Gottorp, systerdotter till Adolf Fredrik av Sverige och s\u00E5ledes kusin till Gustav III och Karl XIII. Hon f\u00F6rm\u00E4ldes 1745 med den ryske tronf\u00F6ljaren Karl Peter Ulrik av Holstein-Gottorp, sedermera tsar Peter III av Ryssland, vilken hon i en palatskupp s\u00E5 sm\u00E5ningom avsatte f\u00F6r att sj\u00E4lv bli regent. I b\u00F6rjan av sin tid vid makten f\u00F6rde hon en liberal politik inspirerad av upplysningen. Under hennes regeringstid expanderade Ryssland kraftigt p\u00E5 bekostnad av Polen och Osmanska riket. Katarina blev redan under sin levnadstid k\u00E4nd f\u00F6r att ha haft en rad \u00E4lskare, alla yngre m\u00E4n som tack vare relationen med Rysslands tsaritsa ocks\u00E5 fick politiskt inflytande. Den mest k\u00E4nda av dessa \u00E4r Grigorij Potemkin."@sv . "--05-02"^^ . "russia"@en . . . . . "Catarina II (Estetino, 2 de maio de 1729 \u2013 S\u00E3o Petersburgo, 17 de novembro de 1796), conhecida como Catarina, a Grande, foi a Imperatriz da R\u00FAssia de 1762 at\u00E9 sua morte. Nascida como princesa Sofia Frederica Augusta de Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, era a filha mais velha de Cristiano Augusto, Pr\u00EDncipe de Anhalt-Zerbst, e sua esposa Joana Isabel de Hols\u00E1cia-Gottorp. Sofia se converteu para a Igreja Ortodoxa Russa, assumiu o nome de Catarina Alexeievna e se casou com o gr\u00E3o-duque Pedro Feodorovich, nascido pr\u00EDncipe de Hols\u00E1cia-Gottorp, em 1745. Seu marido ascendeu ao trono russo em janeiro de 1762 como Pedro III e ela organizou um golpe de estado que o tirou do trono em julho, com Pedro morrendo alguns dias depois supostamente assassinado. Durante o seu reinado, o Imp\u00E9rio Russo melhorou a sua administra\u00E7\u00E3o e continuou a modernizar-se. O reinado de Catarina revitalizou a R\u00FAssia, que cresceu com ainda mais for\u00E7a e tornou conhecida como uma das maiores pot\u00EAncias europeias. Os seus sucessos dentro da complexa pol\u00EDtica externa e as suas repres\u00E1lias por vezes brutas aos movimentos revolucion\u00E1rios (mais notavelmente na Rebeli\u00E3o Pugachev) complementaram a sua ca\u00F3tica vida privada. Causava esc\u00E2ndalo frequentemente, dada a sua tend\u00EAncia para rela\u00E7\u00F5es que espalhavam rumores por todas as cortes europeias. Catarina subiu ao poder supostamente ap\u00F3s uma conspira\u00E7\u00E3o por ela mesma elaborada que dep\u00F4s o seu marido, o czar Pedro III, e o seu reinado foi o apogeu da nobreza russa. Pedro III, sob press\u00E3o da mesma nobreza, tinha j\u00E1 aumentado a autoridade dos grandes propriet\u00E1rios de terra nos seus mujique e servos. Apesar dos deveres impostos nos nobres pelo primeiro modernizador proeminente da R\u00FAssia, o czar Pedro I, e apesar das amizades de Catarina com os intelectuais do iluminismo na Europa Ocidental (em particular Denis Diderot, Voltaire e Montesquieu), a imperatriz n\u00E3o considerava pr\u00E1tico melhorar as condi\u00E7\u00F5es de vida dos seus s\u00FAbditos mais pobres que continuavam a ser ostracizados (por exemplo) por conscri\u00E7\u00E3o militar. As distin\u00E7\u00F5es entre os direitos dos camponeses nos estados votchine e pomestie desapareceram virtualmente na lei e na pr\u00E1tica durante o seu reinado. Em 1785, Catarina conferiu \u00E0 nobreza a Carta R\u00E9gia da Nobreza, aumentando ainda mais o poder dos senhores de terra. Nobres em cada distrito elegiam um \"marechal da nobreza\" que falava em seu nome \u00E0 monarca sobre problemas que os afetavam, em especial os problemas econ\u00F4micos."@pt . . . . . . . . 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"Caterina II di Russia"@it . . "\u0391\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u0392\u0384 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A1\u03C9\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2"@el . . . . . . . . . . . "among others..."@en . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II"@uk . . . . . . "Katalina II.a Errusiakoa edo Katalina Nagusia (errusieraz: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 II \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430\u044F, Jekaterina II Velikaia, edo \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, Jekaterina Alekseievna) (1729ko maiatzaren 2agreg./apirilaren 21ajul. - 1796ko azaroaren 17agreg./azaroaren 6ajul.) Errusiako enperatriza izan zen 34 urtez (1762ko ekainaren 28tik hil arte). Haren agintaldia despotismo onberaren adibideetako bat da."@eu . . "The Enlightened Despots"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Katharina II., genannt Katharina die Gro\u00DFe (russisch \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F/Jekaterina Welikaja; * 2. Mai 1729 als Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst in Stettin; \u2020 6. Novemberjul. / 17. November 1796greg. in Sankt Petersburg), war ab dem 9. Juli 1762 Kaiserin von Russland und ab 1793 Herrin von Jever. Sie ist die einzige Herrscherin, der in der Geschichtsschreibung der Beiname die Gro\u00DFe verliehen wurde. Katharina II. war eine Repr\u00E4sentantin des aufgekl\u00E4rten Absolutismus."@de . . . "Paul I of Russia"@en . . . . . . . . . "Katalina II.a Errusiakoa edo Katalina Nagusia (errusieraz: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 II \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430\u044F, Jekaterina II Velikaia, edo \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, Jekaterina Alekseievna) (1729ko maiatzaren 2agreg./apirilaren 21ajul. - 1796ko azaroaren 17agreg./azaroaren 6ajul.) Errusiako enperatriza izan zen 34 urtez (1762ko ekainaren 28tik hil arte). Haren agintaldia despotismo onberaren adibideetako bat da."@eu . . . . . "Caterina II de R\u00FAssia"@ca . "--07-09"^^ . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II (\u0440\u043E\u0441. \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II; 21 \u043A\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043D\u044F (2 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044F) 1729 \u2014 6 (17) \u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430 1796) \u2014 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044F (1762\u20131796). \u041F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044F \u043D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442-\u0426\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0441\u0442. \u041D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0428\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043D\u0456, \u041F\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0456\u044F. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u041F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 III (\u0437 1745). \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u0437 \u043B\u044E\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0430\u0432'\u044F. \u041D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043C\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u041F\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0430 \u0406. \u0417\u0456\u0439\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u043E\u043D \u0432\u043D\u0430\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043A \u043F\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0446\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0443 \u0456 \u0432\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043A\u0430 (1762). \u0417\u043D\u0438\u0449\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430 \u0406\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 VI (1764). \u0411\u0443\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0435\u044E \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0443 \u0456 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0448\u0430\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0435\u044E \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u0420\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043F\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E-\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044F \u0432 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0441\u043A\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0439 \u0443\u043D\u0456\u0444\u0456\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457. \u0420\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u043D\u0430\u0442 (1763). \u0417\u0430\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0454\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043B \u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u043C\u0456\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430 (1775\u20141795). \u0421\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u044E \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0430\u0432'\u044F: \u0441\u0435\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E-\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u0435\u0432\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F (\u0437 1763). \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0430 \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0443 \u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043F\u0456\u0448\u043D\u0443 \u0437\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0448\u043D\u044E \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0443. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0430 \u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438 \u041E\u0441\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 (1768\u20141774, 1787\u20141792), \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0443\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0435 \u041F\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043E\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0440'\u044F \u0442\u0430 \u041A\u0440\u0438\u043C. \u041E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0433\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0443\u043B\u0430 \u0423\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0443: \u0437\u043D\u0438\u0449\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0442\u044C\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0449\u0438\u043D\u0443 (1764) \u0456 \u0421\u0456\u0447 (1775), \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043A\u0440\u0456\u043F\u0430\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0431\u0456\u0434\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043E, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043A\u043E\u0437\u0430\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u041F\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0447\u043E\u0432\u0430 (1775). \u0423 \u0441\u043E\u044E\u0437\u0456 \u0456\u0437 \u041F\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0456\u0454\u044E \u0456 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0454\u044E \u043B\u0456\u043A\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043E\u0434\u0432\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u2014 \u0420\u0456\u0447 \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0443 (1772, 1792, 1795), \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0412\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043D\u044C, \u041F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u043B\u043B\u044F \u0456 \u0411\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044C. \u0417\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043E\u043C\u0440\u0456\u044F\u043D\u0443 \u0430\u043D\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0456\u044E \u041A\u0443\u0440\u043B\u044F\u043D\u0434\u0456\u0457 (1795), \u0437\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u043F\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043A\u0443 \u043D\u0456\u043C\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457. \u0414\u043E\u0437\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044F\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043F\u0456\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043B\u044E\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0456\u043C\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0432 \u043E\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0456 \u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u0446\u0456, \u0430\u043B\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0443\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E-\u0431\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043C\u043B\u044F\u0445 \u043D\u0438\u0449\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043A\u043E-\u043A\u0430\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0446\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0432\u0443 (1793\u20141796), \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0456\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044E. \u0417\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0436 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0423\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0438 \u0456 \u0432 \u041A\u0440\u0438\u043C (1787). \u041F\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u044E\u0437 \u0456\u0437 \u0419\u043E\u0437\u0435\u0444\u043E\u043C \u0406\u0406, \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0421\u0432\u044F\u0449\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0420\u0438\u043C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0438\u044F\u043B\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u043E\u0431\u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0430\u043A \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0446\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0454\u043A\u0442\u0443 \u2014 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0412\u0456\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u043A\u0456\u043F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043C \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u043D\u0443\u043A\u0430 \u041A\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044F\u043D\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0430. \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044E \u043F\u043B\u0430\u043D\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0440\u043A\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0446\u0456\u0457. \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043A\u0456\u0448\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0431 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044F. \u041E\u043A\u0440\u0456\u043C \u0447\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043A\u0430 \u043C\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0432-\u0444\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0456\u0432: \u041F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E (1755\u20141758), (1760\u20141772), \u041F\u043E\u0442\u044C\u043E\u043C\u043A\u0456\u043D\u0430 (1774\u20141776), \u0417\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E (1776\u20141777), \u0417\u0443\u0431\u043E\u0432\u0430 (1789\u20141796) \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445. \u041F\u043E\u043C\u0435\u0440\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0421\u0435\u043B\u0456, \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0456\u044F. \u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0443 \u041F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0456 \u0421\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0442-\u041F\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430. \u041F\u0440\u0456\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E \u2014 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430 (\u0440\u043E\u0441. \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F, \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0456 \u0437\u043C\u0456\u0446\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438). \u0423 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u044F\u043A \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0457\u043D\u044F. \u0412 \u0443\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043C\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E, \u0442\u0430\u043A \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E \u044F\u043A \u041F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043E \u0406; \u044F\u043A \u043F\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0432 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441 \u0428\u0435\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043A\u043E: \u00AB\u0426\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u0439 \u041F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u0449\u043E \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043F\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0432 \u041D\u0430\u0448\u0443 \u0423\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0443, \u0410 \u0412\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0412\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0443-\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0443\u00BB."@uk . . . . "127252"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Russian Orthodox"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "--01-05"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . . . "Catherine II (born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 1729 \u2013 17 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power following the overthrow of her husband, Peter III. Under her long reign, inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment, Russia experienced a renaissance of culture and sciences, which led to many new cities, universities, and theaters being founded; along with large-scale immigration from the rest of Europe, and the recognition of Russia as one of the great powers of Europe. In her accession to power and her rule of the empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably Count Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Samuel Greig and Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, the Crimean Khanate was crushed following victories over the Bar Confederation and Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War. With the support of the United Kingdom, Russia colonised the territories of Novorossiya along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover King Stanis\u0142aw August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. In the east, Russians became the first Europeans to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America. Many cities and towns were founded on Catherine's orders in the newly conquered lands, most notably Odessa, Dnipro (then known as Yekaterinoslav), Kherson, Mykolaiv and Sevastopol. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernise Russia along Western European lines. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and of private landowners intensified the exploitation of serf labour. This was one of the chief reasons behind rebellions, including Pugachev's Rebellion of Cossacks, nomads, peoples of the Volga, and peasants. The period of Catherine the Great's rule is also known as the Catherinian Era. The Manifesto on Freedom of the Nobility, issued during the short reign of Peter III and confirmed by Catherine, freed Russian nobles from compulsory military or state service. Construction of many mansions of the nobility, in the classical style endorsed by the empress, changed the face of the country. She is often included in the ranks of the enlightened despots. As a patron of the arts, she presided over the age of the Russian Enlightenment, including the establishment of the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens, the first state-financed higher education institution for women in Europe."@en . "\uC608\uCE74\uD14C\uB9AC\uB098 2\uC138"@ko . . . . . . "Catalina II de Rusia (en ruso: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, Ekaterina Aleks\u00E9yevna), llamada Catalina la Grande (en ruso: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F, Ekaterina Vel\u00EDkaya; Szczecin (Stettin), Pomerania,\u200B actualmente Polonia, 2 de mayo de 1729 - San Petersburgo, Imperio ruso, 17 de noviembre de 1796 seg\u00FAn el calendario gregoriano) fue emperatriz reinante de Rusia durante 34 a\u00F1os, desde el 28 de junio de 1762 hasta su muerte, a los 67 a\u00F1os. Catalina recogi\u00F3 el legado de Pedro I de Rusia, \u00ABuna ventana hacia Occidente en la costa del B\u00E1ltico\u00BB,\u200B y lo engrandeci\u00F3, abri\u00E9ndola en el mar Negro. Pedro import\u00F3 tecnolog\u00EDa, instituciones de gobierno y organizaci\u00F3n militar y Catalina trajo de Europa la filosof\u00EDa jur\u00EDdica, pol\u00EDtica y moral, adem\u00E1s de medicina, arte, cultura y educaci\u00F3n.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . "Alexei, Count Bobrinsky"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna"@en . . . . . . . "Catherine The Great Signature.svg"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Katerina la 2-a (la Granda) (ruse \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F; naski\u011Dis la 2-an de majo 1729, mortis la 17-an de novembro 1796) estis unu el la plej famaj imperiestrinoj de Rusio (1762-1796). La tempon de \u015Dia regado oni nomas \"la ora tempo\" de la Rusia Imperio."@eo . . . . . "\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u4E8C\u4E16"@zh . . . . "Empress Catherine II"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u4E8C\u4E16\u00B7\u963F\u5217\u514B\u8C22\u8036\u8299\u5A1C\uFF08\u4FC4\u8A9E\uFF1A\u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430\uFF0C1729\u5E745\u67082\u65E5\uFF0D1796\u5E7411\u670817\u65E5\uFF09\uFF0C\u4EA6\u79F0\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u5927\u5E1D\uFF08\u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F\uFF09\uFF0C\u6216\u4F9D\u7167\u82F1\u6587\uFF08Catherine II\uFF09\u8B6F\u70BA\u51F1\u85A9\u7433\u4E8C\u4E16\u3001\u51F1\u85A9\u7433\u5927\u5E1D\uFF0C\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u51FA\u751F\u4E8E\u666E\u9C81\u58EB\u6CE2\u7F8E\u62C9\u5C3C\u4E9A\u65AF\u5FB7\u4E01\uFF0C\u51FA\u751F\u540D\u4E3A\u7D22\u83F2\u4E9A\u00B7\u5F17\u96F7\u5FB7\u91CC\u5361\u00B7\u5965\u53E4\u65AF\u5854\u00B7\u51AF\u00B7\u5B89\u54C8\u5C14\u7279-\u91C7\u5C14\u5E03\u65AF\u7279-\u591A\u6069\u5821\uFF08\u5FB7\u8A9E\uFF1ASophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg\uFF09\uFF0C\u539F\u662F\u5F7C\u5F97\u4E09\u4E16\u4E4B\u59BB\uFF0C\u901A\u8FC7\u653F\u53D8\u5E9F\u9EDC\u5E76\u523A\u6740\u5176\u592B\u5A7F\u5F7C\u5F97\u4E09\u4E16\u5F8C\uFF0C\u5373\u4F4D\u4E3A\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5973\u7687\uFF0C\u4E26\u6210\u70BA\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u53F2\u4E0A\u5728\u4F4D\u65F6\u95F4\u6700\u957F\uFF081762\u5E74\u81F31796\u5E74\u5728\u4F4D\uFF09\u7684\u541B\u4E3B\uFF0C\u5728\u4F4D\u6642\u9593\u9577\u905434\u5E74\u3002\u5728\u5176\u6CBB\u4E0B\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u7ECF\u5386\u590D\u5174\uFF0C\u8FBE\u5230\u5176\u5386\u53F2\u9876\u5CF0\u5E76\u6210\u4E3A\u6B27\u6D32\u5217\u5F3A\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 \u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u5373\u4F4D\u548C\u5728\u4F4D\u65F6\u5747\u65F6\u5E38\u4F9D\u9760\u5176\u5BA0\u5E78\u8D35\u65CF\u7684\u534F\u52A9\uFF0C\u5982\u5965\u5C14\u6D1B\u592B\u548C\u6CE2\u5C06\u91D1\u3002\u5728\u82CF\u6C83\u6D1B\u592B\u3001\u9C81\u7F05\u91C7\u592B\u548C\u4E4C\u6C99\u79D1\u592B\u7B49\u5C06\u9886\u652F\u6301\u4E4B\u4E0B\uFF0C\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u6CBB\u4E0B\u7684\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5E1D\u56FD\u901A\u8FC7\u519B\u4E8B\u53CA\u5916\u4EA4\u8FC5\u901F\u6269\u5F20\u3002\u5728\u5357\u65B9\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u901A\u8FC7\u4FC4\u571F\u6218\u4E89\u51FB\u8D25\u5965\u65AF\u66FC\u5E1D\u56FD\u5E76\u51FB\u6E83\u514B\u91CC\u7C73\u4E9A\u6C57\u56FD\uFF0C\u5BF9\u9ED1\u6D77\u53CA\u4E9A\u901F\u6D77\u7684\u5E7F\u9614\u533A\u57DF\u8FDB\u884C\u4E86\u6B96\u6C11\uFF08\u5373\u65B0\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\uFF09\uFF1B\u5728\u897F\u65B9\uFF0C\u53F6\u5361\u6377\u7433\u5A1C\u524D\u60C5\u4EBA\u65AF\u5766\u5C3C\u65AF\u74E6\u592B\u00B7\u5965\u53E4\u65AF\u7279\u7EDF\u6CBB\u7684\u6CE2\u5170-\u7ACB\u9676\u5B9B\u8054\u90A6\u88AB\u74DC\u5206\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u83B7\u5F97\u4E86\u6700\u5927\u9762\u79EF\u7684\u9886\u571F\uFF1B\u5728\u4E1C\u90E8\uFF0C\u4FC4\u7F57\u65AF\u5F00\u59CB\u5BF9\u963F\u62C9\u65AF\u52A0\u8FDB\u884C\u6B96\u6C11\uFF0C\u5728\u5176\u5B50\u4FDD\u7F57\u4E00\u4E16\u7EDF\u6CBB\u65F6\u671F\u5EFA\u7ACB\u4FC4\u5C5E\u5317\u7F8E\u3002"@zh . "Bh\u00ED Caitr\u00EDona II (R\u00FAisis: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430), Caitr\u00EDona Mh\u00F3r, ina banimpire ar an R\u00FAis \u00F3 1762 go 1796."@ga . . . . . "Caterina II di Russia (in russo: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430?, traslitterato: Ekaterina II Alekseevna; Stettino, 21 aprile 1729 \u2013 San Pietroburgo, 17 novembre 1796), conosciuta come Caterina la Grande, fu imperatrice di Russia dal 1762 alla morte. Fu uno dei pi\u00F9 significativi esempi di dispotismo illuminato."@it . "Katarzyna II Aleksiejewna Wielka, ros. \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430; urodzona jako Zofia Fryderyka Augusta, niem. Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst (ur. 2 maja 1729 w Szczecinie, zm. 6 listopada?/ 17 listopada 1796 w Petersburgu) \u2013 ksi\u0119\u017Cniczka anhalcka, \u017Cona wielkiego ksi\u0119cia, p\u00F3\u017Aniej cesarza rosyjskiego Piotra III, po zamachu stanu samodzielna Cesarzowa Wszechrusi panuj\u0105ca w Imperium Rosyjskim w latach 1762\u20131796. W stosunkach z zagranic\u0105, jak i wewn\u0105trz kraju, kontynuowa\u0142a polityk\u0119 i reformy wprowadzone przez Piotra Wielkiego. Rz\u0105dz\u0105c tward\u0105 r\u0119k\u0105, polega\u0142a na swoich doradcach i faworytach takich jak Grigorij Potiomkin czy Grigorij Or\u0142ow. W polityce wewn\u0119trznej Nakaz Katarzyny II z 1767 roku definiuj\u0105cy zasady polityki i system prawny zapocz\u0105tkowa\u0142 okres absolutyzmu o\u015Bwieconego w Rosji. Za panowania autokratki wprowadzono reform\u0119 podzia\u0142u administracyjnego Rosji. Doprowadzi\u0142a do sekularyzacji d\u00F3br duchownych, uw\u0142aszczenia ch\u0142op\u00F3w cerkiewnych i zmniejszenia ich obowi\u0105zk\u00F3w wzgl\u0119dem cerkwi (1764). Wyda\u0142a Manifest o wolno\u015Bci gospodarczej (1775) oraz Gramot\u0119 o prawach i wygodach miejskich (1785), oficjalnie ustanawiaj\u0105c stan mieszcza\u0144ski i samorz\u0105d miejski. Gramota o prawach, wolno\u015Bci i przywilejach szlacheckich (1785) doprowadzi\u0142a do wzmocnienia pozycji szlachty i jednocze\u015Bnie pogorszenia sytuacji ch\u0142op\u00F3w z maj\u0105tk\u00F3w szlacheckich, kt\u00F3rzy byli pozbawieni wi\u0119kszo\u015Bci praw i stali si\u0119 obiektem handlu. Po powstaniu ch\u0142opskim Jemieljana Pugaczowa wprowadzi\u0142a polityk\u0119 represji wobec ka\u017Cdego przejawu niezadowolenia. Uczestniczy\u0142a w rozbiorach Polski. Zreformowa\u0142a o\u015Bwiat\u0119 i utworzy\u0142a pierwsz\u0105 w Rosji szko\u0142\u0119 dla dziewcz\u0105t (1764). Zaliczana jest do najwybitniejszych w\u0142adc\u00F3w Rosji."@pl . "\u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 II (\u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430; \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430\u044F; \u0443\u0440\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0421\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0301\u044F \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0301\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430 \u0410\u0301\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442-\u0426\u0435\u0301\u0440\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F (\u043D\u0435\u043C. Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg), \u0432 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430; 21 \u0430\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043B\u044F [2 \u043C\u0430\u044F] 1729, \u0428\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0438\u043D, \u041F\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044F \u2014 6 [17] \u043D\u043E\u044F\u0431\u0440\u044F 1796, \u0417\u0438\u043C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u0446, \u0421\u0430\u043D\u043A\u0442-\u041F\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044F) \u2014 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F (1762\u20141796). \u041C\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430. \u0414\u043E\u0447\u044C \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0437\u044F \u0410\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442-\u0426\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u043E\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0446\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043C\u0443\u0436\u0430 \u2014 \u041F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 III, \u0432\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u0432\u044B\u044F\u0441\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 (\u0432\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E, \u043E\u043D \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442). \u041E\u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u043E\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B, \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0443, \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0439 I, \u0441\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0433\u043E \u043C\u0443\u0436\u0430 \u041F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0432 1725 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u0443. \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0430 \u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044C \u043C\u0430\u043A\u0441\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043A\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044F\u043D \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041F\u0440\u0438 \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0435 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0446\u044B \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0443\u0442\u044B \u043D\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434 (\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044B \u0420\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u041F\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0439) \u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u044E\u0433 (\u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043E\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u041D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u041A\u0440\u044B\u043C\u0430, \u043E\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041A\u0430\u0432\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430). \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0440\u0438 \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0432\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u0441\u043E \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u041F\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u044B \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044B II \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0433\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044E \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u044B\u043C \u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C 1860-\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432. \u0412 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043C \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044F \u043E\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0448\u043B\u0430 \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u043E \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432, \u0447\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u043D\u0435\u043C\u0430\u043B\u043E \u0441\u043F\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0430 \u0438\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u0443\u0432\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044F\u0441\u044F \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C\u044E, \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044F \u0448\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044B \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0435 \u0441 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C\u0438. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043B\u043E\u043C \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044B II \u0438 \u0435\u0451 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u044B \u0432\u043F\u0438\u0441\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043B\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043E\u043B\u044E\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430."@ru . . . . . . . . "Yekaterina II (bahasa Rusia: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II, bahasa Inggris: Catherine II; 2 Mei [K.J.: 21 April] 1729 \u2013 17 November [K.J.: 6 November] 1796), juga dikenal dengan Yekaterina yang Agung (bahasa Rusia: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F, Yekaterina Velikaya, bahasa Inggris: Catherine the Great) adalah seorang Maharani (kaisar wanita) Rusia yang berkuasa selama 34 tahun, yakni dari tahun 1762 sampai mangkatnya karena stroke pada tahun 1796. Sebelum duduk di takhta, dia adalah seorang permaisuri sebagai istri dari Kaisar Pyotr III."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Sophie Fr\u00E9d\u00E9rique Augusta d'Anhalt-Zerbst (en russe : \u0421\u043E\u0444\u0438\u044F \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0441\u0442-\u0410\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F), n\u00E9e le 21 avril 1729 (2 mai 1729 dans le calendrier gr\u00E9gorien) \u00E0 Stettin (actuel Szczecin, Pologne) en Pom\u00E9ranie et morte le 6 novembre 1796 (17 novembre 1796 dans le calendrier gr\u00E9gorien) \u00E0 Saint-P\u00E9tersbourg ou \u00E0 Pouchkine en Russie, est une imp\u00E9ratrice et tsarine de Russie, anc\u00EAtre de la Maison Romanov. Surnomm\u00E9e \u00AB Figchen \u00BB par sa famille, elle re\u00E7ut le pr\u00E9nom Catherine lors de son bapt\u00EAme orthodoxe. Mari\u00E9e au futur empereur russe Pierre III, elle devient imp\u00E9ratrice consort apr\u00E8s l'accession au tr\u00F4ne de ce dernier. Elle r\u00E9alise un coup d'\u00C9tat contre son mari et se fait proclamer imp\u00E9ratrice et autocrate de toutes les Russies. Elle r\u00E8gne personnellement sur l'Empire russe du 28 juin 1762 (9 juillet 1762 dans le calendrier gr\u00E9gorien) \u00E0 sa mort sous le nom de Catherine II (en russe : \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II). Elle resta \u00E0 la post\u00E9rit\u00E9 sous le surnom la \u00AB Grande Catherine \u00BB. Sous son r\u00E8gne, la Russie (empire russe) conna\u00EEt une grande expansion de son territoire europ\u00E9en vers l'Ouest et le Sud (plus de 500 000 km2), et cela \u00E0 la faveur du partage de la Pologne et d'une s\u00E9rie de victoires contre l'Empire ottoman."@fr . . . . . . "44240"^^ . . "\u0643\u0627\u062A\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC608\uCE74\uD14C\uB9AC\uB098 2\uC138(\uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC5B4: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II, 1729\uB144 5\uC6D4 2\uC77C - 1796\uB144 11\uC6D4 17\uC77C)\uB294 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uD669\uD6C4\uC774\uC790 \uC5EC\uC81C(\uC7AC\uC704: 1762\uB144 - 1796\uB144)\uB2E4. \uB85C\uB9C8\uB178\uD504 \uC655\uC870\uC758 8\uBC88\uC9F8 \uAD70\uC8FC\uB85C, \uBCF8\uB798\uB294 \uD504\uB85C\uC774\uC13C \uC288\uD14C\uD2F4 \uCD9C\uC2E0\uC758 \uB3C5\uC77C\uC778\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBB34\uB2A5\uD55C \uB0A8\uD3B8 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 3\uC138\uB97C \uB300\uC2E0\uD574 \uC12D\uC815\uC744 \uB9E1\uC558\uC73C\uBA70, 1762\uB144 \uB0A8\uD3B8 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 3\uC138\uB97C \uCD95\uCD9C\uD558\uACE0 \uCC28\uB974(\uCC28\uB9AC\uB098)\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1745\uB144 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uD669\uD0DC\uC790\uC774\uB358 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 3\uC138\uC640 \uACB0\uD63C\uD588\uC73C\uB098 \uC9C0\uB2A5\uC774 \uBD80\uC871\uD558\uB358 \uB0A8\uD3B8\uC744 \uB300\uC2E0\uD558\uC5EC \uC12D\uC815\uC744 \uD588\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uB0A8\uD3B8 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uD3C9\uD310\uC774 \uB098\uBE60\uC9C0\uC790 1762\uB144 \uC815\uBCC0\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uCF1C \uB0A8\uD3B8\uC744 \uD3D0\uC704\uC2DC\uD0A4\uACE0 \uC2A4\uC2A4\uB85C \uC81C\uC704\uC5D0 \uC62C\uB790\uB2E4. \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 \uB300\uC81C\uC758 \uC5C5\uC801\uC744 \uACC4\uC2B9 \uBC1C\uC804\uC2DC\uD0A4\uBA74\uC11C \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uB97C \uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uBB34\uB300\uC640 \uBB38\uD654\uC0DD\uD65C\uC5D0 \uC644\uC804\uD788 \uD3B8\uC785\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uB0B4\uAC01\uC758 \uB3C4\uC6C0\uC744 \uBC1B\uC544 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uD589\uC815\uACFC \uBC95\uB960\uC81C\uB3C4\uB97C \uAC1C\uC120\uD588\uC73C\uBA70 \uD06C\uB9BC \uBC18\uB3C4\uC640 \uD3F4\uB780\uB4DC\uC758 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uBD80\uBD84\uC744 \uCC28\uC9C0\uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uC601\uD1A0\uB97C \uB113\uD614\uB2E4. \uACC4\uBABD\uC8FC\uC758 \uC0AC\uC0C1\uC5D0 \uAC10\uBA85\uD558\uC5EC \uBCFC\uD14C\uB974 \uB4F1\uACFC\uB3C4 \uBB38\uD559\uC73C\uB85C \uAD50\uB958\uD558\uC600\uACE0, \uBB38\uD559\uACFC \uC608\uC220, \uD559\uC608\uC640 \uAD50\uC721 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC7A5\uB824\uC5D0 \uD070 \uAD00\uC2EC\uC744 \uC3DF\uC558\uACE0 \uAC01 \uC9C0\uBC29\uAD00\uB4E4\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC9C1\uC811 \uC815\uBB34\uB97C \uACB0\uC7AC\uBC1B\uC74C\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uD669\uAD8C\uC744 \uAC15\uD654\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4."@ko . . . "Catalina II de Rusia"@es . . . . . . "1762-09-22"^^ . . "Katarzyna II Wielka"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Caitr\u00EDona II na R\u00FAise"@ga . . . . . . . . "Kate\u0159ina II. Velik\u00E1"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . "prev. Lutheran"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ascania"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Catharina II van Rusland"@nl . . . "\u30A8\u30AB\u30C1\u30A7\u30EA\u30FC\u30CA2\u4E16\uFF08\u30A8\u30AB\u30C1\u30A7\u30EA\u30FC\u30CA2\u4E16\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30BB\u30FC\u30A8\u30F4\u30CA\u3001\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u8A9E: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, \u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u6587\u5B57\u8EE2\u5199: Yekaterina II Alekseyevna \uFF08\u30A4\u30AB\u30C1\u30EA\u30FC\u30CA\u30FB\u30D5\u30BF\u30E9\u30FC\u30E4\u30FB\u30A2\u30EC\u30AF\u30BB\u30FC\u30A8\u30F4\u30CA\uFF09\u30011729\u5E744\u670821\u65E5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u66A6\uFF09/5\u67082\u65E5\uFF08\u30B0\u30EC\u30B4\u30EA\u30AA\u66A6\uFF09 - 1796\u5E7411\u67086\u65E5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u66A6\uFF09/11\u670817\u65E5\uFF08\u30B0\u30EC\u30B4\u30EA\u30AA\u66A6\uFF09\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30ED\u30DE\u30CE\u30D5\u671D\u7B2C8\u4EE3\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u7687\u5E1D\uFF08\u5728\u4F4D\uFF1A1762\u5E746\u670828\u65E5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u66A6\uFF09/7\u67089\u65E5\uFF08\u30B0\u30EC\u30B4\u30EA\u30AA\u66A6\uFF09 - 1796\u5E7411\u67086\u65E5\uFF08\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u66A6\uFF09/11\u670817\u65E5\uFF08\u30B0\u30EC\u30B4\u30EA\u30AA\u66A6\uFF09\uFF09\u3002\u592B\u306F\u30D4\u30E7\u30FC\u30C8\u30EB3\u4E16\u306A\u3089\u3073\u306B\u30B0\u30EA\u30B4\u30EA\u30FC\u30FB\u30DD\u30C1\u30E7\u30E0\u30AD\u30F3\uFF08\u79D8\u5BC6\u7D50\u5A5A\uFF09\u3001\u5B50\u306F\u30D1\u30FC\u30F4\u30A7\u30EB1\u4E16\u307B\u304B\u3002 \u30D7\u30ED\u30A4\u30BB\u30F3\u306E\u30D5\u30EA\u30FC\u30C9\u30EA\u30D22\u4E16\uFF08\u5927\u738B\uFF09\u3084\u30AA\u30FC\u30B9\u30C8\u30EA\u30A2\u306E\u30E8\u30FC\u30BC\u30D52\u4E16\u3068\u5171\u306B\u5553\u8499\u5C02\u5236\u541B\u4E3B\u306E\u4EE3\u8868\u3068\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u5E1D\u56FD\u306E\u9818\u571F\u3092\u30DD\u30FC\u30E9\u30F3\u30C9\u3084\u30A6\u30AF\u30E9\u30A4\u30CA\u306B\u62E1\u5927\u3057\u3001\u5927\u5E1D (\u30F4\u30A7\u30EA\u30FC\u30AB\u30E4)\uFF08\u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0301\u043A\u0430\u044F\uFF09\u3068\u79F0\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002 \u5E1D\u653F\u6642\u4EE3\u306B\u304C\u767A\u884C\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305F100\u30EB\u30FC\u30D6\u30EB\u7D19\u5E63\u306E\u8096\u50CF\u306B\u63CF\u304B\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u307B\u304B\u3001\u6CBF\u30C9\u30CB\u30A8\u30B9\u30C8\u30EB\u5171\u548C\u56FD\u306E\u304C\u767A\u884C\u3059\u308B500\u6CBF\u30C9\u30CB\u30A8\u30B9\u30C8\u30EB\u30FB\u30EB\u30FC\u30D6\u30EB\u306B\u3082\u63CF\u304B\u308C\u3066\u3044\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "Katarzyna II Aleksiejewna Wielka, ros. \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430; urodzona jako Zofia Fryderyka Augusta, niem. Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst (ur. 2 maja 1729 w Szczecinie, zm. 6 listopada?/ 17 listopada 1796 w Petersburgu) \u2013 ksi\u0119\u017Cniczka anhalcka, \u017Cona wielkiego ksi\u0119cia, p\u00F3\u017Aniej cesarza rosyjskiego Piotra III, po zamachu stanu samodzielna Cesarzowa Wszechrusi panuj\u0105ca w Imperium Rosyjskim w latach 1762\u20131796. W stosunkach z zagranic\u0105, jak i wewn\u0105trz kraju, kontynuowa\u0142a polityk\u0119 i reformy wprowadzone przez Piotra Wielkiego. Rz\u0105dz\u0105c tward\u0105 r\u0119k\u0105, polega\u0142a na swoich doradcach i faworytach takich jak Grigorij Potiomkin czy Grigorij Or\u0142ow. W polityce wewn\u0119trznej Nakaz Katarzyny II z 1767 roku definiuj\u0105cy zasady polityki i system prawny zapocz\u0105tkowa\u0142 okres absolutyzmu o\u015Bwieconego w Rosj"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Sophie Fr\u00E9d\u00E9rique Augusta d'Anhalt-Zerbst (en russe : \u0421\u043E\u0444\u0438\u044F \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0441\u0442-\u0410\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F), n\u00E9e le 21 avril 1729 (2 mai 1729 dans le calendrier gr\u00E9gorien) \u00E0 Stettin (actuel Szczecin, Pologne) en Pom\u00E9ranie et morte le 6 novembre 1796 (17 novembre 1796 dans le calendrier gr\u00E9gorien) \u00E0 Saint-P\u00E9tersbourg ou \u00E0 Pouchkine en Russie, est une imp\u00E9ratrice et tsarine de Russie, anc\u00EAtre de la Maison Romanov."@fr . . . . "\u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II"@ru . . "240"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "#Children"@en . "2011-08-25"^^ . . . . "Katarina II (ryska: \u0415\u043Aa\u0442e\u0440\u0438\u043Da \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0301\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, Jekaterina Aleksejevna), mer s\u00E4llan \u00E4ven Katarina den stora, f\u00F6dd 21 april 1729 som Sophie Friederike Auguste av Anhalt-Zerbst, d\u00F6d 6 november 1796 (g.s.), var regerande rysk kejsarinna (tsaritsa) fr\u00E5n 1762. Hon var dotter till Kristian August av Anhalt-Zerbst och Johanna Elisabeth av Holstein-Gottorp, systerdotter till Adolf Fredrik av Sverige och s\u00E5ledes kusin till Gustav III och Karl XIII."@sv . . "Catalina II de Rusia (en ruso: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430, Ekaterina Aleks\u00E9yevna), llamada Catalina la Grande (en ruso: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F, Ekaterina Vel\u00EDkaya; Szczecin (Stettin), Pomerania,\u200B actualmente Polonia, 2 de mayo de 1729 - San Petersburgo, Imperio ruso, 17 de noviembre de 1796 seg\u00FAn el calendario gregoriano) fue emperatriz reinante de Rusia durante 34 a\u00F1os, desde el 28 de junio de 1762 hasta su muerte, a los 67 a\u00F1os. Catalina recogi\u00F3 el legado de Pedro I de Rusia, \u00ABuna ventana hacia Occidente en la costa del B\u00E1ltico\u00BB,\u200B y lo engrandeci\u00F3, abri\u00E9ndola en el mar Negro. Pedro import\u00F3 tecnolog\u00EDa, instituciones de gobierno y organizaci\u00F3n militar y Catalina trajo de Europa la filosof\u00EDa jur\u00EDdica, pol\u00EDtica y moral, adem\u00E1s de medicina, arte, cultura y educaci\u00F3n.\u200B La vida de Catalina se divide en dos partes, aproximadamente de la misma duraci\u00F3n. Entre 1729 y 1762, pas\u00F3 de ser una princesa alemana a una gran duquesa rusa; de 1762 hasta que falleciera en 1796, fue emperatriz de Rusia. La principal fuente de informaci\u00F3n sobre su vida son sus Memorias,\u200B escritas en franc\u00E9s y en ingl\u00E9s."@es . . . . . . "2012-06-26"^^ . . . . "\u0397 \u0391\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u0392\u0384 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A1\u03C9\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03B5\u03C0\u03BF\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1\u03B6\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03B7 \u039C\u03B5\u03B3\u03AC\u03BB\u03B7 (\u03C1\u03C9\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F, 2 \u039C\u03B1\u0390\u03BF\u03C5 1729 \u2013 17 \u039D\u03BF\u03B5\u03BC\u03B2\u03C1\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 1796) \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03BF\u03BA\u03C1\u03AC\u03C4\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A1\u03C9\u03C3\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2, \u03B3\u03B5\u03C1\u03BC\u03B1\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B3\u03C9\u03B3\u03AE\u03C2. \u0397 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B4\u03AD\u03B8\u03B7\u03BA\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03BD\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03B3\u03AD\u03BD\u03BD\u03B7\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03B5\u03BB\u03BB\u03B7\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03CD \u03B2\u03AF\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BB\u03CC\u03B3\u03C9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03A3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B8\u03AE\u03BA\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u039A\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5\u03C4\u03C3\u03BF\u03CD\u03BA-\u039A\u03B1\u03CA\u03BD\u03B1\u03C1\u03C4\u03B6\u03AE."@el . . . . . . . . . . "1796"^^ . . . . . . . "Kate\u0159ina II. (2. kv\u011Btna 1729 \u0160t\u011Bt\u00EDn \u2013 6. listopadujul./ 17. listopadu 1796greg. Petrohrad), zn\u00E1m\u00E1 t\u00E9\u017E jako Kate\u0159ina Velik\u00E1, nebo rusky Jekat\u011Brina Alexejevna, rodn\u00FDm jm\u00E9nem Sofie Frederika Augusta, byla mezi lety 1762 a\u017E 1796 ruskou carevnou \u2013 nejd\u00E9le vl\u00E1dnouc\u00ED panovnic\u00ED t\u00E9to zem\u011B. K moci se dostala po p\u0159evratu, kter\u00FD uspo\u0159\u00E1dala \u2013 co\u017E m\u011Blo za n\u00E1sledek svr\u017Een\u00ED jej\u00EDho man\u017Eela Petra III. Za jej\u00ED vl\u00E1dy Rusko o\u017Eilo; stalo se v\u011Bt\u0161\u00EDm a siln\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm a bylo uzn\u00E1no jako jedna z velk\u00FDch evropsk\u00FDch mocnost\u00ED."@cs . "2004-03-27"^^ . . "Katharina II., genannt Katharina die Gro\u00DFe (russisch \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F/Jekaterina Welikaja; * 2. Mai 1729 als Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst in Stettin; \u2020 6. Novemberjul. / 17. November 1796greg. in Sankt Petersburg), war ab dem 9. Juli 1762 Kaiserin von Russland und ab 1793 Herrin von Jever. Sie ist die einzige Herrscherin, der in der Geschichtsschreibung der Beiname die Gro\u00DFe verliehen wurde. Katharina II. war eine Repr\u00E4sentantin des aufgekl\u00E4rten Absolutismus."@de . . "1745"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "1762"^^ . . . . . . . "--07-09"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uC608\uCE74\uD14C\uB9AC\uB098 2\uC138(\uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC5B4: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 II, 1729\uB144 5\uC6D4 2\uC77C - 1796\uB144 11\uC6D4 17\uC77C)\uB294 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uD669\uD6C4\uC774\uC790 \uC5EC\uC81C(\uC7AC\uC704: 1762\uB144 - 1796\uB144)\uB2E4. \uB85C\uB9C8\uB178\uD504 \uC655\uC870\uC758 8\uBC88\uC9F8 \uAD70\uC8FC\uB85C, \uBCF8\uB798\uB294 \uD504\uB85C\uC774\uC13C \uC288\uD14C\uD2F4 \uCD9C\uC2E0\uC758 \uB3C5\uC77C\uC778\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBB34\uB2A5\uD55C \uB0A8\uD3B8 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 3\uC138\uB97C \uB300\uC2E0\uD574 \uC12D\uC815\uC744 \uB9E1\uC558\uC73C\uBA70, 1762\uB144 \uB0A8\uD3B8 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 3\uC138\uB97C \uCD95\uCD9C\uD558\uACE0 \uCC28\uB974(\uCC28\uB9AC\uB098)\uAC00 \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. 1745\uB144 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC758 \uD669\uD0DC\uC790\uC774\uB358 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 3\uC138\uC640 \uACB0\uD63C\uD588\uC73C\uB098 \uC9C0\uB2A5\uC774 \uBD80\uC871\uD558\uB358 \uB0A8\uD3B8\uC744 \uB300\uC2E0\uD558\uC5EC \uC12D\uC815\uC744 \uD588\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uB0A8\uD3B8 \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uD3C9\uD310\uC774 \uB098\uBE60\uC9C0\uC790 1762\uB144 \uC815\uBCC0\uC744 \uC77C\uC73C\uCF1C \uB0A8\uD3B8\uC744 \uD3D0\uC704\uC2DC\uD0A4\uACE0 \uC2A4\uC2A4\uB85C \uC81C\uC704\uC5D0 \uC62C\uB790\uB2E4. \uD45C\uD2B8\uB974 \uB300\uC81C\uC758 \uC5C5\uC801\uC744 \uACC4\uC2B9 \uBC1C\uC804\uC2DC\uD0A4\uBA74\uC11C \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uB97C \uC720\uB7FD\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uBB34\uB300\uC640 \uBB38\uD654\uC0DD\uD65C\uC5D0 \uC644\uC804\uD788 \uD3B8\uC785\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uB0B4\uAC01\uC758 \uB3C4\uC6C0\uC744 \uBC1B\uC544 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uD589\uC815\uACFC \uBC95\uB960\uC81C\uB3C4\uB97C \uAC1C\uC120\uD588\uC73C\uBA70 \uD06C\uB9BC \uBC18\uB3C4\uC640 \uD3F4\uB780\uB4DC\uC758 \uC0C1\uB2F9\uBD80\uBD84\uC744 \uCC28\uC9C0\uD568\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uC601\uD1A0\uB97C \uB113\uD614\uB2E4. \uACC4\uBABD\uC8FC\uC758 \uC0AC\uC0C1\uC5D0 \uAC10\uBA85\uD558\uC5EC \uBCFC\uD14C\uB974 \uB4F1\uACFC\uB3C4 \uBB38\uD559\uC73C\uB85C \uAD50\uB958\uD558\uC600\uACE0, \uBB38\uD559\uACFC \uC608\uC220, \uD559\uC608\uC640 \uAD50\uC721 \uB4F1\uC758 \uC7A5\uB824\uC5D0 \uD070 \uAD00\uC2EC\uC744 \uC3DF\uC558\uACE0 \uAC01 \uC9C0\uBC29\uAD00\uB4E4\uB85C\uBD80\uD130 \uC9C1\uC811 \uC815\uBB34\uB97C \uACB0\uC7AC\uBC1B\uC74C\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uD669\uAD8C\uC744 \uAC15\uD654\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uD22C\uB974\uD06C\uC640 \uC2F8\uC6CC \uC601\uD1A0\uB97C \uB113\uD614\uC73C\uBA70 \uD3F4\uB780\uB4DC \uBD84\uD560\uC758 \uC8FC\uC5ED\uC758 \uD55C\uC0AC\uB78C\uC774\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uB0B4\uAC01\uC758 \uB3C4\uC6C0\uC73C\uB85C \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uC81C\uAD6D\uC758 \uD589\uC815\uACFC \uBC95\uB960 \uC81C\uB3C4\uB97C \uAC1C\uD601\uD588\uB2E4. \uBCF8\uB798 \uC774\uB984\uC740 \uC870\uD53C \uD504\uB808\uB370\uB9AC\uCF00 \uC544\uC6B0\uAD6C\uC2A4\uD14C \uD3F0 \uC548\uD560\uD2B8\uCCB4\uB974\uD504\uC2A4\uD2B8(\uB3C5\uC77C\uC5B4: Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst)\uBA70, \uAC1C\uBA85\uD55C \uC774\uB984\uC740 \uC608\uCE74\uD14C\uB9AC\uB098 \uC54C\uB809\uC138\uC608\uBE0C\uB098(\uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC5B4: \u0415\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430 \u0410\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043D\u0430)\uB2E4. \uB8E8\uD130\uAD50 \uC138\uB840\uBA85\uC740 \uC870\uD53C \uD504\uB808\uB370\uB9AC\uCF00 \uC544\uC6B0\uAD6C\uC2A4\uD14C, \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uC815\uAD50 \uC138\uB840\uBA85\uC740 \uC608\uCE74\uD14C\uB9AC\uB098, \uC774\uD6C4 \uADF8\uB140\uB294 \uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544 \uC815\uAD50\uD68C \uC138\uB840\uBA85\uC744 \uC774\uB984\uC73C\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD588\uB2E4. \uD589\uC815 \uAC1C\uD601\uACFC \uB0B4\uCE58, \uBB38\uC608 \uBD80\uD765 \uB4F1\uC758 \uACF5\uC801\uC744 \uB192\uC774 \uD3C9\uAC00\uD574 \uB300\uC5EC\uC81C(\uB7EC\uC2DC\uC544\uC5B4: \u0412\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044F \uBE4C\uB9AC\uCE74\uC57C[*])\uB85C \uBD88\uB9AC\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30A8\u30AB\u30C1\u30A7\u30EA\u30FC\u30CA2\u4E16 (\u30ED\u30B7\u30A2\u7687\u5E1D)"@ja . . . . .