. "\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6226\u306E\u8CE0\u511F\uFF08\u3060\u3044\u3044\u3061\u3058\u305B\u304B\u3044\u305F\u3044\u305B\u3093\u306E\u3070\u3044\u3057\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u3067\u306F\u3001\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6226\u5F8C\u306B\u767A\u751F\u3057\u305F\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u306A\u3069\u4E2D\u592E\u540C\u76DF\u56FD\u306B\u8AB2\u305B\u3089\u308C\u305F\u6226\u4E89\u8CE0\u511F\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8A18\u8FF0\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "83421"^^ . . . . . . . "\u062A\u0639\u0648\u064A\u0636\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062A\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062F\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062C\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0624\u062F\u064A\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062D\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1919 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0632\u064A\u0645\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u062D\u0645\u0644\u062A \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064A \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0648\u062D\u062F\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062F\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0648\u064A\u0636\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u062A\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064A\u0646 1914 \u0648 1918. \u0648\u062D\u062F\u062F\u062A \u0644\u062C\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0633 \u0641\u064A 29 \u064A\u0646\u0627\u064A\u0631 1921 \u0627\u0646 \u062A\u062F\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 269 \u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 42 \u0642\u0633\u0637\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064A\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062C\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062C\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062F\u0627\u062F. \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1924 \u062E\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062C\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0633\u062F\u0627\u062F\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929 \u062E\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0648\u064A\u0636\u0627\u062A \u0644\u064A\u0628\u0644\u063A 112 \u0645\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643. \u0648\u062D\u064A\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062D \u0623\u062F\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u062A\u0644\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1933 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0633\u062F\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0648\u064A\u0636\u0627\u062A \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u062F \u0633\u062F\u062F\u062A \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u5728\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6230\u7D50\u675F\u5F8C\uFF0C\u51E1\u723E\u8CFD\u689D\u7D04\u7B2C231\u689D\u88AB\u6279\u51C6\uFF0C\u540C\u76DF\u570B\u88AB\u8FEB\u5411\u5354\u7D04\u570B\u63D0\u4F9B\u6230\u722D\u8CE0\u6B3E\u3002\u6BCF\u500B\u88AB\u64CA\u6557\u7684\u5927\u570B\u90FD\u88AB\u8981\u6C42\u4EE5\u73FE\u91D1\u6216\u5BE6\u7269\u652F\u4ED8\u3002\u7531\u65BC\u6230\u5F8C\u5967\u5730\u5229\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u548C\u571F\u8033\u5176\u7684\u8CA1\u653F\u72C0\u6CC1\uFF0C\u5E7E\u4E4E\u6C92\u6709\u652F\u4ED8\u8CE0\u511F\u91D1\uFF0C\u4E26\u4E14\u53D6\u6D88\u4E86\u8CE0\u511F\u8981\u6C42\u3002\u4FDD\u52A0\u5229\u4E9E\u53EA\u652F\u4ED8\u4E86\u6240\u9700\u8CBB\u7528\u7684\u4E00\u5C0F\u90E8\u5206\uFF0C\u5176\u8CE0\u511F\u6578\u984D\u6E1B\u5C11\uFF0C\u7136\u5F8C\u88AB\u53D6\u6D88\u3002\u6B77\u53F2\u5B78\u5BB6\u5DF2\u7D93\u8A8D\u8B58\u5230\u5FB7\u570B\u8981\u6C42\u652F\u4ED8\u8CE0\u511F\u662F\u201C\u6230\u5F8C\u6642\u4EE3\u7684\u4E3B\u8981\u6230\u5834\u201D\u548C\u201C\u6CD5\u570B\u548C\u5FB7\u570B\u4E4B\u9593\u95DC\u65BC\u662F\u5426\u57F7\u884C\u6216\u4FEE\u6539\u51E1\u723E\u8CFD\u689D\u7D04\u7684\u6B0A\u529B\u9B25\u722D\u7684\u7126\u9EDE\u3002\u201D \u51E1\u723E\u8CFD\u689D\u7D04\uFF081919\u5E74\u7C3D\u7F72\uFF09\u548C1921\u5E74\u502B\u6566\u4ED8\u6B3E\u6642\u9593\u8868\u8981\u6C42\u5FB7\u570B\u652F\u4ED81320\u5104\u91D1\u99AC\u514B\uFF08\u7D04\u7B49\u65BC\u73FE\u5728\u7684330\u5104\u7F8E\u5143\uFF09\uFF0C\u4EE5\u652F\u4ED8\u6230\u722D\u671F\u9593\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5E73\u6C11\u640D\u5931\u3002\u9019\u4E00\u6578\u5B57\u5206\u70BA\u4E09\u985E\u50B5\u5238\uFF1AA\u3001B\u548CC\u3002\u5176\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5FB7\u570B\u88AB\u8981\u6C42\u7121\u689D\u4EF6\u5730\u652F\u4ED8\u7E3D\u984D\u70BA500\u5104\u99AC\u514B\uFF08\u7D04\u7B49\u65BC\u73FE\u5728\u7684125\u5104\u7F8E\u5143\uFF09\u7684\u201CA\u201D\u548C\u201CB\u201D\u50B5\u5238\u3002\u5269\u9918\u7684\u201CC\u201D\u50B5\u5238\u7684\u652F\u4ED8\u662F\u514D\u606F\u7684\uFF0C\u4E26\u4E14\u53D6\u6C7A\u65BC\u9B4F\u746A\u5171\u548C\u570B\u7684\u652F\u4ED8\u80FD\u529B\uFF0C\u9019\u5C07\u7531\u76DF\u8ECD\u59D4\u54E1\u6703\u9032\u884C\u8A55\u4F30\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "Following the ratification of article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles at the conclusion of World War I, the Central Powers were made to give war reparations to the Allied Powers. Each of the defeated powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation in Austria, Hungary, and Turkey after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled. Bulgaria, having paid only a fraction of what was required, saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled. Historians have recognized the German requirement to pay reparations as the \"chief battleground of the post-war era\" and \"the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised.\" The Treaty of Versailles (signed in 1919) and the 1921 London Schedule of Payments required Germany to pay 132 billion gold marks (US$33 billion [all values are contemporary, unless otherwise stated]) in reparations to cover civilian damage caused during the war. This figure was divided into three categories of bonds: A, B, and C. Of these, Germany was required to pay towards 'A' and 'B' bonds totaling 50 billion marks (US$12.5 billion) unconditionally. The payment of the remaining 'C' bonds was interest free and contingent on the Weimar Republic's ability to pay, as was to be assessed by an Allied committee. Due to the lack of reparation payments by Germany, France occupied the Ruhr in 1923 to enforce payments, causing an international crisis that resulted in the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924. This plan outlined a new payment method and raised international loans to help Germany to meet its reparation commitments. Despite this, by 1928 Germany called for a new payment plan, resulting in the Young Plan that established the German reparation requirements at 112 billion marks (US$26.3 billion) and created a schedule of payments that would see Germany complete payments by 1988. With the collapse of the German economy in 1931, reparations were suspended for a year and in 1932 during the Lausanne Conference they were cancelled altogether. Between 1919 and 1932, Germany paid less than 21 billion marks in reparations. The German people saw reparations as a national humiliation; the German Government worked to undermine the validity of the Treaty of Versailles and the requirement to pay. British economist John Maynard Keynes called the treaty a Carthaginian peace that would economically destroy Germany. His arguments had a profound effect on historians, politicians, and the public at large. Despite Keynes' arguments and those by later historians supporting or reinforcing Keynes' views, the consensus of contemporary historians is that reparations were not as intolerable as the Germans or Keynes had suggested and were within Germany's capacity to pay had there been the political will to do so. Following the Second World War, West Germany took up payments. The 1953 London Agreement on German External Debts resulted in an agreement to pay 50 percent of the remaining balance. The final payment was made on 3 October 2010, settling German loan debts in regard to reparations."@en . . . . . . . "Pemulihan Perang Dunia I adalah kompensasi yang diberikan pada Konferensi Perdamaian Paris setelah Blok Sentral dikalahkan dalam Perang Dunia Pertama oleh Sekutu dan Pihak-Pihak Terkait. Setiap pihak yang kalah diminta untuk membayar ganti rugi dalam bentuk uang atau barang. Karena keadaan finansial tersebut, Austria, , dan Turkei membangun diri mereka sendiri setelah perang, sedikit atau tidak ada pemulihan yang dibayar dan persyaratan untuk pemulihan ditunda. Bulgaria, hanya membayar kepada sebuah fraksi dari apa yang diminta, mengurangi jumlah angka pemulihannya dan kemudian menundanya. Para sejarawan mengakui dorongan terhadap Jerman untuk membayar pemulihan sebagai \"medan tempur utama dari era setelah perang\" dan \"fokus perjuangan kekuasaan antara Prancis dan Jerman pada Traktat Versa"@in . . . . "Pemulihan Perang Dunia I"@in . . "\uC81C1\uCC28 \uC138\uACC4 \uB300\uC804\uC758 \uBC30\uC0C1\uAE08"@ko . . . "Note"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Las reparaciones tras la I Guerra Mundial fueron una serie de compensaciones e indemnizaciones impuestas en la Conferencia de Paz de Par\u00EDs entre las potencias centrales y las fuerzas aliadas tras el final de la I Guerra Mundial con la derrota de estos primeros. A cada uno de los estados del eje central se les exigieron compensaciones econ\u00F3micas a pesar de la situaci\u00F3n financiera de pa\u00EDses como Austria, e Imperio Otomano tras el final del conflicto. Al ser insuficientes, las transacciones fueron canceladas. Bulgaria pag\u00F3 s\u00F3lo una peque\u00F1a parte de lo estipulado y las reparaciones fueron reduci\u00E9ndose hasta ser canceladas. Los historiadores reconocieron que los requisitos en el caso de Alemania como \"responsable\" del conflicto tal como se indic\u00F3 en el Tratado de Versalles no fueron revisados."@es . . "Duitse herstelbetalingen na de Eerste Wereldoorlog"@nl . . . . "World War I reparations"@en . . . . . . . "\uC81C1\uCC28 \uC138\uACC4 \uB300\uC804\uC774 \uB05D\uB09C \uD6C4 \uBCA0\uB974\uC0AC\uC720 \uC870\uC57D 231\uC870\uAC00 \uBE44\uC900\uB41C \uD6C4, \uB3D9\uB9F9\uAD6D\uC740 \uD611\uC0C1\uAD6D\uC5D0 \uC804\uC7C1 \uBC30\uC0C1\uAE08\uC744 \uC9C0\uAE09\uD560 \uC218\uBC16\uC5D0 \uC5C6\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uD328\uBC30\uD55C \uAD6D\uAC00\uB4E4\uC740 \uD604\uAE08\uC774\uB098 \uD604\uBB3C\uB85C \uBC30\uC0C1\uAE08\uC744 \uC9C0\uBD88\uD574\uC57C \uD588\uB294\uB370 \uC774\uB294 \uC804\uC7C1 \uD6C4 \uC624\uC2A4\uD2B8\uB9AC\uC544, \uD5DD\uAC00\uB9AC, \uD130\uD0A4\uC758 \uC7AC\uC815 \uC0C1\uD669\uC73C\uB85C \uC778\uD574 \uBC30\uC0C1\uAE08\uC774 \uAC70\uC758 \uB610\uB294 \uC804\uD600 \uC9C0\uAE09\uB418\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC558\uACE0 \uBC30\uC0C1\uAE08 \uC694\uAD6C \uC0AC\uD56D\uC774 \uCDE8\uC18C\uB418\uC5C8\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uD544\uC694\uD55C \uAE08\uC561\uC758 \uC77C\uBD80\uB9CC \uC9C0\uBD88\uD55C \uBD88\uAC00\uB9AC\uC544\uB294 \uBC30\uC0C1\uAE08\uC758 \uAE08\uC561\uC774 \uAC10\uC18C\uD55C \uD6C4 \uCDE8\uC18C\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC5ED\uC0AC\uAC00\uB4E4\uC740 \uBC30\uC0C1\uAE08\uC744 \uC9C0\uBD88\uD574\uC57C \uD558\uB294 \uB3C5\uC77C\uC758 \uC694\uAD6C\uB97C \"\uC804\uD6C4 \uC2DC\uB300\uC758 \uC8FC\uC694 \uC804\uC7A5\"\uC774\uC790 \"\uBCA0\uB974\uC0AC\uC720 \uC870\uC57D\uC758 \uC2DC\uD589 \uB610\uB294 \uAC1C\uC815 \uC5EC\uBD80\uB97C \uB458\uB7EC\uC2FC \uD504\uB791\uC2A4\uC640 \uB3C5\uC77C \uAC04\uC758 \uAD8C\uB825 \uD22C\uC7C1\uC758 \uCD08\uC810\"\uC73C\uB85C \uC778\uC2DD\uD558\uACE4 \uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . "De Duitse Herstelbetalingen na de Eerste Wereldoorlog zijn de herstelbetalingen die na de Eerste Wereldoorlog aan Duitsland zijn opgelegd, op basis van het Oorlogsschuldartikel 231 van het Verdrag van Versailles. Duur en hoogte van de betalingen werden niet in het verdrag vastgelegd, maar zouden worden vastgesteld door een commissie met een verreikende controlefunctie zonder Duitse deelname. Deze commissie moest het economische vermogen van Duitsland bepalen. Het inkorten, verschuiven, respectievelijk definitief be\u00EBindigen van deze herstelbetalingen was het voornaamste doel van de Duitse buitenlandse politiek. Vooral Gustav Stresemann en Heinrich Br\u00FCning slaagden erin dit doel te benaderen. Stresemann was bij het bereiken ervan al dood, Br\u00FCning was kort daarvoor afgetreden. Volgens huidige inzichten waren de Duitse herstelbetalingen zelfs in de zwaarste jaren van de Weimarrepubliek geen serieuze hindernis voor de economische wederopbouw na de verloren oorlog, maar zij waren verbonden met de Duitse en maakten de Duitse economie afhankelijk van kredieten van de Verenigde Staten. Om deze redenen wilde de regering van de Weimarrepubliek de claims verminderen, respectievelijk afschaffen.Zo groeiden zij uit tot een voortdurende politieke belasting, omdat zowel de partijen en bonden van de ultraconservatistische, als ook de KPD de herstelbetalingen voor tegen de Weimarrepubliek gebruikten. Uiteindelijk hebben de herstelbetalingen tot politieke en economische instabiliteit van de eerste Duitse democratie bijgedragen."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Following the ratification of article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles at the conclusion of World War I, the Central Powers were made to give war reparations to the Allied Powers. Each of the defeated powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation in Austria, Hungary, and Turkey after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled. Bulgaria, having paid only a fraction of what was required, saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled. Historians have recognized the German requirement to pay reparations as the \"chief battleground of the post-war era\" and \"the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised.\""@en . . . . . . . . . . "Deutsche Reparationen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg mussten aufgrund des Kriegsschuldartikels 231 des Versailler Vertrages von 1919 durch Deutschland gezahlt werden. Die endg\u00FCltige H\u00F6he und Dauer der Reparationen waren im Versailler Vertrag nicht festgelegt, sondern sollten von einer mit weitreichenden Kontrollfunktionen ausgestatteten Reparationskommission ohne deutsche Beteiligung festgesetzt werden. Die Verringerung, Verschiebung und endg\u00FCltige Beendigung der Reparationszahlungen waren das vorrangige Ziel der deutschen Au\u00DFenpolitik. Vor allem Gustav Stresemann und Heinrich Br\u00FCning brachten Deutschland dem Ziel n\u00E4her. Als aber die deutsche Regierung 1932 auf der Konferenz von Lausanne das Ende der Reparationszahlungen erreichte, war Stresemann bereits tot und Br\u00FCning war kurz zuvor entlassen worden."@de . . . "\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6218\u7684\u8D54\u6B3E"@zh . 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062A\u0648\u0644\u062A \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u062F\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0648\u064A\u0636\u0627\u062A. \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0646\u062F\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1953 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u062F\u0641\u0639 50 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064A\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0628\u0642\u064A. \u0633\u064F\u062F\u062F\u062A \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u062F\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064A 3 \u0623\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010\u060C \u0645\u0633\u0648\u064A\u0629\u064B \u062F\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0648\u064A\u0636\u0627\u062A."@ar . . . "Reparaciones de la Primera Guerra Mundial"@es . . . . . . . . . . . "repnote1"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Deutsche Reparationen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg"@de . . "\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6226\u306E\u8CE0\u511F"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "33112"^^ . . . . . . . "1122770645"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Deutsche Reparationen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg mussten aufgrund des Kriegsschuldartikels 231 des Versailler Vertrages von 1919 durch Deutschland gezahlt werden. Die endg\u00FCltige H\u00F6he und Dauer der Reparationen waren im Versailler Vertrag nicht festgelegt, sondern sollten von einer mit weitreichenden Kontrollfunktionen ausgestatteten Reparationskommission ohne deutsche Beteiligung festgesetzt werden."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Las reparaciones tras la I Guerra Mundial fueron una serie de compensaciones e indemnizaciones impuestas en la Conferencia de Paz de Par\u00EDs entre las potencias centrales y las fuerzas aliadas tras el final de la I Guerra Mundial con la derrota de estos primeros. A cada uno de los estados del eje central se les exigieron compensaciones econ\u00F3micas a pesar de la situaci\u00F3n financiera de pa\u00EDses como Austria, e Imperio Otomano tras el final del conflicto. Al ser insuficientes, las transacciones fueron canceladas. Bulgaria pag\u00F3 s\u00F3lo una peque\u00F1a parte de lo estipulado y las reparaciones fueron reduci\u00E9ndose hasta ser canceladas. Los historiadores reconocieron que los requisitos en el caso de Alemania como \"responsable\" del conflicto tal como se indic\u00F3 en el Tratado de Versalles no fueron revisados.\u200B Tanto el Tratado de Versalles como los acuerdos de Londres de 1921, qued\u00F3 estipulado que Alemania deb\u00EDa pagar 132 mil millones de marcos dorados en reparaciones por da\u00F1os causados a la poblaci\u00F3n civil durante el conflicto. La forma de pago era mediante bonos siendo un total de 50 mil millones de marcos, en cuanto al dinero restante ten\u00EDa que ir destinado a la comunidad anglo-francesa. Sin embargo, Alemania dej\u00F3 de liquidar y en 1923 Francia ocup\u00F3 el Ruhr. Este acto provoc\u00F3 una crisis internacional que desemboc\u00F3 en el Plan Dawes. Este programa permit\u00EDa a Alemania pagar la deuda mediante pr\u00E9stamos. No obstante, en 1928 los alemanes pidieron un nuevo plan de pagos: el Plan Young, el cual establec\u00EDa que la reparaci\u00F3n alemana costar\u00EDa 112 mil millones y que para 1988 Alemania habr\u00EDa saldado la deuda, pero en 1931 la econom\u00EDa colaps\u00F3 y las transacciones quedaron canceladas durante un a\u00F1o. Entre 1919 y 1932, Alemania pag\u00F3 menos de 21 mil millones de marcos. La opini\u00F3n p\u00FAblica alemana interpret\u00F3 las reparaciones como una humillaci\u00F3n. En cuanto al Gobierno, trabajaron para determinar la validez del Tratado de Versalles y empezaron a sopesar la posibilidad de negarse a pagar. El economista ingl\u00E9s John Maynard Keynes declar\u00F3 que en caso de imponer la paz cartaginesa en respuesta al desaf\u00EDo teut\u00F3n, esta podr\u00EDa destruir econ\u00F3micamente el estado alem\u00E1n. Dichas argumentaciones tuvieron un impacto profundo en los dem\u00E1s historiadores, pol\u00EDticos y opini\u00F3n p\u00FAblica en general. No obstante, el consenso de los historiadores modernos se\u00F1ala que las reparaciones no fueron del todo intolerables como sugirieron los alemanes o Keynes y a\u00F1adieron que la capacidad alemana para pagar depend\u00EDa de su voluntad como lo fue para las reparaciones de la Segunda Guerra Mundial."@es . . . . 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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Pemulihan Perang Dunia I adalah kompensasi yang diberikan pada Konferensi Perdamaian Paris setelah Blok Sentral dikalahkan dalam Perang Dunia Pertama oleh Sekutu dan Pihak-Pihak Terkait. Setiap pihak yang kalah diminta untuk membayar ganti rugi dalam bentuk uang atau barang. Karena keadaan finansial tersebut, Austria, , dan Turkei membangun diri mereka sendiri setelah perang, sedikit atau tidak ada pemulihan yang dibayar dan persyaratan untuk pemulihan ditunda. Bulgaria, hanya membayar kepada sebuah fraksi dari apa yang diminta, mengurangi jumlah angka pemulihannya dan kemudian menundanya. Para sejarawan mengakui dorongan terhadap Jerman untuk membayar pemulihan sebagai \"medan tempur utama dari era setelah perang\" dan \"fokus perjuangan kekuasaan antara Prancis dan Jerman pada Traktat Versailles dipaksakan dan direvisi\"."@in . . . . "Les r\u00E9parations \u00E0 la suite de la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale sont les paiements et les transferts de biens et d\u2019\u00E9quipements que l'Allemagne et les Empires centraux (Autriche-Hongrie, Bulgarie, Empire ottoman) furent forc\u00E9s d'effectuer en vertu du trait\u00E9 de Versailles (1919) \u00E0 la suite de la victoire des Alli\u00E9s \u00E0 l'issue de la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale. L'article 231 du trait\u00E9 (la clause de \u00AB culpabilit\u00E9 de guerre \u00BB) d\u00E9clare l\u2019Allemagne et ses alli\u00E9s des Empires centraux responsables de \u00AB toutes les pertes et le dommage \u00BB subis par les Alli\u00E9s pendant la guerre et sert de base pour les r\u00E9parations. Cette clause est largement r\u00E9vis\u00E9e par la Conf\u00E9rence de paix de Paris, qui, en ao\u00FBt 1920, constate le renversement politique de l'Europe centrale. Les Empires centraux, y compris l'Empire colonial all"@fr . . . . "Les r\u00E9parations \u00E0 la suite de la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale sont les paiements et les transferts de biens et d\u2019\u00E9quipements que l'Allemagne et les Empires centraux (Autriche-Hongrie, Bulgarie, Empire ottoman) furent forc\u00E9s d'effectuer en vertu du trait\u00E9 de Versailles (1919) \u00E0 la suite de la victoire des Alli\u00E9s \u00E0 l'issue de la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale. L'article 231 du trait\u00E9 (la clause de \u00AB culpabilit\u00E9 de guerre \u00BB) d\u00E9clare l\u2019Allemagne et ses alli\u00E9s des Empires centraux responsables de \u00AB toutes les pertes et le dommage \u00BB subis par les Alli\u00E9s pendant la guerre et sert de base pour les r\u00E9parations. Cette clause est largement r\u00E9vis\u00E9e par la Conf\u00E9rence de paix de Paris, qui, en ao\u00FBt 1920, constate le renversement politique de l'Europe centrale. Les Empires centraux, y compris l'Empire colonial allemand, se disloquent, et font imm\u00E9diatement d\u00E9faut de paiement, les fronti\u00E8res europ\u00E9ennes sont redessin\u00E9es, certains pays perdent de vastes \u00E9tendues de territoires. Les Alli\u00E9s, mais surtout l'opinion, paniqu\u00E9s, tentent de reporter leurs dol\u00E9ances sur l'Allemagne. Cons\u00E9quemment, le calendrier des paiements est \u00E9tabli \u00E0 Londres le 5 mai 1921, la somme totale, calcul\u00E9e par la commission interalli\u00E9e des r\u00E9parations est d'abord fix\u00E9e \u00E0 132 milliards de marks-or. Le montant r\u00E9el des r\u00E9parations que la seule Allemagne est oblig\u00E9e de payer ne correspond bien entendu pas \u00E0 132 milliards (soit 300 % du PNB allemand de 1913) mais \u00E0 52 milliards de marks-or (valeur 1914), laquelle somme est inscrite dans les annexes d'obligations de type A (10 milliards) et B (42 milliards) du dit trait\u00E9. Avec le recul, l'historienne Sally Marks estime, \u00E0 l'instar d'autres sp\u00E9cialistes, que les 80 milliards de marks en \u00AB obligations de type C \u00BB \u00E9taient enti\u00E8rement chim\u00E9riques, un dispositif pour tromper le public en lui faisant croire que l\u2019Allemagne paierait beaucoup plus. Sur le plan structurel, l'Allemagne en 1920, est deux fois moins endett\u00E9e que la France et la Grande-Bretagne. Le paiement total r\u00E9el de 1920 \u00E0 1931 (lorsque les paiements furent ind\u00E9finiment suspendus) atteignait 20 milliards de marks-or, valant environ cinq milliards de dollars ou un milliard de livres sterling. De ce montant r\u00E9gl\u00E9 conform\u00E9ment au plan Dawes (1924), 12,5 milliards de tr\u00E9sorerie venaient principalement de pr\u00EAts consentis par des banquiers am\u00E9ricains. Le reste, en nature, est constitu\u00E9 de marchandises, comme le charbon et les produits chimiques, ou de biens manufactur\u00E9s tels que des \u00E9quipements de chemin de fer. Le montant total des r\u00E9parations fut fix\u00E9 \u00E0 Londres en janvier 1921 sur la base de la capacit\u00E9 de l'Allemagne \u00E0 payer, et pas sur la base des revendications alli\u00E9es. L\u2019Autriche, la Hongrie, la Bulgarie et l'Empire ottoman devaient \u00E9galement payer des r\u00E9parations mais ces \u00C9tats \u00E9taient si endett\u00E9s qu'ils ne pay\u00E8rent que relativement peu. L'Allemagne \u00E9tait le seul pays assez riche pour payer quoi que ce f\u00FBt, elle devait des r\u00E9parations principalement \u00E0 la Belgique, \u00E0 la France, \u00E0 l'Italie et au Royaume-Uni. Les \u00C9tats-Unis re\u00E7urent de leur c\u00F4t\u00E9 100 millions de dollars. Un des nombreux probl\u00E8mes qu'impliquait le paiement de ces r\u00E9parations \u00E9tait l'argent pr\u00EAt\u00E9 entre Alli\u00E9s victorieux, par exemple : le principal bailleur de fonds de la France \u00E9tant les \u00C9tats-Unis, la France n'acceptait de les rembourser qu'\u00E0 la condition expresse que l'Allemagne paye \u00E0 la France ce qu'elle lui devait. Apr\u00E8s deux plans d'am\u00E9nagement (1924 et 1929), les paiements furent suspendus pour un an en juin 1931, cons\u00E9quence de la crise de 1929, comme propos\u00E9 par le pr\u00E9sident am\u00E9ricain Herbert Hoover dans le \u00AB moratoire Hoover \u00BB, et se termin\u00E8rent \u00E0 la conf\u00E9rence de Lausanne de juillet 1932 qui r\u00E9duisit les r\u00E9parations encore \u00E0 payer par l'Allemagne \u00E0 seulement 5 milliards de marks-or. Environ un huiti\u00E8me des r\u00E9parations d\u00E9cid\u00E9es initialement avait alors \u00E9t\u00E9 pay\u00E9. Les paiements (r\u00E9parations et remboursements de pr\u00EAts) furent suspendus par Hitler pour une dur\u00E9e ind\u00E9finie apr\u00E8s son arriv\u00E9e au pouvoir en 1933. Apr\u00E8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la conf\u00E9rence de Londres de 1953 exigea de l\u2019Allemagne de reprendre le remboursement de l'argent emprunt\u00E9 pour payer les r\u00E9parations, mais aussi les emprunts qui servirent au service de sa dette souveraine, laquelle \u00E9tait colossale avant 1929. La derni\u00E8re tranche de ce remboursement est pay\u00E9e en 2010."@fr . "R\u00E9parations de la Premi\u00E8re Guerre mondiale"@fr . . . "\u062A\u0639\u0648\u064A\u0636\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649"@ar . . . "De Duitse Herstelbetalingen na de Eerste Wereldoorlog zijn de herstelbetalingen die na de Eerste Wereldoorlog aan Duitsland zijn opgelegd, op basis van het Oorlogsschuldartikel 231 van het Verdrag van Versailles. Duur en hoogte van de betalingen werden niet in het verdrag vastgelegd, maar zouden worden vastgesteld door een commissie met een verreikende controlefunctie zonder Duitse deelname. Deze commissie moest het economische vermogen van Duitsland bepalen. Uiteindelijk hebben de herstelbetalingen tot politieke en economische instabiliteit van de eerste Duitse democratie bijgedragen."@nl . . . "\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6226\u306E\u8CE0\u511F\uFF08\u3060\u3044\u3044\u3061\u3058\u305B\u304B\u3044\u305F\u3044\u305B\u3093\u306E\u3070\u3044\u3057\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u3067\u306F\u3001\u7B2C\u4E00\u6B21\u4E16\u754C\u5927\u6226\u5F8C\u306B\u767A\u751F\u3057\u305F\u30C9\u30A4\u30C4\u306A\u3069\u4E2D\u592E\u540C\u76DF\u56FD\u306B\u8AB2\u305B\u3089\u308C\u305F\u6226\u4E89\u8CE0\u511F\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8A18\u8FF0\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . .