. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Amerikansk arbetsr\u00E4tt best\u00E5r av ett antal delstatliga och federala lagar. Den federala lagstiftningen utg\u00F6r grunden f\u00F6r fackliga r\u00E4ttigheter i den privata sektorn, och \u00E5sidos\u00E4tter delstatlig och lokal lagstiftning inom omr\u00E5det. Den federala lagstiftningen erk\u00E4nner \u00E4ven vissa begr\u00E4nsade r\u00E4ttigheter f\u00F6r anst\u00E4llda inom den federala regeringen. Dessa federala lagar g\u00E4ller dock inte anst\u00E4llda inom delstatsregeringarna, jordbruksarbetare eller hush\u00E5llsarbetare; dessa gruppers r\u00E4ttigheter regleras av delstatlig lagstiftning. Blandningen mellan federal och delstatlig lagstiftning \u00E4r \u00E4nnu p\u00E5tagligaer vad g\u00E4ller l\u00F6ner och arbetsmilj\u00F6. Den federala lagstiftningen reglerar minimil\u00F6n och \u00F6vertidsbest\u00E4mmelser f\u00F6r de flesta arbetstagare inom privat och offentlig sektor; delstaterna kan d\u00E4rut\u00F6ver stifta om gener\u00F6sare f\u00F6rh\u00E5llanden. P\u00E5 liknande s\u00E4tt reglerar federal lagstiftning s\u00E4kerheten p\u00E5 arbetsplatsen, men delstaterna kan \u00F6verta det ansvaret och lagstifta om mer detaljerade f\u00F6reskrifter. B\u00E5de federal och delstatlig lagstiftning inneh\u00E5ller regler mot diskriminering i anst\u00E4llningssituationen. Dessa tv\u00E5 lagsystem \u00F6verlappar varandra inom de flesta omr\u00E5den; till exempel till\u00E5ter federal lag delstaterna att stifta lagar mot diskriminering grundat p\u00E5 etnisk tillh\u00F6righet, k\u00F6n, religion, nationalitet och \u00E5lder s\u00E5 l\u00E4nge som dessa lagar inte underskrider det skydd som den federala lagen erbjuder. Den federala lagen f\u00F6regriper dock all eventuell delstatlig lagstiftning g\u00E4llande r\u00E4tten till pension och dylika f\u00F6rm\u00E5ner samt skyddet f\u00F6r arbetstagare att h\u00E4vda dessa r\u00E4ttigheter. USA har inte ratificerat ILO:s konvention 87 om eller konvention 98 om ."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "We are confronted by powerful forces telling us to rely on the good will and understanding of those who profit by exploiting us. They deplore our discontent, they resent our will to organize, so that we may guarantee that humanity will prevail and equality will be exacted. They are shocked that action organizations, sit-ins, civil disobedience, and protests are becoming our everyday tools, just as strikes, demonstrations and union organization became yours to insure that bargaining power genuinely existed on both sides of the table. ..."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "United States labor law"@en . . . . "Arbetsr\u00E4tt i USA"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u2014Martin Luther King Jr., Speech to the Fourth Constitutional Convention AFL\u2013CIO Miami, Florida"@en . . . . "Droit du travail aux \u00C9tats-Unis"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "United States labor law sets the rights and duties for employees, labor unions, and employers in the United States. Labor law's basic aim is to remedy the \"inequality of bargaining power\" between employees and employers, especially employers \"organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association\". Over the 20th century, federal law created minimum social and economic rights, and encouraged state laws to go beyond the minimum to favor employees. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 requires a federal minimum wage, currently $7.25 but higher in 29 states and D.C., and discourages working weeks over 40 hours through time-and-a-half overtime pay. There is no federal law, and few state laws, requiring paid holidays or paid family leave. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 crea"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u064A\u062D\u062F\u062F \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062C\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062D\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629. \u064A\u062A\u0645\u062B\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0629 \u00AB\u0639\u062F\u0645 \u062A\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064A\u0629\u00BB \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062D\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060C \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064A\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u062D\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u063A\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0629\u00BB. \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062F\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062D\u062B\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646\u064E \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u062C\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062F\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064A \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646. \u064A\u062D\u062F\u0651\u062F \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1938 \u062D\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u062F\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A\u060C \u064A\u0628\u0644\u063A \u062D\u0627\u0644\u064A\u064B\u0627 7.25 \u062F\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064A\u0628\u0644\u063A \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064A 29 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0634\u062C\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u062C\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u062F\u0641\u0639\u064E \u0623\u062C\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0648\u062C\u062F \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A \u064A\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0637 \u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F \u0625\u062C\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062A \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062F\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062C\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u062F\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0631\u060C \u0648\u062A\u062A\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u064A\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062C\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064E\u0631\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1993 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u0642 \u0645\u062D\u062F\u0648\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062C\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u062F\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062F\u0629 12 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062E\u0645\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064A\u0633 \u062B\u0645\u0629 \u062D\u0642 \u062A\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0627\u062A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064A \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064B \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0623\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F\u064A\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064A\u062A\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062A\u0623\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u062F\u062E\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1974 \u0648\u062C\u0648\u062F\u064E \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u064A\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062D\u064F\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062A \u062A\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062E\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062D\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u063A\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064A\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062D\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1970 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u062D\u0638\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064D \u0622\u0645\u0646\u064D \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062F\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064F\u063A\u064A\u0629 \u0632\u064A\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0642\u062F\u0631\u062A\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060C \u064A\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629. \u064A\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064A\u062A\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062D\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062D\u062A\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1914 \u062D\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0645\u060C \u0648\u064A\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1935 \u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064B\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0638\u064A\u0645 \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u0644\u062D\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1959\u060C \u062A\u062A\u0642\u064A\u062F \u0625\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062F\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064A\u0629. \u0641\u064A \u062D\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064A\u062F\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629\u064B \u0645\u0627\u060C \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062C\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0650\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u064E \u0628\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u062D\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u064A\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u062A\u062E\u0630 \u0625\u062C\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062A \u062C\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062F\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060C \u0648\u064A\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062A\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628. \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0648\u062C\u062F \u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0625\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062C\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062F\u0631\u062C\u0629\u064D \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0623\u062B\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062F\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0645\u062B\u064A\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u062C\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062F\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062A. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0635\u062F\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1964\u060C \u064A\u062A\u0648\u062C\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0650\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0633\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064A\u00BB. \u062B\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062F \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062A\u062A\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062C\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062A\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1963. \u0648\u0623\u064F\u0636\u064A\u0641\u062A \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062A \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u064B\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u00AB\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u062D\u0645\u064A\u00BB \u0641\u064A \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1967 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1990. \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0648\u062C\u062F \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A \u064A\u062D\u0638\u0631 \u062C\u0645\u064A\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062A 22 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062F\u062F \u0628\u062D\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2016. \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060C \u062A\u062D\u0638\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641\u060C \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641\u060C \u0648\u062A\u062C\u0631\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u0636\u062F \u0641\u0626\u0629\u064D \u0645\u062D\u0645\u064A\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064A\u0633 \u062B\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062A\u062D\u0627\u062F\u064A \u0636\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0633\u0651\u0641\u064A\u060C \u0648\u0644\u064A\u0633 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0623\u064A\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0645\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0629. \u062A\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0639\u0642\u062F\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062A\u0634\u062A\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064A\u064F\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u00AB\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062C\u064A\u0647\u00BB. \u064A\u062A\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062A\u0643\u064A\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u062A\u062F\u0631\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1988 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0647\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0650\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064B\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 60 \u064A\u0648\u0645\u064B\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0645\u0646 %50 \u0623\u0648 \u062B\u0644\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0634\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0645. \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u063A \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062D\u062A\u064A\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062D\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0625\u062F\u0631\u0627\u062C \u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0628\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062F\u0645 \u062A\u0642\u0648\u064A\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062A\u0648\u062D\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0648\u0638\u064A\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . "\u2014Louis Brandeis, Testimony to Commission on Industrial Relations vol 8, 7659\u20137660"@en . . . . . "Le droit du travail aux \u00C9tats-Unis est caract\u00E9ris\u00E9 par son imbrication entre lois f\u00E9d\u00E9rales et lois des \u00C9tats f\u00E9d\u00E9r\u00E9s, ainsi que par la grande flexibilit\u00E9 du march\u00E9 du travail, notamment en mati\u00E8re de licenciement. De fa\u00E7on g\u00E9n\u00E9rale, les lois f\u00E9d\u00E9rales instituent des standards minimums (par exemple en termes de salaire minimum ou de s\u00E9curit\u00E9), les \u00C9tats pouvant imposer des standards plus \u00E9lev\u00E9s (la Californie a par exemple un (en))."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u2014Nicholas Klein, Biennial Convention of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Labor is prior to and independent of capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed. Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration ... The prudent, penniless beginner in the world labors for wages awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land for himself, then labors on his own account another while, and at length hires another new beginner to help him. This is the just and generous and prosperous system which opens the way to all, gives hope to all, and consequent energy and progress and improvement of condition to all. No men living are more worthy to be trusted than those who toil up from poverty; none less inclined to take or touch aught which they have not honestly earned. Let them beware of surrendering a political power which they already possess, and which if surrendered will surely be used to close the door of advancement against such as they and to fix new disabilities and burdens upon them till all of liberty shall be lost."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "right"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "#c6dbf7"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Derecho laboral en Estados Unidos"@es . "\u064A\u062D\u062F\u062F \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062C\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062D\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629. \u064A\u062A\u0645\u062B\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062F\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0629 \u00AB\u0639\u062F\u0645 \u062A\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u064A\u0629\u00BB \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062D\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060C \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064A\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u062D\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062A\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u063A\u064A\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064A\u0629\u00BB. \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062E \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062F\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u062D\u062B\u0651 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0646\u064E \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u062C\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062F\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064A \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062D \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064A\u0646. \u064A\u062D\u062F\u0651\u062F \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064A\u064A\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062F\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1938 \u062D\u062F\u064B\u0627 \u0623\u062F\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062C\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064A\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064A\u060C \u064A\u0628\u0644\u063A \u062D\u0627\u0644\u064A\u064B\u0627 7.25 \u062F\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064B\u0627\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064A\u0628\u0644\u063A \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064A 29 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0634\u062C\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062A\u062C\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062B\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062E\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u062F\u0641\u0639\u064E \u0623\u062C\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "[The International Labour Organization ...] has for its object the establishment of universal peace, and such a peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice ... conditions of labor exist involving such injustice, hardship, and privation to large numbers of people ... and an improvement of those conditions is urgently required: as, for example, by ... a maximum working day and week, the regulation of the labor supply, the prevention of unemployment, the provision of an adequate living wage, the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment, the protection of children, young persons and women, provision for old age and injury, protection of the interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own, recognition of the principle of freedom of association, the organization of vocational and technical education ..."@en . . "... my friends, after this war, there will be a great unemployment problem. The munition plants will be closed and useless, and millions of munitions workers will be thrown out upon the market... First they ignore you. Then they ridicule you. And then they attack you and want to burn you. And then they build monuments to you. And that is what is going to happen to the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. And I say, courage to the strikers, and courage to the delegates, because great times are coming, stressful days are here, and I hope your hearts will be strong, and I hope you will be one hundred per cent union when it comes!"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El derecho laboral en Estados Unidos es una colecci\u00F3n heterog\u00E9nea de leyes federales y estatales. La ley federal no solo fija las bases que determinan los derechos de los trabajadores a sindicalizarse en el sector privado, pero tambi\u00E9n invalidan la mayor parte de las leyes locales y estatales que quieran regular esta \u00E1rea. La ley federal tambi\u00E9n provee de derechos m\u00E1s limitados a empleados del gobierno federal. Estas leyes federales, no obstante, no aplican a empleados de y municipales, agricultores o empleados dom\u00E9sticos; cualquier protecci\u00F3n legal que tengan estos trabajadores proviene de la ley estatal. El patr\u00F3n es menos claro en el \u00E1rea de salarios y condiciones de trabajo. La ley federal establece un salario m\u00EDnimo y derecho a horas extra en la mayor parte de los trabajadores tanto del sector p\u00FAblico como el privado; la ley estatal y municipal pueden proveer derechos m\u00E1s abarcadores. Similarmente, la ley federal provee garant\u00EDas m\u00EDnimas de seguridad en el sitio de trabajo, pero permite a los estados tomar esas responsabilidades y aplicar regulaciones m\u00E1s estrictas. Finalmente, tanto la ley federal como la estatal protegen a los trabajadores de . En la mayor parte de las \u00E1reas, estos dos cuerpos legales coinciden; por ejemplo, la ley federal permite que los estados promulguen sus propios estatutos que prevengan toda discriminaci\u00F3n basada en raza, g\u00E9nero, religi\u00F3n, nacionalidad y edad, en tanto y en cuanto la ley estatal no otorgue menos protecciones que lo que har\u00EDa la ley federal. Por otra parte, la ley federal excluye a la mayor parte de los estatutos estatales que previnieran a los empleadores de discriminar empleados para prevenir que estos obtuvieran pensiones u otros beneficios, o de por tomar represalias contra ellos por hacer valer estos derechos. El Congreso de los Estados Unidos no ha ratificado el Convenio de la Organizaci\u00F3n Internacional del Trabajo sobre la libertad sindical y la protecci\u00F3n del derecho de sindicaci\u00F3n de 1948, o el Convenio del derecho de sindicalizaci\u00F3n y negociaci\u00F3n colectiva de 1949."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . "... while there are many contributing causes to unrest ... one cause ... is fundamental. That is the necessary conflict\u2014the contrast between our political liberty and our industrial absolutism. We are as free politically, perhaps, as free as it is possible for us to be. ... On the other hand, in dealing with industrial problems, the position of the ordinary worker is exactly the reverse. The individual employee has no effective voice or vote. And the main objection, as I see it, to the very large corporation is, that it makes possible\u2014and in many cases makes inevitable\u2014the exercise of industrial absolutism. ... The social justice for which we are striving is an incident of our democracy, not its main end ... the end for which we must strive is the attainment of rule by the people, and that involves industrial democracy as well as political democracy."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Amerikansk arbetsr\u00E4tt best\u00E5r av ett antal delstatliga och federala lagar. Den federala lagstiftningen utg\u00F6r grunden f\u00F6r fackliga r\u00E4ttigheter i den privata sektorn, och \u00E5sidos\u00E4tter delstatlig och lokal lagstiftning inom omr\u00E5det. Den federala lagstiftningen erk\u00E4nner \u00E4ven vissa begr\u00E4nsade r\u00E4ttigheter f\u00F6r anst\u00E4llda inom den federala regeringen. Dessa federala lagar g\u00E4ller dock inte anst\u00E4llda inom delstatsregeringarna, jordbruksarbetare eller hush\u00E5llsarbetare; dessa gruppers r\u00E4ttigheter regleras av delstatlig lagstiftning."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Le droit du travail aux \u00C9tats-Unis est caract\u00E9ris\u00E9 par son imbrication entre lois f\u00E9d\u00E9rales et lois des \u00C9tats f\u00E9d\u00E9r\u00E9s, ainsi que par la grande flexibilit\u00E9 du march\u00E9 du travail, notamment en mati\u00E8re de licenciement. De fa\u00E7on g\u00E9n\u00E9rale, les lois f\u00E9d\u00E9rales instituent des standards minimums (par exemple en termes de salaire minimum ou de s\u00E9curit\u00E9), les \u00C9tats pouvant imposer des standards plus \u00E9lev\u00E9s (la Californie a par exemple un (en)). Les \u00C9tats-Unis n'ont pas ratifi\u00E9 la Convention sur la libert\u00E9 syndicale et la protection du droit syndical de 1948 ni la Convention n\u00B0 98 sur le droit d'organisation et de n\u00E9gociation collective de 1949, toutes deux faisant partie des huit conventions fondamentales de l'Organisation internationale du travail (OIT)."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "297394"^^ . . . . . "1075686"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1123597098"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u2014Abraham Lincoln, First Annual Message"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u2014Versailles Treaty of 1919 Part XIII"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "United States labor law sets the rights and duties for employees, labor unions, and employers in the United States. Labor law's basic aim is to remedy the \"inequality of bargaining power\" between employees and employers, especially employers \"organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association\". Over the 20th century, federal law created minimum social and economic rights, and encouraged state laws to go beyond the minimum to favor employees. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 requires a federal minimum wage, currently $7.25 but higher in 29 states and D.C., and discourages working weeks over 40 hours through time-and-a-half overtime pay. There is no federal law, and few state laws, requiring paid holidays or paid family leave. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 creates a limited right to 12 weeks of unpaid leave in larger employers. There is no automatic right to an occupational pension beyond federally guaranteed Social Security, but the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 requires standards of prudent management and good governance if employers agree to provide pensions, health plans or other benefits. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 requires employees have a safe system of work. A contract of employment can always create better terms than statutory minimum rights. But to increase their bargaining power to get better terms, employees organize labor unions for collective bargaining. The Clayton Act of 1914 guarantees all people the right to organize, and the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 creates rights for most employees to organize without detriment through unfair labor practices. Under the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, labor union governance follows democratic principles. If a majority of employees in a workplace support a union, employing entities have a duty to bargain in good faith. Unions can take collective action to defend their interests, including withdrawing their labor on strike. There are not yet general rights to directly participate in enterprise governance, but many employees and unions have experimented with securing influence through pension funds, and representation on corporate boards. Since the Civil Rights Act of 1964, all employing entities and labor unions have a duty to treat employees equally, without discrimination based on \"race, color, religion, sex, or national origin\". There are separate rules for sex discrimination in pay under the Equal Pay Act of 1963. Additional groups with \"protected status\" were added by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. There is no federal law banning all sexual orientation or identity discrimination, but 22 states had passed laws by 2016. These equality laws generally prevent discrimination in hiring, terms of employment, and make discharge because of a protected characteristic unlawful. There is no federal law against unjust discharge, and most states also have no law with full protection against wrongful termination of employment. Collective agreements made by labor unions and some individual contracts require people are only discharged for a \"just cause\". The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 requires employing entities give 60 days notice if more than 50 or one third of the workforce may lose their jobs. Federal law has aimed to reach full employment through monetary policy and spending on infrastructure. Trade policy has attempted to put labor rights in international agreements, to ensure open markets in a global economy do not undermine fair and full employment."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "25"^^ . . . "26"^^ . "El derecho laboral en Estados Unidos es una colecci\u00F3n heterog\u00E9nea de leyes federales y estatales. La ley federal no solo fija las bases que determinan los derechos de los trabajadores a sindicalizarse en el sector privado, pero tambi\u00E9n invalidan la mayor parte de las leyes locales y estatales que quieran regular esta \u00E1rea. La ley federal tambi\u00E9n provee de derechos m\u00E1s limitados a empleados del gobierno federal. Estas leyes federales, no obstante, no aplican a empleados de y municipales, agricultores o empleados dom\u00E9sticos; cualquier protecci\u00F3n legal que tengan estos trabajadores proviene de la ley estatal."@es . . . . . . "20"^^ . "22"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .