. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0457"@uk . . . . . . . . . . "The architecture of England is the architecture of modern England and in the historic Kingdom of England. It often includes buildings created under English influence or by English architects in other parts of the world, particularly in the English and later British colonies and Empire, which developed into the Commonwealth of Nations."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Architettura dell'Inghilterra"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'architettura dell'Inghilterra \u00E8 quella utilizzata nell'Inghilterra moderna e nello storico Regno d'Inghilterra. Spesso include edifici creati sotto l'influenza inglese o da architetti inglesi in altre parti del mondo, in particolare nelle colonie inglesi e successivamente britanniche e nell'Impero che si \u00E8 sviluppato nel Commonwealth delle Nazioni. A parte l'architettura anglosassone, le principali forme non-spontanee dell'architettura impiegate in Inghilterra prima del 1900 hanno avuto origine altrove nella parte occidentale dell'Europa, soprattutto in Francia e in Italia, mentre l'architettura modernista del XX secolo \u00E8 derivata sia da influenze statunitensi che europee. Ciascuno di questi stili stranieri \u00E8 stato assimilato all'interno della cultura architettonica inglese e ha dato origine a variazioni e innovazioni locali, producendo forme nazionali distinte. Tra gli stili pi\u00F9 caratteristici originari dell'Inghilterra vi sono il gotico perpendicolare del tardo medioevo, il gotico alto vittoriano e lo stile Regina Anna."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u064A\u0629. \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064B\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062A\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0623\u064F\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062A \u062A\u062D\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0623\u062C\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062E\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060C \u062E\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064B \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062B."@ar . . . . . . 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\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0456\u0432, \u0449\u043E \u0443\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0432 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0457, \u2014 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0438\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u0430 \u0433\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0437\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0447\u0447\u044F, \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043E\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0433\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0456 \"\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043B\u044C \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0432\u0438 \u0410\u043D\u043D\u0438\"."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La arquitectura de Inglaterra se refiere a la arquitectura practicada en el territorio actual de Inglaterra y en el del hist\u00F3rico reino de Inglaterra. El t\u00E9rmino tambi\u00E9n se usa para referirse a los edificios creados bajo la influencia inglesa o por los arquitectos ingleses en otras partes del mundo, particularmente en las colonias inglesas y, posteriormente brit\u00E1nicas, y en el Imperio brit\u00E1nico que evolucion\u00F3 hacia la Mancomunidad Brit\u00E1nica de Naciones. Las principales formas de arquitectura no vern\u00E1cula empleadas en Inglaterra antes de 1900 se originaron en otras partes de Europa occidental, principalmente en Francia e Italia, y tambi\u00E9n en el siglo XX la arquitectura moderna deriva tanto de influencias europeas como estadounidenses. Cada uno de esos modos extranjeros se asimil\u00F3 en la cultura arquitect\u00F3nica inglesa y dio lugar a variaciones e innovaciones locales, produciendo algunas formas y tipos nacionales diferenciados. Entre los estilos m\u00E1s caracter\u00EDsticos originarios de Inglaterra destacan el g\u00F3tico perpendicular de finales de la Edad Media, el y el estilo reina Ana.\u200B Muchos antiguos monumentos de piedra todav\u00EDa en pie fueron erigidos en el periodo prehist\u00F3rico; entre los m\u00E1s conocidos figuran Stonehenge, los menhires conocidos como las , el monolito de y el c\u00EDrculo de piedras de Castlerigg.\u200B Con la invasi\u00F3n romana se introdujeron nuevos tipos edificatorios, bas\u00EDlicas, ba\u00F1os, anfiteatros, arcos de triunfo, villas, templos, calzadas, fortalezas, empalizadas y acueductos.\u200B Fueron los romanos quienes fundaron varias ciudades y pueblos tales como Londinium (Londres), Aquae Sulis (Bath), Eburacum (York), Deva (Chester) o Verulamium (St Albans). Una de las obras romanas m\u00E1s conocidas es el muro de Adriano, que atraviesa todo el norte de Inglaterra.\u200B Otro ejemplo bien conservado son los ba\u00F1os romanos en Bath. Los primeros edificios civiles de la arquitectura medieval fueron construcciones sencillas, realizadas principalmente con madera y tejados de paja. La arquitectura eclesi\u00E1stica abarc\u00F3 desde una s\u00EDntesis del monasticismo hiberno-saj\u00F3n\u200B\u200B hasta la bas\u00EDlica paleocristiana, caracterizada por las hileras de pilastras, las arcadas ciegas, ejes de balaustres y aberturas de cabeza triangular. Despu\u00E9s de la conquista normanda en 1066 los se\u00F1ores feudales construyeron numerosos castillos desde los que poder detentar el poder, y protegerse de invasiones en el norte. Algunos de los mejores castillos medievales conocidos son la torre de Londres, el castillo de Warwick, el castillo de Durham y el castillo de Windsor, entre otros.\u200B A lo largo de la era de Plantagenet, floreci\u00F3 una arquitectura g\u00F3tica inglesa, con ejemplos sobresalientes como las catedrales medievales de Canterbury y York o la abad\u00EDa de Westminster.\u200B Con la expansi\u00F3n de la arquitectura normanda adem\u00E1s de castillos, surgieron palacios, , universidades e iglesias parroquiales. La arquitectura medieval se complet\u00F3 en el siglo XVI con el estilo Tudor cuyo elemento m\u00E1s caracter\u00EDstico es el arco de cuatro centros \u2014el llamado arco Tudor\u2014 al igual que el wattle and daub (bahareque) de las casas dom\u00E9sticas. A ra\u00EDz del Renacimiento, apareci\u00F3 una forma de arquitectura que se hac\u00EDa eco de la antig\u00FCedad cl\u00E1sica sintetizada con el cristianismo, es el estilo barroco ingl\u00E9s, particularmente defendido por el arquitecto Christopher Wren.\u200B En Inglaterra la arquitectura medieval ofrece tal vez una evoluci\u00F3n m\u00E1s completa que en los dem\u00E1s pa\u00EDses: se clasifica en per\u00EDodos que coinciden aproximadamente con los siglos y se definen por sus caracteres especiales: anglo-saj\u00F3n, normando, ingl\u00E9s primitivo, decorado, perpendicular y Tudor. Esta clasificaci\u00F3n se basa en las etapas hist\u00F3ricas y parte en el car\u00E1cter de la arquitectura inglesa. El tr\u00E1nsito de una a otra fue lento y gradual, casi imperceptible. El car\u00E1cter de cada estilo y su an\u00E1lisis advierten bien de la evoluci\u00F3n de plantas, aberturas, techadumbres, columnas y ornamentos.\u200B Le sigui\u00F3 la arquitectura georgiana, con un estilo m\u00E1s refinado, evocando de forma sencilla la arquitectura de Palladio, siendo el Royal Crescent en Bath uno de los mejores ejemplos de este estilo. La aparici\u00F3n del romanticismo durante la \u00E9poca victoriana dio paso al Neog\u00F3tico, al mismo tiempo que la Revoluci\u00F3n Industrial allan\u00F3 el camino para edificios como el Palacio de Cristal. Desde la d\u00E9cada de 1930 han surgido diversas corrientes modernas cuya recepci\u00F3n es a menudo controvertida, pues existen todav\u00EDa feudos de resistencia tradicionalista.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . "\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u062A\u0631\u0627"@ar . . . . . "1122721456"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La arquitectura de Inglaterra se refiere a la arquitectura practicada en el territorio actual de Inglaterra y en el del hist\u00F3rico reino de Inglaterra. El t\u00E9rmino tambi\u00E9n se usa para referirse a los edificios creados bajo la influencia inglesa o por los arquitectos ingleses en otras partes del mundo, particularmente en las colonias inglesas y, posteriormente brit\u00E1nicas, y en el Imperio brit\u00E1nico que evolucion\u00F3 hacia la Mancomunidad Brit\u00E1nica de Naciones."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "39111"^^ . "1194886"^^ . . . . . . . . "L'architettura dell'Inghilterra \u00E8 quella utilizzata nell'Inghilterra moderna e nello storico Regno d'Inghilterra. Spesso include edifici creati sotto l'influenza inglese o da architetti inglesi in altre parti del mondo, in particolare nelle colonie inglesi e successivamente britanniche e nell'Impero che si \u00E8 sviluppato nel Commonwealth delle Nazioni."@it . "Arquitectura de Inglaterra"@es . . . . . . . . . . . "Architecture of England"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043E \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u043D\u0438\u043D\u0456\u0448\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0457 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0438 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0457 \u0456 \u0432 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u041A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456 \u0410\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0457. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0456\u0432\u0435\u043B\u044C, \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0456\u0434 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0432\u043F\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043C \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u0456\u043D\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0443, \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E \u0432 \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445, \u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0442\u0456\u043C \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0456\u044F\u0445 \u0442\u0430 \u0406\u043C\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0457, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0430 \u0443 \u0421\u043F\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043D\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"The architecture of England is the architecture of modern England and in the historic Kingdom of England. It often includes buildings created under English influence or by English architects in other parts of the world, particularly in the English and later British colonies and Empire, which developed into the Commonwealth of Nations. Apart from Anglo-Saxon architecture, the major forms of non-vernacular architecture employed in England before 1900 originated elsewhere in western Europe, chiefly in France and Italy, while 20th-century Modernist architecture derived from both European and American influences. Each of these foreign modes became assimilated within English architectural culture and gave rise to local variation and innovation, producing distinctive national forms. Among the most characteristic styles originating in England are the Perpendicular Gothic of the late Middle Ages, High Victorian Gothic and the Queen Anne style."@en . .