"Argudioa pertsonak konbentzitu eta zerbait egia eta arrazoizkoa dela erakusteko baliatzen den diskurtso eta baieztapenen multzoa da. Finean, argudioek pertsonak limurtzea dute helburu; beraz, froga logiko nahiz matematikoak argudioak badira ere, badira argudioak logikaz okerrak edo arrazoian oinarritzen ez direnak. ARGUDIOAKArgudioak emanez, igorleak nolabaiteko eragina izan nahi du hartzailearengan, hura zerbaitez konbentzitzeko. Hori lortzeko, ezinbestekoa du iritzi-gaiaz edo eztagaidagaiaz duen ikuspuntua modu sinesgarrian adieraztea, eta, horretarako, argudioak erabiltzen dira. Igorleak gai baten inguruan hartzailearen atxikimendua lortzeko, argudio esanguratsuak eta sendoak erabili behar ditu. Argudio horiek norberaren iritzi eta sinesmenetan oinarrituta egon daitezke; dena dela, hartzailearengan indar eta eragin handiagoa izateko, hobeak dira beste argudio batzuk, hain zuzen, gertaeretan eta egiazkoa den edo egiazta daitekeen informazio edo erreferentzietan oinarrituta daudenak. Azter ditzagun banan-banan. A) Adibideetan oinarritutako argudioak Iritzia adierazten duen baieztapen bat egiaztatzeko, errealitatetik hartutako gertaera bat, egoera bat, datu zehatz bat edo halakoren bat aipatzen da. ADIBIDEA IRITZIA: Zaborra biltzeko modu guztiak kontuan hartuta, atez atekoaren bidez birziklatzen da gehien. ARGUDIOA: Lezon, sistema horrekin, hondakinen % 80tik gora birziklatu da aurten. KONTUAN HARTU \u2022 Adibideak esanguratsua izan behar du. \u2022 Informazio-iturrietara jotzea lagungarri izan daiteke adibide egokia lortzeko. B) Autoritate-argudioak Iritzia adierazten duen baieztapen bat egiazkoa dela frogatzeko, igorlearen iritzi bera duen eta gaian aditua den autoritate batek esandakoa erabiltzen da. ADIBIDEA IRITZIA: Genero-indarkeriari aurre egiteko zailtasunak daude EAEn. ARGUDIOA: Genero Indarkeriaren Biktimei Laguntzeko zerbitzuko zuzendari Mariola Serranok azaldu duenez, 2011ko lehen seihilekoan, aurreko urteko datuekin alderatuta, hazi egin da genero-indarkeriaren biktima diren emakumeen kopurua. KONTUAN HARTU \u2022 Autoritatea pertsona, erakunde, ikerketa edo bestelako bat izan daiteke, baina, betiere, gaian aditua izan behar du. \u2022 Autoritatea aipatu egin behar da argudioan. Horrela, esandakoari fidagarritasuna emango diogu, hartzaileak aukera izango baitu iturrietara jo eta informazioa egiaztatzeko.D) Tradizioan oinarritutako argudioak Iritzi bat baieztatzeko, tradizioa islatzen duen esaera zahar, atsotitz edo esapide bat erabiltzen da. ADIBIDEA IRITZIA: Futbolean, erritmoa bizitzea baliagarri izaten da aurkariak nekatzeko, baina partidaren amaiera-amaieran presaka aritzeak, normalean, ez du bermatzen emaitza onik. ARGUDIOA: Azkar eta ondo, usoak hegan. E) Kausa-ondorio erlazioan oinarritutako argudioak Baieztapen baten eta hura justifikatzeko ematen diren argudioen artean, kausa-ondorio erlazio logikoa egoten da. Erlazio horiek adierazteko egiturak unitate honetako 1. osagaian erabili dituzu, baita Literataria unitatean ere. ADIBIDEA IRITZIA: Sendagai hori debekatu egin beharko litzateke. ARGUDIOA: Gaixoak sendagaia denbora luzez hartzen badu, hil egin daiteke. KONTUAN HARTU Gertaera batek kausa bat baino gehiago izan ditzake. Guztiak jaso ezin badira, sendoenak ematen saiatu behar dugu."@eu . . . . . . . . . . . "\u062D\u062C\u0629 (\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642)"@ar . . . . . . . . . . "Argument (retoryka)"@pl . . . . "\uB17C\uC99D(\u8AD6\u8B49, \uBB38\uD654\uC5B4: \uB860\uC99D, \uC601\uC5B4: proof, demonstration)\uC740 \uC99D\uBA85 \uB610\uB294 \uC785\uC99D\uC774\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uD558\uBA70, \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uD310\uB2E8\uC774 \uCC38(\u771E)\uC774\uB780 \uAC83\uC758 \uC774\uC720\uB97C \uBD80\uC5EC\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uBA85\uD655\uD558\uAC8C \uBCF4\uC5EC\uC904 \uB54C \uB17C\uC99D\uD55C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB17C\uC99D\uD574\uC57C\uB9CC \uD560 \uD310\uB2E8\uC744 \uC81C\uC81C(\u63D0\u984C)\u00B7\uB17C\uC81C(\u8AD6\u984C)\u00B7\uC815\uB9BD(\u5B9A\u7ACB)\uC774\uB77C \uD558\uACE0, \uC774\uC720\uB97C \uC8FC\uB294 \uD310\uB2E8\uC744 \uB17C\uAC70(\u8AD6\u64DA)\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uB17C\uC99D\uC740 \uB17C\uAC70\uB97C \uC804\uC81C\uB85C \uD558\uBA70, \uC81C\uC81C\uB97C \uACB0\uB860\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uB294 \uCD94\uB9AC \uD615\uC2DD(deductive reasoning)\uC73C\uB85C \uD589\uD558\uC5EC\uC9C4\uB2E4. \uB17C\uC99D\uC758 \uAD81\uADF9\uC801\uC778 \uB17C\uAC70\uAC00 \uB418\uB294 \uD310\uB2E8\uC744 \uACF5\uB9AC\uB77C\uACE0 \uD558\uBA70, \uADF8\uAC83\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uC774\uC720\uAC00 \uC8FC\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC81C\uC81C\uB97C \uC815\uB9AC\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . "Argumentado estas la agado konvinki. En filozofio, argumento estas logika procedo. En logiko argumento konsistas el du partoj: la premisoj kaj la konkludo. \u011Ci estas nomata valida, se la vereco de la premisoj entenas la verecon de la konkludo. Tio signifas ke estas neeble, ke la konkludo malveras kiam la premisoj veras."@eo . "L'argomento (o argomentazione) \u00E8 il principale oggetto di studio della logica e in particolare dalla logica matematica. Un argomento consiste di un insieme di proposizioni, in cui la verit\u00E0 di una di esse, chiamata conclusione \u00E8 derivabile dalla verit\u00E0 delle altre, chiamate premesse o, in altre parole, la verit\u00E0 della conclusione deve essere giustificata dalla verit\u00E0 delle premesse, ad esempio: \n* premessa1 Tutti gli uomini sono mortali \n* premessa2 Socrate \u00E8 un uomo \n* ..... \n* conclusione Socrate \u00E8 mortale Ciascuna delle premesse pu\u00F2 essere a sua volta conclusione di un altro argomento ad eccezione delle proposizioni dette assiomi di una disciplina scientifica sviluppata con il metodo assiomatico. Vero o Falso, cio\u00E8 i valori di verit\u00E0, si applicano alle proposizioni ma non agli argomenti, mentre Valido o Invalido (detto anche fallace), cio\u00E8 la validit\u00E0 (logica), si applica agli argomenti e non alle proposizioni. Ci possono essere argomenti validi in cui sono presenti proposizioni vere e false come ad esempio: \n* Tutti gli uomini sono immortali \n* Socrate \u00E8 un uomo \n* .... \n* Socrate \u00E8 immortale L'argomento \u00E8 valido perch\u00E9 se le premesse fossero vere anche la conclusione dovrebbe essere vera. La sua validit\u00E0 \u00E8 meglio evidenziata esaminando la sua struttura con i metodi della logica matematica: \n* Ogni A \u00E8 B \n* C \u00E8 A \n* .... \n* C \u00E8 B Un argomento pu\u00F2 essere fallace anche se composto da proposizioni tutte vere come ad esempio: \n* Se guido una macchina allora posso muovermi \n* Io non guido una macchina \n* .... \n* Non posso muovermi infatti posso muovermi anche a piedi. In simboli si direbbe: \n* se A allora B \n* non A \n* .... \n* non B ma B pu\u00F2 essere vero indipendentemente da A, per cui la conclusione nonB \u00E8 falsa."@it . "\uB17C\uC99D"@ko . . . "13018310"^^ . . . "Argumento"@es . . "Argudio"@eu . . . "\u5728\u908F\u8F2F\u548C\u54F2\u5B78\u4E2D\uFF0C\u8BBA\u8BC1\u662F\u7531\u524D\u63D0\u53CA\u5176\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u7ED3\u8BBA\u7EC4\u6210\u7684\u4E00\u7CFB\u5217\u547D\u9898\u3002 \u8BBA\u8BC1\u5206\u4E3A\u6F14\u7ECE\u8BBA\u8BC1\u548C\u5F52\u7EB3\u8BBA\u8BC1\uFF0C\u6F14\u7E79\u8AD6\u8B49\u5FC5\u4E3A\u6709\u6548\u6216\u65E0\u6548\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u662F\u53EF\u9760\u7684\uFF1A\u5728\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6F14\u7ECE\u8AD6\u8B49\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5373\u4F7F\u4E00\u500B\u6216\u591A\u500B\u524D\u63D0\u70BA\u5047\u4E14\u7D50\u8AD6\u70BA\u5047\uFF0C\u524D\u63D0\u5FC5\u9808\u5F97\u51FA\u7D50\u8AD6\uFF1B\u5728\u4E00\u500B\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8AD6\u8B49\u4E2D\uFF0C\u771F\u5BE6\u7684\u524D\u63D0\u9700\u8981\u4E00\u500B\u771F\u5BE6\u7684\u7D50\u8AD6\u3002\u76F8\u6BD4\u4E4B\u4E0B\uFF0C\u6B78\u7D0D\u8AD6\u8B49\u53EF\u4EE5\u5177\u6709\u4E0D\u540C\u7A0B\u5EA6\u7684\u908F\u8F2F\u5F37\u5EA6\uFF1A\u8AD6\u8B49\u8D8A\u5F37\u6216\u8D8A\u6709\u8AAA\u670D\u529B\uFF0C\u7D50\u8AD6\u70BA\u771F\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5C31\u8D8A\u5927\uFF0C\u8AD6\u8B49\u8D8A\u5F31\uFF0C\u6982\u7387\u8D8A\u5C0F\u3002\u908F\u8F2F\u662F\u7814\u7A76\u8AD6\u8B49\u7684\u63A8\u7406\u5F62\u5F0F\u4EE5\u53CA\u8A55\u4F30\u8AD6\u8B49\u7684\u898F\u7BC4\u548C\u6A19\u6E96\u7684\u767C\u5C55\u3002 \u8A55\u4F30\u975E\u6F14\u7E79\u8AD6\u8B49\u7684\u6A19\u6E96\u53EF\u80FD\u57FA\u65BC\u8207\u771F\u7406\u4E0D\u540C\u6216\u984D\u5916\u7684\u6A19\u6E96\u2014\u4F8B\u5982\uFF0C\u5148\u9A57\u8AD6\u8B49\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ATranscendental arguments\uFF09\u4E2D\u6240\u8B02\u7684\u201C\u5FC5\u4E0D\u53EF\u5C11\u7684\u4E3B\u5F35\u201D\u7684\u8AAA\u670D\u529B\uFF0C\u6EAF\u56E0\u63A8\u7406\u4E2D\u5047\u8A2D\u7684\u54C1\u8CEA\uFF0C\u751A\u81F3\u5C0D\u65BC\u601D\u8003\u8207\u884C\u52D5\u7684\u65B0\u53EF\u80FD\u6027\u7684\u4E16\u754C\u516C\u958B\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AWorld disclosure\uFF1B\u5FB7\u8A9E\uFF1AErschlossenheit\uFF09\uFF0C\u6307\u7684\u662F\u4E8B\u7269\u5982\u4F55\u900F\u904E\u6210\u70BA\u672C\u9AD4\u8AD6\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u4E00\u90E8\u5206\u800C\u8B8A\u5F97\u8207\u4EBA\u985E\u53EF\u7406\u89E3\u548C\u6709\u610F\u7FA9\u5730\u76F8\u95DC\uFF0C\u5373\u5177\u6709\u9810\u5148\u89E3\u91CB\u548C\u6574\u9AD4\u7D50\u69CB\u5316\u7684\u610F\u7FA9\u80CC\u666F\uFF09\u3002 \u81EA\u7136\u8A9E\u8A00\u4E2D\u8AD6\u8B49\u7684\u908F\u8F2F\u5F62\u5F0F\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ALogical form\uFF09\u53EF\u4EE5\u7528\u7B26\u865F\u5F62\u5F0F\u8A9E\u8A00\u8868\u793A\uFF0C\u7368\u7ACB\u65BC\u81EA\u7136\u8A9E\u8A00\u7684\u6B63\u5F0F\u5B9A\u7FA9\u7684\u201C\u8AD6\u8B49\u201D\u53EF\u4EE5\u5728\u6578\u5B78\u548C\u8A08\u7B97\u6A5F\u79D1\u5B78\u4E2D\u9032\u884C\u3002"@zh . . . . "\u03A3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C6\u03B9\u03BB\u03BF\u03C3\u03BF\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1, \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF\u03C1\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AE\u03B8\u03C9\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03AF \u03BA\u03AC\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03B9 \u03AE \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03BF\u03B9 \u03BB\u03CC\u03B3\u03BF\u03B9 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AC\u03C3\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2. \u0397 \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AE \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B3\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03C3\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BA\u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD (\u03C4\u03C5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AE \u03B8\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03B7\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD, \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD \u03AE \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD) \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE\u03C1\u03B9\u03BE\u03B7 \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B9\u03C3\u03C7\u03C5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD: \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03C0\u03AD\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03B1. \u0397 \u03B4\u03BF\u03BC\u03AE 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\u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03AF\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03AE \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B3\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03C3\u03B1 \u03CC\u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 ."@el . . . . . . . "Argument"@cs . . . . . "L\u2019argumentation est l'action de convaincre et pousser ainsi l'autre \u00E0 agir. Contrairement \u00E0 la persuasion, elle vise \u00E0 \u00EAtre comprise de tous et r\u00E9siste \u00E0 l'utilisation d'arguments fallacieux. L\u2019argument est, en logique et en linguistique, l\u2019ensemble des pr\u00E9misses donn\u00E9es en support \u00E0 une conclusion. Une argumentation est compos\u00E9e d'une conclusion et d'un ou de plusieurs \u00AB \u00E9l\u00E9ments de preuve \u00BB, que l'on appelle des pr\u00E9misses ou des arguments, et qui constituent des raisons d'accepter cette conclusion. On distingue trois grands groupes : \n* l'art de d\u00E9montrer : on s'appuie sur des faits, des preuves, une loi incontestable ; \n* l'art de persuader : l'\u00E9metteur fait appel au sentiment des destinataires tels que \u00E9mouvoir, rire ou encore provoquer ; \n* l'art de convaincre : l'auteur fait appel \u00E0 la raison du destinataire, mais sans utiliser forc\u00E9ment de faits scientifiques. Une argumentation convaincante peut bien souvent consister \u00E0 simplement \u00E9noncer un fait, afin de permettre \u00E0 l'interlocuteur d'en avoir connaissance.Argumenter, c'est exhorter une personne \u00E0 agir, en montrant que les cons\u00E9quences de cette action causent un bien, \u00E9thique, mat\u00E9riel, physique, psychologique, \u00E9conomique ou autre, accept\u00E9 par l'opinion g\u00E9n\u00E9rale. Par exemple, on peut d\u00E9montrer que l'inflation nuit \u00E0 la croissance \u00E9conomique, on peut prouver que la Terre est ronde. Ces conclusions deviennent des arguments quand (1) elles sont rattach\u00E9es \u00E0 un conseil pour d\u00E9terminer une action ou (2) quand elles d\u00E9terminent une action, une d\u00E9cision. Une d\u00E9monstration change la connaissance ; une preuve change la connaissance et la perception ; un argument change une d\u00E9cision d'agir. Persuader ou convaincre, c'est modifier la d\u00E9cision d'agir d'une personne par des arguments. Ce sont les pr\u00EAtres, dans les sermons, les avocats, dans les plaidoyers, les politiciens, dans les discours, les compagnies, dans les messages publicitaires, qui emploient des arguments.S'abstenir du p\u00E9ch\u00E9 et faire le bien, faire absoudre un accus\u00E9, gagner des suffrages, vendre la marchandise sont les actions souhait\u00E9es par ces communicateurs. L'argumentation d\u00E9signe \u00E9galement l'\u00E9change discursif effectif par lequel des interlocuteurs tentent de d\u00E9fendre une position ou de faire accepter un point de vue. Plus largement, l'argumentation est un champ d'\u00E9tudes \u00E0 la fois descriptif et critique qui s'int\u00E9resse \u00E0 la mise en forme des arguments (oralement ou par \u00E9crit) en vue, notamment, de la persuasion d'un auditoire. En ce sens, l'argumentation est une branche de la rh\u00E9torique."@fr . "31888"^^ . . "\u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442 (\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u043A\u0430)"@ru . . . "\u0395\u03C0\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF\u03C1\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1"@el . . . "Argumentasi diturunkan dari verba to argue (Bahasa Inggris) yang artinya membuktikan atau menyampaikan alasan dan meyakinkan pembaca. Paragraf argumentasi bertujuan menyampaikan suatu pendapat, konsepsi, atau opini tertulis kepada pembaca. Untuk meyakinkan pembaca bahwa yang disampaikan itu benar, penulis menyertakan bukti, contoh, dan berbagai alasan yang sulit dibantah. Teks argumentatif merupakan jenis tulisan yang tidak hanya memberikan informasi, tapi juga menampilkan argumen yang berisi CONS (ide penentang) dan PROS (ide pendukung). Penulis akan memberikan alternatif baru yang berbeda dari keyakinan pembaca selama ini. Penulis memberikan sebuah topik yang berisikan isu. Setelah itu, penulis menampilkan apa yang dipercaya oleh pembaca (PROS). Untuk pembanding pernyataan tersebut, penulis menampilkan hal yang berbeda dari kepercayaan pembaca untuk mengubah cara pandang pembaca (CONS). Untuk mendukung CONS yang berupa argumen, penulis menambahkan berbagai bukti pendukung yang akurat. Paragraf argumentasi dapat dikembangkan dengan pola sebab-akibat, yakni menyampaikan terlebih dahulu sebab-sebabnya dan diakhiri dengan pemyataan sebagai akibat dari sebab tersebut. Dalam penggunaannya, pola sebab-akibat dapat disajikan menjadi akibat-sebab, yaitu menyampaikan terlebih dahulu akibatnya kemudian dicari sebabnya. Kata penghubung antara kalimat yang dapat digunakan dalam paragraf ini adalah dengan demikian, oleb karena itu dan oleb sebab itu."@in . . . . . . "Um argumento pode ser definido como uma afirma\u00E7\u00E3o acompanhada de justificativa (argumento ret\u00F3rico) ou como uma justaposi\u00E7\u00E3o de duas afirma\u00E7\u00F5es opostas, argumento e contra-argumento (argumento dial\u00E9tico). Na l\u00F3gica e na filosofia um argumento \u00E9 um conjunto de uma ou mais senten\u00E7as declarativas, tamb\u00E9m conhecidas como proposi\u00E7\u00F5es, ou ainda, premissas, acompanhadas de uma outra frase declarativa conhecida como conclus\u00E3o. Em um argumento dedutivo (v\u00E1lido) o valor-verdade da conclus\u00E3o \u00E9 uma consequ\u00EAncia l\u00F3gica necess\u00E1ria das premissas que a antecedem, ou seja, sendo verdadeiras as premissas segue-se que necessariamente ser\u00E1 verdadeira a conclus\u00E3o. Caso alguma(s) premissa(s) n\u00E3o seja(m) verdadeira(s), uma conclus\u00E3o verdadeira ser\u00E1 apenas uma conting\u00EAncia. Tamb\u00E9m ser\u00E1 contingente a verdade de uma conclus\u00E3o num argumento dedutivo inv\u00E1lido, ou seja, um argumento em que mesmo a veracidade integral das premissas n\u00E3o garante, necessariamente, uma conclus\u00E3o verdadeira. Em argumento indutivo a verdade da conclus\u00E3o n\u00E3o \u00E9 garantida pelas premissas, mas apenas indicada pelas premissas. Muitos autores e correntes filos\u00F3ficas n\u00E3o consideram o argumento indutivo como um tipo v\u00E1lido de argumento e a discuss\u00E3o acerca do estatuto l\u00F3gico e epistemol\u00F3gico de uma indu\u00E7\u00E3o desencadeou os debates mais frut\u00EDferos da hist\u00F3ria da filosofia, tamb\u00E9m conhecido como problema da indu\u00E7\u00E3o. Toda premissa, assim como toda conclus\u00E3o, pode ser apenas verdadeira ou falsa, isto \u00E9, h\u00E1 um valor sempre bin\u00E1rio que se atribui \u00E0s senten\u00E7as declarativas que tomamos como premissas e conclus\u00F5es, o chamado valor-verdade, que pode ser 0 ou 1, positivo ou negativo, V ou F. Jamais j\u00E1 uma terceira op\u00E7\u00E3o, no que se chama de lei do terceiro exclu\u00EDdo, junto com o princ\u00EDpio de identidade e o de n\u00E3o contradi\u00E7\u00E3o um dos pilares da tr\u00EDade que alicer\u00E7a a L\u00F3gica Cl\u00E1ssica. Tal princ\u00EDpio tamb\u00E9m \u00E9 sintetizado na forma de ad\u00E1gio latino, muito usado em narrativas, Tertium non datur (literalmente: \"uma terceira op\u00E7\u00E3o n\u00E3o \u00E9 dada\", \"das duas uma\", etc.). \u00C9 muito importante n\u00E3o confundir valor-verdade com validade. Valor-verdade (ser verdadeiro ou falso) \u00E9 algo que qualquer senten\u00E7a declarativa possui. \"O c\u00E9u est\u00E1 azul\" ou bem \u00E9 uma declara\u00E7\u00E3o verdadeira ou bem \u00E9 uma declara\u00E7\u00E3o falsa. N\u00E3o existe \"meio verdadeiro\", nem importa a intensidade (se o c\u00E9u est\u00E1 muito azul ou levemente azul), se est\u00E1 azul, em algum grau, \u00E9 verdadeira, e se n\u00E3o est\u00E1, \u00E9 falsa. Validade refere-se n\u00E3o \u00E0s senten\u00E7as, mas ao argumento. Um argumento dedutivo inv\u00E1lido, por exemplo, isto \u00E9, um argumento onde mesmo com premissas verdadeiras n\u00E3o se garanta a verdade da conclus\u00E3o, pode-se encontrar de forma contingente uma conclus\u00E3o verdadeira, basta que a senten\u00E7a declarativa que figura como conclus\u00E3o seja uma senten\u00E7a verdadeira. E ainda podemos ter uma argumento inv\u00E1lido com todas as premissas e conclus\u00F5es verdadeiras. Bastam que todas as senten\u00E7as declarativas do argumento sejam verdadeiras, mas o encadeamento l\u00F3gico entre elas n\u00E3o faz qualquer sentido em termos garantir a verdade da conclus\u00E3o, que \u00E9 verdadeira apenas por conting\u00EAncia, n\u00E3o por necessidade. Tome-se uma argumento dedutivo v\u00E1lido (encadeamento l\u00F3gico correto entre premissas e conclus\u00E3o) na forma de um silogismo cl\u00E1ssico (premissa maior, premissa menor, conclus\u00E3o). Caso as duas premissas sejam verdadeiras, necessariamente a conclus\u00E3o ser\u00E1 verdadeira. Mas se trocarmos de lugar a conclus\u00E3o e a premissa menor, temos uma experi\u00EAncia interessante: o argumento torna-se inv\u00E1lido (a verdade das premissas n\u00E3o garante mais a verdade da conclus\u00E3o), mas continua com todas as suas senten\u00E7as verdadeiras, o que mostra que se pode ter um argumento totalmente inv\u00E1lido, mas verdadeiro Tamb\u00E9m podemos ter um argumento v\u00E1lido (encadeamento l\u00F3gico correto, silogismo perfeito) cuja conclus\u00E3o n\u00E3o seja necessariamente verdadeira (pode ser verdadeira ou falsa, e se for verdadeira n\u00E3o o \u00E9 por necessidade), basta que uma das premissas seja falsa, lembrando que se todas as premissas de um argumento v\u00E1lido forem falsas isso n\u00E3o garante conclus\u00E3o falsa, ou seja, a rec\u00EDproca da premissa-verdadeira/conclus\u00E3o-verdadeira n\u00E3o se verifica para premissa-falsa/conclus\u00E3o-falsa. Em fun\u00E7\u00E3o disso, as frases que apresentam um argumento s\u00E3o referidas como sendo verdadeiras ou falsas, e em consequ\u00EAncia, s\u00E3o v\u00E1lidas ou s\u00E3o inv\u00E1lidas. Alguns autores referem-se \u00E0 conclus\u00E3o das premissas usando os termos declara\u00E7\u00E3o, frase, afirma\u00E7\u00E3o ou proposi\u00E7\u00E3o. A raz\u00E3o para a preocupa\u00E7\u00E3o com a verdade \u00E9 ontol\u00F3gica quanto ao significado dos termos (proposi\u00E7\u00F5es) em particular. Seja qual termo for utilizado, toda premissa, bem como a conclus\u00E3o, deve ser capaz de ser apenas verdadeira ou falsa e nada mais: elas devem ser truthbearers (\"portadores de verdade\", em portugu\u00EAs)."@pt . . "\u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442 (\u0432 \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u043A\u0435) \u2014 \u044D\u0442\u043E \u0440\u044F\u0434 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 (\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439), \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u044B\u043B\u043E\u043A (\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0441, \u0434\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432) \u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043C \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0435 (\u0434\u043E\u0301\u0432\u043E\u0434) \u2014 \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0441\u044B\u043B\u043A\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043C\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043B\u044C\u044E \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430. \u0427\u0442\u043E\u0431\u044B \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0431\u044B\u043B\u043E \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044B \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u044B \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044E, \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0441 \u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0449\u044C\u044E \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439."@ru . "\u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442"@uk . "Ein Argument (lateinisch argumentum \u201ADarlegung; Gehalt, Beweismittel, Beweisgrund\u2018 von lateinisch arguere \u201Adeutlich zu erkennen geben, behaupten, beweisen, zeigen\u2018) wird typischerweise dazu verwendet, etwas zu begr\u00FCnden oder jemanden zu \u00FCberzeugen. In Sprachwissenschaft und Philosophie versteht man unter einem Argument eine Abfolge von Aussagen, die aus einer Konklusion und m\u00F6glicherweise mehreren Pr\u00E4missen besteht, wobei die Konklusion diejenige Aussage ist, die durch die Pr\u00E4missen begr\u00FCndet (man sagt auch: gest\u00FCtzt) werden soll. Umgangssprachlich werden unter einem Argument dagegen oft allein die Pr\u00E4missen verstanden, die zur Begr\u00FCndung der Konklusion dienen."@de . "Argument (retorik)"@sv . . . "1121694397"^^ . . . . . . "Argument"@de . . . "Argumentado estas la agado konvinki. En filozofio, argumento estas logika procedo. En logiko argumento konsistas el du partoj: la premisoj kaj la konkludo. \u011Ci estas nomata valida, se la vereco de la premisoj entenas la verecon de la konkludo. Tio signifas ke estas neeble, ke la konkludo malveras kiam la premisoj veras."@eo . . . "An argument is a statement or group of statements called premises intended to determine the degree of truth or acceptability of another statement called conclusion. Arguments can be studied from three main perspectives: the logical, the dialectical and the rhetorical perspective."@en . . . . . . . "\u8AD6\u8A3C\uFF08\u308D\u3093\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3001\u82F1: Logical argument\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u8AD6\u7406\u5B66\u306E\u7528\u8A9E\u3067\u3001\u524D\u63D0\uFF08premises\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u5BA3\u8A00\u7684\u6587\u306E\u96C6\u307E\u308A\u3068\u7D50\u8AD6\uFF08conclusion\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u5BA3\u8A00\u7684\u6587\u304B\u3089\u69CB\u6210\u3055\u308C\u3001\u524D\u63D0\u7FA4\u304B\u3089\u7D50\u8AD6\u304C\u771F\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u5C0E\u304D\u51FA\u305B\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4E3B\u5F35\u3057\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u8AD6\u8A3C\u306B\u306F\u3001\u59A5\u5F53\u306A\u3082\u306E\u3068\u59A5\u5F53\u3067\u306A\u3044\u3082\u306E\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u306A\u304A\u3001\u500B\u3005\u306E\u5BA3\u8A00\u7684\u6587\u306F\u771F\uFF08true\uFF09\u304B\u507D\uFF08false\uFF09\u304B\u3067\u5224\u65AD\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u8AD6\u8A3C\u306F\u59A5\u5F53\uFF08valid\uFF09\u304B\u59A5\u5F53\u3067\u306A\u3044(invalid)\u304B\u3067\u5224\u65AD\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u82F1\u8A9E\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5BA3\u8A00\u7684\u6587\u3092 Statement \u3084\u547D\u984C\uFF08Proposition\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305F\u304C\u3001\u6700\u8FD1\u3067\u306F\u54F2\u5B66\u7684\u306A\u542B\u610F\u3092\u907F\u3051\u308B\u305F\u3081 Sentence \u3068\u547C\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . "La paraula argument (del llat\u00ED argumentum) s'aplica, a voltes, a un discurs amb refer\u00E8ncia a un contingut que es dirigeix a l'interlocutor amb finalitats diferents. La qualitat fonamental d'un argument \u00E9s la consist\u00E8ncia i coher\u00E8ncia, entenent per tal el fet que el contingut de l'expressi\u00F3, discurs o obra adquireixi sentit o significaci\u00F3 d'alguna de les formes seg\u00FCents. Es tracta d'un terme molt emprat en literatura. Ve del mot llati argumentum, que vol dir \u2018justificaci\u00F3\u2019. L'argument o sinopsi seria una story-line desenvolupada, el resum, ni m\u00E9s ni menys, d'una hist\u00F2ria que volem novel\u00B7lar o guionitzar. \u00C9s, per ser m\u00E9s exactes, la defensa de la hist\u00F2ria. \u00C9s convenient fer-lo per estudiar la , sobretot en el cas del cinema o del teatre, la i la o, cosa que \u00E9s el mateix, els possibles costos i facturaci\u00F3 i comptar amb la tecnologia i recursos humans adequats. Es considera que hauria de tenir de cinc a vint p\u00E0gines, m\u00E9s o menys, i hauria de contenir, per anar b\u00E9, les informacions seg\u00FCents:"@ca . . "\u5728\u908F\u8F2F\u548C\u54F2\u5B78\u4E2D\uFF0C\u8BBA\u8BC1\u662F\u7531\u524D\u63D0\u53CA\u5176\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u7ED3\u8BBA\u7EC4\u6210\u7684\u4E00\u7CFB\u5217\u547D\u9898\u3002 \u8BBA\u8BC1\u5206\u4E3A\u6F14\u7ECE\u8BBA\u8BC1\u548C\u5F52\u7EB3\u8BBA\u8BC1\uFF0C\u6F14\u7E79\u8AD6\u8B49\u5FC5\u4E3A\u6709\u6548\u6216\u65E0\u6548\uFF0C\u53EF\u4EE5\u662F\u53EF\u9760\u7684\uFF1A\u5728\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6F14\u7ECE\u8AD6\u8B49\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5373\u4F7F\u4E00\u500B\u6216\u591A\u500B\u524D\u63D0\u70BA\u5047\u4E14\u7D50\u8AD6\u70BA\u5047\uFF0C\u524D\u63D0\u5FC5\u9808\u5F97\u51FA\u7D50\u8AD6\uFF1B\u5728\u4E00\u500B\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8AD6\u8B49\u4E2D\uFF0C\u771F\u5BE6\u7684\u524D\u63D0\u9700\u8981\u4E00\u500B\u771F\u5BE6\u7684\u7D50\u8AD6\u3002\u76F8\u6BD4\u4E4B\u4E0B\uFF0C\u6B78\u7D0D\u8AD6\u8B49\u53EF\u4EE5\u5177\u6709\u4E0D\u540C\u7A0B\u5EA6\u7684\u908F\u8F2F\u5F37\u5EA6\uFF1A\u8AD6\u8B49\u8D8A\u5F37\u6216\u8D8A\u6709\u8AAA\u670D\u529B\uFF0C\u7D50\u8AD6\u70BA\u771F\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5C31\u8D8A\u5927\uFF0C\u8AD6\u8B49\u8D8A\u5F31\uFF0C\u6982\u7387\u8D8A\u5C0F\u3002\u908F\u8F2F\u662F\u7814\u7A76\u8AD6\u8B49\u7684\u63A8\u7406\u5F62\u5F0F\u4EE5\u53CA\u8A55\u4F30\u8AD6\u8B49\u7684\u898F\u7BC4\u548C\u6A19\u6E96\u7684\u767C\u5C55\u3002 \u8A55\u4F30\u975E\u6F14\u7E79\u8AD6\u8B49\u7684\u6A19\u6E96\u53EF\u80FD\u57FA\u65BC\u8207\u771F\u7406\u4E0D\u540C\u6216\u984D\u5916\u7684\u6A19\u6E96\u2014\u4F8B\u5982\uFF0C\u5148\u9A57\u8AD6\u8B49\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ATranscendental arguments\uFF09\u4E2D\u6240\u8B02\u7684\u201C\u5FC5\u4E0D\u53EF\u5C11\u7684\u4E3B\u5F35\u201D\u7684\u8AAA\u670D\u529B\uFF0C\u6EAF\u56E0\u63A8\u7406\u4E2D\u5047\u8A2D\u7684\u54C1\u8CEA\uFF0C\u751A\u81F3\u5C0D\u65BC\u601D\u8003\u8207\u884C\u52D5\u7684\u65B0\u53EF\u80FD\u6027\u7684\u4E16\u754C\u516C\u958B\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AWorld disclosure\uFF1B\u5FB7\u8A9E\uFF1AErschlossenheit\uFF09\uFF0C\u6307\u7684\u662F\u4E8B\u7269\u5982\u4F55\u900F\u904E\u6210\u70BA\u672C\u9AD4\u8AD6\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u4E00\u90E8\u5206\u800C\u8B8A\u5F97\u8207\u4EBA\u985E\u53EF\u7406\u89E3\u548C\u6709\u610F\u7FA9\u5730\u76F8\u95DC\uFF0C\u5373\u5177\u6709\u9810\u5148\u89E3\u91CB\u548C\u6574\u9AD4\u7D50\u69CB\u5316\u7684\u610F\u7FA9\u80CC\u666F\uFF09\u3002 \u81EA\u7136\u8A9E\u8A00\u4E2D\u8AD6\u8B49\u7684\u908F\u8F2F\u5F62\u5F0F\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ALogical form\uFF09\u53EF\u4EE5\u7528\u7B26\u865F\u5F62\u5F0F\u8A9E\u8A00\u8868\u793A\uFF0C\u7368\u7ACB\u65BC\u81EA\u7136\u8A9E\u8A00\u7684\u6B63\u5F0F\u5B9A\u7FA9\u7684\u201C\u8AD6\u8B49\u201D\u53EF\u4EE5\u5728\u6578\u5B78\u548C\u8A08\u7B97\u6A5F\u79D1\u5B78\u4E2D\u9032\u884C\u3002"@zh . . "La paraula argument (del llat\u00ED argumentum) s'aplica, a voltes, a un discurs amb refer\u00E8ncia a un contingut que es dirigeix a l'interlocutor amb finalitats diferents. La qualitat fonamental d'un argument \u00E9s la consist\u00E8ncia i coher\u00E8ncia, entenent per tal el fet que el contingut de l'expressi\u00F3, discurs o obra adquireixi sentit o significaci\u00F3 d'alguna de les formes seg\u00FCents."@ca . . . . . . . "\u8AD6\u8A3C\uFF08\u308D\u3093\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3001\u82F1: Logical argument\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u8AD6\u7406\u5B66\u306E\u7528\u8A9E\u3067\u3001\u524D\u63D0\uFF08premises\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u5BA3\u8A00\u7684\u6587\u306E\u96C6\u307E\u308A\u3068\u7D50\u8AD6\uFF08conclusion\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u5BA3\u8A00\u7684\u6587\u304B\u3089\u69CB\u6210\u3055\u308C\u3001\u524D\u63D0\u7FA4\u304B\u3089\u7D50\u8AD6\u304C\u771F\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304C\u5C0E\u304D\u51FA\u305B\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4E3B\u5F35\u3057\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u8AD6\u8A3C\u306B\u306F\u3001\u59A5\u5F53\u306A\u3082\u306E\u3068\u59A5\u5F53\u3067\u306A\u3044\u3082\u306E\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u306A\u304A\u3001\u500B\u3005\u306E\u5BA3\u8A00\u7684\u6587\u306F\u771F\uFF08true\uFF09\u304B\u507D\uFF08false\uFF09\u304B\u3067\u5224\u65AD\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u8AD6\u8A3C\u306F\u59A5\u5F53\uFF08valid\uFF09\u304B\u59A5\u5F53\u3067\u306A\u3044(invalid)\u304B\u3067\u5224\u65AD\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u82F1\u8A9E\u3067\u306F\u3001\u5BA3\u8A00\u7684\u6587\u3092 Statement \u3084\u547D\u984C\uFF08Proposition\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305F\u304C\u3001\u6700\u8FD1\u3067\u306F\u54F2\u5B66\u7684\u306A\u542B\u610F\u3092\u907F\u3051\u308B\u305F\u3081 Sentence \u3068\u547C\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304C\u591A\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . . "\u062D\u062C\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629: argumentum) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u064A\u062F\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062F\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064A\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062A\u062A\u062C\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646 \u062D\u064A\u062B \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062F\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062A\u0645\u064A\u0632\u060C \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u062F \u0628\u0639\u064A\u062F\u060C \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062F\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u064F\u0633\u0645\u064E\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064F\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0650\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0628\u0627\u062F\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0650\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064A \u0644\u0644\u062D\u064F\u062C\u064E\u062C (\u062C\u0645\u0639 \u00AB\u062D\u064F\u062C\u064E\u0651\u0629\u00BB) \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064A\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u064F\u062A\u064A\u062D\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0640\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u063A\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u064F\u062D\u062F\u064E\u0651\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062D\u064A\u062A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u062F\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0629.\u0648\u062A\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0650\u062C\u0627\u062C \u0628\u0639\u062F\u0629 \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A \u062A\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063A\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u062F\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0648\u062A\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062D\u0648\u0627\u0631."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . "L'argomento (o argomentazione) \u00E8 il principale oggetto di studio della logica e in particolare dalla logica matematica. Un argomento consiste di un insieme di proposizioni, in cui la verit\u00E0 di una di esse, chiamata conclusione \u00E8 derivabile dalla verit\u00E0 delle altre, chiamate premesse o, in altre parole, la verit\u00E0 della conclusione deve essere giustificata dalla verit\u00E0 delle premesse, ad esempio: \n* premessa1 Tutti gli uomini sono mortali \n* premessa2 Socrate \u00E8 un uomo \n* ..... \n* conclusione Socrate \u00E8 mortale \n* Tutti gli uomini sono immortali \n* Socrate \u00E8 un uomo \n* .... \n* Socrate \u00E8 immortale"@it . . . . . . . . . . "Un argumento (del lat\u00EDn argumentum) es la expresi\u00F3n oral o escrita de un razonamiento o idea\u200B mediante el cual se intenta probar, refutar o incluso justificar una proposici\u00F3n o tesis.\u200B\u200BLas cualidades fundamentales de un argumento son la consistencia y coherencia; entendiendo por tal el hecho de que el contenido de la expresi\u00F3n, discurso u obra adquiera un sentido o significado que se dirige a un interlocutor con finalidades diferentes: \n* Como contenido de verdad: consistencia y coherencia con otras verdades admitidas, o con referencia a un hecho o situaci\u00F3n que haga verdadero o falso dicho contenido. \n* Como esquema l\u00F3gico-formal: consistencia y coherencia con un sistema que no admite contradicci\u00F3n. \n* Como funci\u00F3n l\u00F3gico-matem\u00E1tica: consistencia y coherencia con el hecho de \u00ABser algo real\u00BB frente a una mera posibilidad l\u00F3gica que define un mundo o una situaci\u00F3n posible en un determinado marco te\u00F3rico que justifica la funci\u00F3n. \n* Como discurso dirigido a la persuasi\u00F3n\u200B como motivaci\u00F3n para promover o proponer una determinada acci\u00F3n. \n* Como finalidad de acci\u00F3n: consistencia o coherencia con otros intereses o motivaciones del individuo o individuos receptores del contenido como motivaci\u00F3n a actuar de determinada manera. Es por tanto un discurso dirigido: \n* Al entendimiento, para \u00ABconvencer\u00BB o generar una creencia nueva mediante el conocimiento evidente de nuevas verdades, bas\u00E1ndose en una racionalidad com\u00FAn. \n* A la emotividad para \u00ABmotivar\u00BB una acci\u00F3n determinada. \n* En jurisprudencia un argumento se lo conoce como alegato y sirve para llegar a una verdad procesal en los estados de derecho'."@es . . . . . . . . . "Argument (lat. argumentum od arguo, objas\u0148uji, vyvrac\u00EDm, obvi\u0148uji) je d\u016Fkaz, d\u016Fvod nebo doklad, \u017Ee n\u011Bjak\u00E9 tvrzen\u00ED je pravdiv\u00E9 nebo naopak nepravdiv\u00E9, \u017Ee plat\u00ED nebo neplat\u00ED."@cs . "\u03A3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C6\u03B9\u03BB\u03BF\u03C3\u03BF\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1, \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03AF\u03C1\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03B7\u03C3\u03B9\u03BC\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03AE\u03B8\u03C9\u03C2 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03AF \u03BA\u03AC\u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BF\u03C2 \u03BA\u03AC\u03C4\u03B9 \u03AE \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03BF\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03BF\u03B9 \u03BB\u03CC\u03B3\u03BF\u03B9 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF\u03C7\u03AE \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03AC\u03C3\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2. \u0397 \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AE \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B3\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03C3\u03B1 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B5\u03BA\u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD (\u03C4\u03C5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03BF\u03C1\u03C6\u03AE \u03B8\u03B5\u03C9\u03C1\u03B7\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD, \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD \u03AE \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C4\u03AC\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD) \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE\u03C1\u03B9\u03BE\u03B7 \u03B5\u03BD\u03CC\u03C2 \u03B9\u03C3\u03C7\u03C5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03BF\u03CD: \u03C4\u03BF \u03C3\u03C5\u03BC\u03C0\u03AD\u03C1\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03B1. \u0397 \u03B4\u03BF\u03BC\u03AE \u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03B7\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03B5\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B8\u03BF\u03C1\u03AF\u03B6\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C4\u03C5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B3\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03C3\u03B1, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03C5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BF\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u00AB\u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u00BB \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03AF \u03BD\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B7\u03BC\u03B9\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03B3\u03B7\u03B8\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B5\u03BE\u03AC\u03C1\u03C4\u03B7\u03C4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C0\u03CC \u03C4\u03B1 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C7\u03B5\u03B9\u03C1\u03AE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B3\u03BB\u03CE\u03C3\u03C3\u03B1, \u03CC\u03C0\u03C9\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B1\u03B8\u03B7\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC, \u03C4\u03B7 \u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE, \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AE\u03BC\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C5\u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD."@el . . . . . . "Ein Argument (lateinisch argumentum \u201ADarlegung; Gehalt, Beweismittel, Beweisgrund\u2018 von lateinisch arguere \u201Adeutlich zu erkennen geben, behaupten, beweisen, zeigen\u2018) wird typischerweise dazu verwendet, etwas zu begr\u00FCnden oder jemanden zu \u00FCberzeugen. In Sprachwissenschaft und Philosophie versteht man unter einem Argument eine Abfolge von Aussagen, die aus einer Konklusion und m\u00F6glicherweise mehreren Pr\u00E4missen besteht, wobei die Konklusion diejenige Aussage ist, die durch die Pr\u00E4missen begr\u00FCndet (man sagt auch: gest\u00FCtzt) werden soll. Umgangssprachlich werden unter einem Argument dagegen oft allein die Pr\u00E4missen verstanden, die zur Begr\u00FCndung der Konklusion dienen. Mehrere aufeinander bezogene (z. B. aufeinander aufbauende) Argumente bilden eine Argumentation. Wer Argumente aufstellt und diese schriftlich oder m\u00FCndlich vorbringt, argumentiert. In einer Er\u00F6rterung werden Argumente gepr\u00FCft und gegeneinander abgewogen. Die Argumentationstheorie ist die Wissenschaft vom Argumentieren. Sie weist enge Bez\u00FCge sowohl zur Logik auf, die die objektive G\u00FCltigkeit von Argumentformen untersucht, als auch zur Rhetorik, die sich damit befasst, wie Argumente \u00FCberzeugend vorgebracht und formuliert werden k\u00F6nnen."@de . . "Argument \u00E4r inom retorik en f\u00F6ljd av p\u00E5st\u00E5enden i en argumentation som anf\u00F6rs som sk\u00E4l f\u00F6r eller mot en tes. Ett argument syftar vanligtvis p\u00E5 ett av de led som ing\u00E5r i en slutledning, men kan ocks\u00E5 avse hela resonemanget som s\u00E5dant, s\u00E4rskilt inom logik och filosofi. En argumentation best\u00E5r av en serie p\u00E5st\u00E5enden som b\u00F6rjar med argumentationens premisser och som mynnar ut i argumentationens tes. Resonemangets slutledningar ska visa att slutsatsen f\u00F6ljer ur dess premisser. En argumentation kan bed\u00F6mas p\u00E5 tv\u00E5 s\u00E4tt: dels om de premisser som argumentationen bygger p\u00E5 \u00E4r h\u00E5llbara, och dels om premisserna \u00E4r relevanta f\u00F6r argumentationens slutsats. Om premisserna \u00E4r h\u00E5llbara \u00E4r argumentationen som helhet h\u00E5llbar. Om slutsatsen f\u00F6ljer av premisserna \u00E4r argumentationen giltig. En ogiltig argumentation kallas ocks\u00E5 ett felslut. En argumentation kan vara deduktivt eller induktivt. I en deduktiv argumentation ska slutsatsen vara en av premisserna, och om argumentationen \u00E4r giltig m\u00E5ste slutsatsen vara sann om premisserna \u00E4r sanna. En induktiv argumentation inneb\u00E4r att premisserna ger st\u00F6d f\u00F6r slutsatsen, utan att slutsatsen f\u00F6ljer logiskt."@sv . . "\u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442 (\u0432 \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u043A\u0435) \u2014 \u044D\u0442\u043E \u0440\u044F\u0434 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 (\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439), \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u044B\u043B\u043E\u043A (\u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0441\u0441, \u0434\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432) \u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0432\u043E\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u044B\u0442\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043C \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0435 (\u0434\u043E\u0301\u0432\u043E\u0434) \u2014 \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0441\u044B\u043B\u043A\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043C\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043F\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043B\u044C\u044E \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430. \u0427\u0442\u043E\u0431\u044B \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0431\u044B\u043B\u043E \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u044B \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u043D\u044B \u0441\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044C \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044E, \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0441 \u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0449\u044C\u044E \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043C\u043E\u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439."@ru . . . "Argument (logica)"@nl . "Argudioa pertsonak konbentzitu eta zerbait egia eta arrazoizkoa dela erakusteko baliatzen den diskurtso eta baieztapenen multzoa da. Finean, argudioek pertsonak limurtzea dute helburu; beraz, froga logiko nahiz matematikoak argudioak badira ere, badira argudioak logikaz okerrak edo arrazoian oinarritzen ez direnak. ARGUDIOAKArgudioak emanez, igorleak nolabaiteko eragina izan nahi du hartzailearengan, hura zerbaitez konbentzitzeko. Hori lortzeko, ezinbestekoa du iritzi-gaiaz edo eztagaidagaiaz duen ikuspuntua modu sinesgarrian adieraztea, eta, horretarako, argudioak erabiltzen dira. ADIBIDEA"@eu . . . . "An argument is a statement or group of statements called premises intended to determine the degree of truth or acceptability of another statement called conclusion. Arguments can be studied from three main perspectives: the logical, the dialectical and the rhetorical perspective. In logic, an argument is usually expressed not in natural language but in a symbolic formal language, and it can be defined as any group of propositions of which one is claimed to follow from the others through deductively valid inferences that preserve truth from the premises to the conclusion. This logical perspective on argument is relevant for scientific fields such as mathematics and computer science. Logic is the study of the forms of reasoning in arguments and the development of standards and criteria to evaluate arguments. Deductive arguments can be valid, and the valid ones can be sound: in a valid argument, premisses necessitate the conclusion, even if one or more of the premises is false and the conclusion is false; in a sound argument, true premises necessitate a true conclusion. Inductive arguments, by contrast, can have different degrees of logical strength: the stronger or more cogent the argument, the greater the probability that the conclusion is true, the weaker the argument, the lesser that probability. The standards for evaluating non-deductive arguments may rest on different or additional criteria than truth\u2014for example, the persuasiveness of so-called \"indispensability claims\" in transcendental arguments, the quality of hypotheses in retroduction, or even the disclosure of new possibilities for thinking and acting. In dialectics, and also in a more colloquial sense, an argument can be conceived as a social and verbal means of trying to resolve, or at least contend with, a conflict or difference of opinion that has arisen or exists between two or more parties. For the rhetorical perspective, the argument is constitutively linked with the context, in particular with the time and place in which the argument is located. From this perspective, the argument is evaluated not just by two parties (as in a dialectical approach) but also by an audience. In both dialectic and rhetoric, arguments are used not through a formal but through natural language. Since classical antiquity, philosophers and rhetoricians have developed lists of argument types in which premises and conclusions are connected in informal and defeasible ways."@en . . . "Argument \u2013 fakt lub okoliczno\u015B\u0107 przytaczana w komunikacie celem potwierdzenia lub obalenia tezy. Argumenty dzieli si\u0119 na: \n* logiczne \u2013 oparte na indukcji, dedukcji i analogiach \n* emocjonalne \u2013 odwo\u0142uj\u0105ce si\u0119 do uczu\u0107, ambicji, wiary s\u0142uchaczy \n* rzeczowe \u2013 b\u0119d\u0105ce konkretnymi faktami, danymi itp. \n* inne: oparte na do\u015Bwiadczeniu, powszechnej opinii lub wiedzy; autorytetach. Argumentem przeciwnym do danego jest kontrargument."@pl . . "Um argumento pode ser definido como uma afirma\u00E7\u00E3o acompanhada de justificativa (argumento ret\u00F3rico) ou como uma justaposi\u00E7\u00E3o de duas afirma\u00E7\u00F5es opostas, argumento e contra-argumento (argumento dial\u00E9tico). Na l\u00F3gica e na filosofia um argumento \u00E9 um conjunto de uma ou mais senten\u00E7as declarativas, tamb\u00E9m conhecidas como proposi\u00E7\u00F5es, ou ainda, premissas, acompanhadas de uma outra frase declarativa conhecida como conclus\u00E3o. Em fun\u00E7\u00E3o disso, as frases que apresentam um argumento s\u00E3o referidas como sendo verdadeiras ou falsas, e em consequ\u00EAncia, s\u00E3o v\u00E1lidas ou s\u00E3o inv\u00E1lidas."@pt . . . "Argumentasi diturunkan dari verba to argue (Bahasa Inggris) yang artinya membuktikan atau menyampaikan alasan dan meyakinkan pembaca. Paragraf argumentasi bertujuan menyampaikan suatu pendapat, konsepsi, atau opini tertulis kepada pembaca. Untuk meyakinkan pembaca bahwa yang disampaikan itu benar, penulis menyertakan bukti, contoh, dan berbagai alasan yang sulit dibantah. Teks argumentatif merupakan jenis tulisan yang tidak hanya memberikan informasi, tapi juga menampilkan argumen yang berisi CONS (ide penentang) dan PROS (ide pendukung). Penulis akan memberikan alternatif baru yang berbeda dari keyakinan pembaca selama ini. Penulis memberikan sebuah topik yang berisikan isu. Setelah itu, penulis menampilkan apa yang dipercaya oleh pembaca (PROS). Untuk pembanding pernyataan tersebut, penu"@in . . "\u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043B\u0430\u0442. arguere \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434'\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0442\u0438. \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0435, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434'\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0443 \u0447\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443."@uk . "\u041F\u043E\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043B\u0430\u0442. arguere \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434'\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0442\u0438. \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442 \u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0435, \u0449\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434'\u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043A\u0443 \u0447\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443."@uk . . . "Argument"@en . . . "Argumentation"@fr . . "Argumento (filozofio)"@eo . . . . "Argument (lat. argumentum od arguo, objas\u0148uji, vyvrac\u00EDm, obvi\u0148uji) je d\u016Fkaz, d\u016Fvod nebo doklad, \u017Ee n\u011Bjak\u00E9 tvrzen\u00ED je pravdiv\u00E9 nebo naopak nepravdiv\u00E9, \u017Ee plat\u00ED nebo neplat\u00ED."@cs . "Een argument is in de logica datgene wat men stelt om op grond daarvan een conclusie te trekken, iets te betogen of te bewijzen. De term is verwant aan premisse, maar heeft een bredere betekenis. In verschillende disciplines heeft de term argument een iets andere definitie of wordt er een andere term voor het begrip argument gebruikt."@nl . "Argumento"@pt . . . . . . "L\u2019argumentation est l'action de convaincre et pousser ainsi l'autre \u00E0 agir. Contrairement \u00E0 la persuasion, elle vise \u00E0 \u00EAtre comprise de tous et r\u00E9siste \u00E0 l'utilisation d'arguments fallacieux. L\u2019argument est, en logique et en linguistique, l\u2019ensemble des pr\u00E9misses donn\u00E9es en support \u00E0 une conclusion. Une argumentation est compos\u00E9e d'une conclusion et d'un ou de plusieurs \u00AB \u00E9l\u00E9ments de preuve \u00BB, que l'on appelle des pr\u00E9misses ou des arguments, et qui constituent des raisons d'accepter cette conclusion. On distingue trois grands groupes :"@fr . . . . . . "\u8AD6\u8A3C"@ja . "\uB17C\uC99D(\u8AD6\u8B49, \uBB38\uD654\uC5B4: \uB860\uC99D, \uC601\uC5B4: proof, demonstration)\uC740 \uC99D\uBA85 \uB610\uB294 \uC785\uC99D\uC774\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uD558\uBA70, \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uD310\uB2E8\uC774 \uCC38(\u771E)\uC774\uB780 \uAC83\uC758 \uC774\uC720\uB97C \uBD80\uC5EC\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uBA85\uD655\uD558\uAC8C \uBCF4\uC5EC\uC904 \uB54C \uB17C\uC99D\uD55C\uB2E4\uACE0 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4. \uB17C\uC99D\uD574\uC57C\uB9CC \uD560 \uD310\uB2E8\uC744 \uC81C\uC81C(\u63D0\u984C)\u00B7\uB17C\uC81C(\u8AD6\u984C)\u00B7\uC815\uB9BD(\u5B9A\u7ACB)\uC774\uB77C \uD558\uACE0, \uC774\uC720\uB97C \uC8FC\uB294 \uD310\uB2E8\uC744 \uB17C\uAC70(\u8AD6\u64DA)\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uB17C\uC99D\uC740 \uB17C\uAC70\uB97C \uC804\uC81C\uB85C \uD558\uBA70, \uC81C\uC81C\uB97C \uACB0\uB860\uC73C\uB85C \uD558\uB294 \uCD94\uB9AC \uD615\uC2DD(deductive reasoning)\uC73C\uB85C \uD589\uD558\uC5EC\uC9C4\uB2E4. \uB17C\uC99D\uC758 \uAD81\uADF9\uC801\uC778 \uB17C\uAC70\uAC00 \uB418\uB294 \uD310\uB2E8\uC744 \uACF5\uB9AC\uB77C\uACE0 \uD558\uBA70, \uADF8\uAC83\uC73C\uB85C\uC368 \uC774\uC720\uAC00 \uC8FC\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uC81C\uC81C\uB97C \uC815\uB9AC\uB77C\uACE0 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . "Argomento (filosofia)"@it . . . . . "\u903B\u8F91\u8BBA\u8BC1"@zh . . . . . . "Argument"@ca . "Un argumento (del lat\u00EDn argumentum) es la expresi\u00F3n oral o escrita de un razonamiento o idea\u200B mediante el cual se intenta probar, refutar o incluso justificar una proposici\u00F3n o tesis.\u200B\u200BLas cualidades fundamentales de un argumento son la consistencia y coherencia; entendiendo por tal el hecho de que el contenido de la expresi\u00F3n, discurso u obra adquiera un sentido o significado que se dirige a un interlocutor con finalidades diferentes: Es por tanto un discurso dirigido:"@es . . . "Argument \u00E4r inom retorik en f\u00F6ljd av p\u00E5st\u00E5enden i en argumentation som anf\u00F6rs som sk\u00E4l f\u00F6r eller mot en tes. Ett argument syftar vanligtvis p\u00E5 ett av de led som ing\u00E5r i en slutledning, men kan ocks\u00E5 avse hela resonemanget som s\u00E5dant, s\u00E4rskilt inom logik och filosofi. En argumentation best\u00E5r av en serie p\u00E5st\u00E5enden som b\u00F6rjar med argumentationens premisser och som mynnar ut i argumentationens tes. Resonemangets slutledningar ska visa att slutsatsen f\u00F6ljer ur dess premisser."@sv . . . . . . . . "Een argument is in de logica datgene wat men stelt om op grond daarvan een conclusie te trekken, iets te betogen of te bewijzen. De term is verwant aan premisse, maar heeft een bredere betekenis. In verschillende disciplines heeft de term argument een iets andere definitie of wordt er een andere term voor het begrip argument gebruikt. Het vormen van een redelijke argumentatie behoort tot de basisvaardigheden van moderne juristen, filosofen en politici en tal van andere beroepen. Iemands argumentatieve vermogen kan aangescherpt worden door kennis van de argumentatieleer. Daarbij zijn theoretische beschouwingen als 'Wat zijn geldige argumenten?' en 'Hoe bouw ik mijn betoog op een consistente manier op?' nog steeds van evenveel belang als in de tijd van Aristoteles. Het belang van goede argumenten is dus van alle tijden, vanaf de prehistorische mens, die een ander overhaalt om samen te jagen en de buit te delen, tot aan de hedendaagse politieke debatten, waarbij winst of verlies afhangen van overtuigende argumenten. Ook de empirische wetenschap leunt sterk op aanvaardbare argumentatie. Geldige argumenten en redeneringen zijn er twee fundamenten van."@nl . . "Argumentasi"@in . . . "Argument \u2013 fakt lub okoliczno\u015B\u0107 przytaczana w komunikacie celem potwierdzenia lub obalenia tezy. Argumenty dzieli si\u0119 na: \n* logiczne \u2013 oparte na indukcji, dedukcji i analogiach \n* emocjonalne \u2013 odwo\u0142uj\u0105ce si\u0119 do uczu\u0107, ambicji, wiary s\u0142uchaczy \n* rzeczowe \u2013 b\u0119d\u0105ce konkretnymi faktami, danymi itp. \n* inne: oparte na do\u015Bwiadczeniu, powszechnej opinii lub wiedzy; autorytetach. Argumentem przeciwnym do danego jest kontrargument."@pl . . . . . . . . . . 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