. . . . . . . . . . "27685"^^ . . . . . . . "\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438"@ru . . . . . . . . . . "1095214117"^^ . "Co\u00FBt de transaction"@fr . . "\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u0301\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0301\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. transaction cost) \u2014 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044B, \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432 (\u0432 \u0442\u043E\u043C \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043C\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432); \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438, \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0442\u043E\u0432. \u0412\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442 \u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044B \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043A: \n* \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u043A\u0438 \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \n* \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439, \n* \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044F, \n* \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438 \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044B \u0432\u044B\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0430. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438."@ru . . . . . . "Coste de transacci\u00F3n"@es . . . . . "\u5728\u7D93\u6FDF\u5B78\u548C\u76F8\u95DC\u5B78\u79D1\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ATransaction cost\uFF09\u662F\u6307\u53C3\u8207\u5E02\u5834\u6642\u9032\u884C\u4EFB\u4F55\u7D93\u6FDF\u4EA4\u6613\u7684\u6210\u672C\u3002 \u5965\u5229\u5F17\u00B7\u5A01\u5EC9\u59C6\u68EE\uFF08Oliver E. Williamson\uFF09\u5C07\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u5B9A\u7FA9\u70BA\u904B\u884C\u4E00\u500B\u516C\u53F8\u7D93\u6FDF\u7CFB\u7D71\u7684\u6210\u672C\uFF0C\u8207\u751F\u7522\u6210\u672C\u4E0D\u540C\uFF0C\u6C7A\u7B56\u8005\u901A\u904E\u8861\u91CF\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u548C\u751F\u7522\u6210\u672C\u4F86\u78BA\u5B9A\u516C\u53F8\u7684\u6230\u7565\u3002\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u662F\u9032\u884C\u4EA4\u6613\u7684\u7E3D\u6210\u672C\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u8A08\u5283\u3001\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3001\u6539\u8B8A\u8A08\u5283\u3001\u89E3\u6C7A\u7CFE\u7D1B\u548C\u552E\u5F8C\u7684\u6210\u672C\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u662F\u4F01\u696D\u7D93\u71DF\u7BA1\u7406\u4E2D\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u56E0\u7D20\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 \u9053\u683C\u62C9\u65AF\u00B7\u8AFE\u65AF\uFF08Douglass C. North\uFF09\u8A8D\u70BA\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u88AB\u7406\u89E3\u70BA\u793E\u6703\u4E2D\u7684\u4E00\u5957\u898F\u5247\uFF0C\u662F\u6C7A\u5B9A\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u7684\u95DC\u9375\u3002\u5F9E\u9019\u500B\u610F\u7FA9\u4E0A\u8AAA\uFF0C\u4FC3\u9032\u4F4E\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u7684\u6A5F\u69CB\u53EF\u4EE5\u4FC3\u9032\u7D93\u6FDF\u589E\u9577\u3002 \u8AFE\u65AF\u4E5F\u6307\u51FA\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u6709\u56DB\u500B\u56E0\u7D20\uFF1A\u201C\u8861\u91CF\u201D\u3001\u201C\u57F7\u884C\u201D\u3001\u201C\u610F\u8B58\u5F62\u614B\u614B\u5EA6\u548C\u770B\u6CD5\u201D\u4EE5\u53CA\u201C\u5E02\u5834\u898F\u6A21\u201D\u3002 \u8A08\u91CF\u662F\u6307\u5C0D\u4EA4\u6613\u4E2D\u6D89\u53CA\u7684\u5546\u54C1\u6216\u670D\u52D9\u7684\u5404\u500B\u65B9\u9762\u7684\u50F9\u503C\u7684\u8A08\u7B97\u3002 \u5F37\u5236\u57F7\u884C\u53EF\u4EE5\u88AB\u5B9A\u7FA9\u70BA\u9700\u8981\u4E00\u500B\u516C\u6B63\u7684\u7B2C\u4E09\u65B9\u4F86\u78BA\u4FDD\u4EA4\u6613\u4E2D\u7684\u4EFB\u4F55\u4E00\u65B9\u90FD\u4E0D\u6703\u9055\u80CC\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u4EA4\u6613\u3002 \u524D\u5169\u500B\u56E0\u7D20\u51FA\u73FE\u5728\u610F\u8B58\u5F62\u614B\u614B\u5EA6\u548C\u89C0\u5FF5\u7684\u6982\u5FF5\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5373\u8AFE\u65AF\u7684\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u7684\u7B2C\u4E09\u500B\u65B9\u9762\u3002 \u610F\u8B58\u5F62\u614B\u614B\u5EA6\u548C\u89C0\u5FF5\u6982\u62EC\u4E86\u6BCF\u500B\u4EBA\u7684\u50F9\u503C\u89C0\uFF0C\u9019\u5F71\u97FF\u4E86\u4ED6\u5011\u5C0D\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u89E3\u91CB\u3002\u8AFE\u65AF\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u7684\u6700\u5F8C\u4E00\u500B\u65B9\u9762\u662F\u5E02\u5834\u898F\u6A21\uFF0C\u5B83\u5F71\u97FF\u4EA4\u6613\u7684\u504F\u5411\u6027\u6216\u516C\u6B63\u6027\u3002 \u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u53EF\u5206\u70BA\u4E09\u5927\u985E\uFF1A \n* \u641C\u7D22\u548C\u8CC7\u8A0A\u6210\u672C\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ASearch and information costs\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u6307\u8017\u7528\u65BC\u5224\u5B9A\u6240\u9700\u5546\u54C1\uFF08\u6216\u7269\u8CC7\uFF09\u5728\u5E02\u5834\u4E0A\u662F\u5426\u53EF\u53D6\u5F97\u3001\u4F55\u8005\u50F9\u683C\u6700\u4F4E\u7B49\u4E4B\u6210\u672C\u3002 \n* \u8AC7\u5224\u548C\u6C7A\u7B56\u6210\u672C\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ABargaining and decision costs\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u8207\u4EA4\u6613\u7684\u53E6\u4E00\u65B9\u9054\u6210\u53EF\u63A5\u53D7\u7684\u5354\u8B70\u3001\u5236\u5B9A\u9069\u7576\u7684\u5408\u540C\u7B49\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6210\u672C\u3002\u5728\u535A\u5F08\u8AD6\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4F8B\u5982\u5728\u81BD\u5C0F\u9B3C\u535A\u5F08\u4E2D\u5C0D\u6B64\u9032\u884C\u4E86\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5728\u8CC7\u7522\u5E02\u5834\u548C\u7D44\u7E54\u7D93\u6FDF\u5B78\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1Aorganizational economics\uFF09\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u662F\u4F9B\u6C42\u8DDD\u96E2\u7684\u67D0\u7A2E\u51FD\u6578\u3002 \n* \u76E3\u7BA1\u548C\u57F7\u6CD5\u6210\u672C\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1APolicing and enforcement costs\uFF09\uFF0C\u662F\u78BA\u4FDD\u53E6\u4E00\u65B9\u9075\u5B88\u5408\u540C\u689D\u6B3E\uFF0C\u4E26\u5728\u5C0D\u65B9\u9055\u80CC\u689D\u6B3E\u7684\u60C5\u6CC1\u4E0B\u63A1\u53D6\u9069\u7576\u884C\u52D5\uFF08\u901A\u5E38\u900F\u904E\u6CD5\u5F8B\u5236\u5EA6\uFF09\u7684\u6210\u672C\u3002 \u4F8B\u5982\uFF0C\u4E8C\u624B\u8ECA\u7684\u8CFC\u8CB7\u8005\u9762\u81E8\u8457\u5404\u7A2E\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u3002\u641C\u7D22\u6210\u672C\u662F\u5C0B\u627E\u6C7D\u8ECA\u548C\u78BA\u5B9A\u6C7D\u8ECA\u72C0\u6CC1\u7684\u6210\u672C\u3002\u8B70\u50F9\u6210\u672C\u662F\u8207\u8CE3\u65B9\u8AC7\u5224\u50F9\u683C\u7684\u6210\u672C\u3002\u76E3\u7BA1\u548C\u57F7\u6CD5\u6210\u672C\u662F\u78BA\u4FDD\u8CE3\u65B9\u5728\u627F\u8AFE\u7684\u689D\u4EF6\u4E0B\u4EA4\u4ED8\u6C7D\u8ECA\u7684\u6210\u672C\u3002"@zh . . "Un co\u00FBt de transaction est un co\u00FBt li\u00E9 \u00E0 un \u00E9change \u00E9conomique, plus pr\u00E9cis\u00E9ment une transaction sur le march\u00E9. Ce co\u00FBt n'est pas pris en compte dans le cadre de la concurrence pure et parfaite. Il peut \u00EAtre direct (commission de bourse) ou indirect (co\u00FBt de prospection, temps et effort pass\u00E9s \u00E0 la n\u00E9gociation et \u00E0 la v\u00E9rification de la transaction...). On peut le d\u00E9finir de mani\u00E8re g\u00E9n\u00E9rique comme l'ensemble des co\u00FBts engendr\u00E9s par la coordination entre les agents ainsi que les co\u00FBts qui limitent la coordination entre les agents. Il peut s'agir par exemple des co\u00FBts li\u00E9s \u00E0 l'incertitude qui requiert que l'agent s'informe avant de r\u00E9aliser une transaction \u00E9conomique. Il peut s'agir \u00E9galement des co\u00FBts li\u00E9s \u00E0 la n\u00E9gociation et \u00E0 la r\u00E9daction d'un contrat. L'id\u00E9e d'un co\u00FBt du syst\u00E8me de prix a \u00E9t\u00E9 \u00E9voqu\u00E9e pour la premi\u00E8re fois par l'\u00E9conomiste Ronald Coase, dans son article The Nature of the Firm (1937). Il explique que : \u00AB Lorsque l\u2019on souhaite op\u00E9rer une transaction sur un march\u00E9, il est n\u00E9cessaire de rechercher son ou ses contractants, de leur apporter certaines informations n\u00E9cessaires et de poser les conditions du contrat, de conduire les n\u00E9gociations instaurant ainsi un v\u00E9ritable march\u00E9, de conclure le contrat, de mettre en place une structure de contr\u00F4le des prestations respectives des obligations des parties, etc. \u00BB. L'ensemble des co\u00FBts induits par ces actions forment les co\u00FBts de transaction. Carl J. Dahlman les regroupe en trois cat\u00E9gories : 1. \n* \u00AB co\u00FBts de recherche et d\u2019information \u00BB : prospection, comparaison du rapport qualit\u00E9/prix des diff\u00E9rentes prestations propos\u00E9es, \u00E9tude de march\u00E9 etc. 2. \n* \u00AB co\u00FBts de n\u00E9gociation et de d\u00E9cision \u00BB : r\u00E9daction et conclusion d'un contrat etc. 3. \n* \u00AB co\u00FBts de surveillance et d\u2019ex\u00E9cution \u00BB : contr\u00F4le de la qualit\u00E9 de la prestation, v\u00E9rification de la livraison etc. Ce concept permet d'expliquer, selon Coase, pourquoi toutes les transactions ne sont pas des transactions de march\u00E9, et, par l\u00E0-m\u00EAme, l'existence d'entreprises ou firmes, qui peuvent limiter efficacement ces co\u00FBts en imposant la coop\u00E9ration entre employ\u00E9s. C'est n\u00E9anmoins \u00E0 John Kenneth Arrow qu'on doit l'expression \u00AB co\u00FBt de transaction \u00BB. Et c'est Oliver Williamson qui va d\u00E9velopper et formaliser l'approche des organisations \u00E9conomiques par leur biais au sein de ce qu'on appelle justement la th\u00E9orie des co\u00FBts de transaction. La th\u00E9orie de Coase du co\u00FBt de transaction revient dans l'actualit\u00E9 avec le d\u00E9veloppement de l'internet et des r\u00E9seaux de communication. Ceux-ci font baisser drastiquement les co\u00FBts de transaction. Don Tapscott et Anthony Williams dans leur livre Wikinomics (Portfolio, 2006) lui consacrent une section. Alors que du temps de Ronald Coase, les co\u00FBts de transaction justifiaient la cr\u00E9ation d'entreprises g\u00E9rant la totalit\u00E9 du cycle de vie des produits, leur r\u00E9duction consid\u00E9rable par l'Internet conduit les deux auteurs \u00E0 proposer une reformulation de la loi de Coase : \u00AB Aujourd'hui les entreprises doivent r\u00E9duire leur voilure (traduction interpr\u00E9t\u00E9e de shrink) jusqu'\u00E0 ce que les co\u00FBts de r\u00E9alisation en interne ne d\u00E9passent plus les co\u00FBts de r\u00E9alisation \u00E0 l'ext\u00E9rieur \u00BB. Il suffit de regarder ce qui se passe dans la sph\u00E8re des logiciels libres, mais aussi dans l'externalisation de beaucoup de t\u00E2ches dans les entreprises pour s'en convaincre."@fr . . . . . . . . "Transaktionskosten sind diejenigen Kosten, die durch die Benutzung des Marktes (englisch market transaction costs), also im Zusammenhang mit der Transaktion von Verf\u00FCgungsrechten (z. B. Kauf, Verkauf, Miete), oder einer innerbetrieblichen Hierarchie (englisch managerial transaction costs) entstehen. Die Transaktionskostentheorie besagt, dass bei jeder Transaktion auch Transaktionskosten anfallen. Die Transaktionskostentheorie ist ein elementarer Bestandteil der neuen Institutionen\u00F6konomik."@de . "\uAC70\uB798 \uBE44\uC6A9(\u53BB\u4F86\u8CBB\u7528, transaction cost)\uC740 \uC5B4\uB5A0\uD55C \uC7AC\uD654 \uB610\uB294 \uC11C\uBE44\uC2A4 \uB4F1\uC744 \uAC70\uB798\uD558\uB294 \uB370 \uC218\uBC18\uB418\uB294 \uBE44\uC6A9\uC774\uB2E4. \uB2E4\uB978 \uB9D0\uB85C \uD558\uBA74, \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC5D0 \uCC38\uC5EC\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uB4DC\uB294 \uBE44\uC6A9\uC774\uB77C \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uAC00\uCE58\uC758 \uAC00\uACA9\uBFD0 \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uAC70\uB798 \uC804\uC5D0 \uD544\uC694\uD55C \uC815\uBCF4\uC218\uC9D1\uB2E8\uACC4, \uD611\uC0C1\uB2E8\uACC4, \uACC4\uC57D\uC774 \uC900\uC218\uD558\uB294 \uB370 \uD544\uC694\uD55C \uBE44\uC6A9, \uCC98\uC74C \uACC4\uC57D\uC758 \uBD88\uC644\uC804\uC73C\uB85C \uC778\uD55C \uBE44\uC6A9\uB4F1 \uC804\uCCB4\uC801\uC778 \uBA74\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uBE44\uC6A9\uC744 \uBAA8\uB450 \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C\uB2E4. 1937\uB144 \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C\uD559\uC790 \uAC00 \uAE30\uC5C5\uC758 \uC870\uC9C1\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC124\uBA85\uC5D0\uC11C \uC678\uC801 \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uAC70\uB798\uC640 \uB0B4\uC801 \uAC70\uB798\uC758 \uD6A8\uC6A9\uC131 \uBE44\uAD50\uB97C \uC704\uD55C \uAC1C\uB150\uC778 \uCF54\uC6B0\uC988\uC758 \uBC95\uCE59\uC5D0\uC11C \uCC98\uC74C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uC8FC\uC2DD\uC2DC\uC7A5\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uD68C\uC0AC\uC758 \uC8FC\uC2DD\uC744 \uAC70\uB798\uD560 \uB54C\uC5D0 \uC8FC\uC2DD\uC911\uAC1C\uC778\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC911\uAC1C\uB8CC\uB97C \uC9C0\uBD88\uD558\uB294\uB370 \uC774\uAC83\uC774 \uC8FC\uC2DD\uAC70\uB798\uC758 \uAC70\uB798\uBE44\uC6A9\uC774 \uB41C\uB2E4. \uC774 \uAC1C\uB150\uC744 \uBC14\uD0D5\uC73C\uB85C \uAC70\uB798\uBE44\uC6A9\uACBD\uC81C\uD559(Transaction Cost Economics;TCE)\uAC00 \uB4F1\uC7A5\uD558\uC600\uB294\uB370 \uC774\uB294 (New Institutional Economics;NIE)\uC758 \uD55C \uBD84\uB958\uB85C\uC11C \uC774\uB860\uC801 \uD575\uC2EC \uB0B4\uC6A9\uC774 \uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC774\uC678\uC5D0 \uAC8C\uC784\uC774\uB860, \uC815\uBCF4\uC774\uB860\uB3C4 \uD568\uAED8 \uC774 \uACBD\uC81C\uD559\uC758 \uBC14\uD0D5\uC744 \uC774\uB8E8\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC774 \uACBD\uC81C\uD559\uC758 \uD2B9\uC9D5\uC740 \uC81C\uB3C4, \uC870\uC9C1\uC758 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uACFC \uACBD\uC81C\uC801 \uD6A8\uC775\uC744 \uAC1C\uC778\uC758 \uD569\uB9AC\uC801 \uD589\uC704\uC640 \uB178\uB825\uC73C\uB85C \uC124\uBA85\uD55C\uB2E4\uB294 \uC810\uC774\uB2E4. \uC774\uB7EC\uD55C \uAD00\uC810\uC5D0\uC11C \uD0DC\uCD08\uC5D0 \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC774 \uBA3C\uC800 \uC788\uC5C8\uACE0 \uC774 \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC5D0\uC11C \uAC70\uB798 \uBE44\uC6A9\uC744 \uC904\uC774\uAE30 \uC704\uD55C \uBCF4\uB2E4 \uD6A8\uC728\uC801\uC778 \uAC70\uB798\uB97C \uC704\uD574 \uAE30\uC5C5\uC774 \uC0DD\uAE30\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4\uB77C\uACE0 \uC124\uBA85\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC 1990\uB144\uB300 \uC774\uD6C4\uC758 \uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uC6F9\uAE30\uBC18 \uACBD\uC81C\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uAC70\uB798 \uBE44\uC6A9\uC5D0\uC11C \uD601\uC2E0\uC744 \uC774\uB8EC \uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uD615\uD0DC\uC758 \uAE30\uC5C5\uACFC \uC6C0\uC9C1\uC784\uC774 \uB098\uD0C0\uB098\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC83\uC740 \uB514\uC9C0\uD138 \uAE30\uC220\uC758 \uBC1C\uC804\uACFC \uC6F9 \uCEE4\uBBA4\uB2C8\uD2F0\uC758 \uBC1C\uC804\uB4F1\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uAC70\uB798\uB97C \uC774\uB8E8\uB294 \uBC29\uBC95\uACFC \uBE44\uC6A9\uC774 \uD604\uC800\uD788 \uBCC0\uD654\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4 MP3\uC758 \uB4F1\uC7A5\uACFC \uC628\uB77C\uC778 \uC74C\uC545 \uAC70\uB798\uC2DC\uC7A5\uACFC \uBD88\uBC95\uBCF5\uC81C\uB85C \uC778\uD55C \uC74C\uC545\uC2DC\uC7A5\uC758 \uBCC0\uD654\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . "Si fa solitamente risalire la nascita dell'economia dei costi di transazione a Coase, ma questa teoria \u00E8 diventata nota negli anni ottanta per via del lavoro di Williamson. Mentre la microeconomia classica prende l'impresa come una scatola nera (\"black box\"), la teoria dei costi di transazione, assieme ad altre teorie nate gi\u00E0 negli anni cinquanta, nasce per cercare di capire come le imprese si organizzano al loro interno, e in particolar modo si concentra sulla dualit\u00E0 tra gerarchia (insieme delle regole formali che definiscono procedure e meccanismi di funzionamento proprie di una qualunque istituzione anche privata come l'azienda) e mercato (libert\u00E0 di iniziativa lasciata ai singoli di agire anche se spinti dall'individualismo)."@it . "Koszty transakcyjne (ang. transaction cost) \u2013 koszty koordynacji dzia\u0142alno\u015Bci przedsi\u0119biorstwa wynikaj\u0105ce ze wsp\u00F3\u0142dzia\u0142ania wielu podmiot\u00F3w gospodarczych na rynku. Poj\u0119cie wprowadzone przez Ronalda Coase, a rozwini\u0119te przez Olivera Williamsona w . Koszty te mo\u017Cna podzieli\u0107 na nast\u0119puj\u0105ce grupy: Koszty transakcyjne przeciwstawia si\u0119 kosztom koordynacji dzia\u0142alno\u015Bci za pomoc\u0105 hierarchii. Przedsi\u0119biorstwo ma sens wtedy, kiedy w ramach swojej struktury potrafi taniej koordynowa\u0107 dzia\u0142alno\u015B\u0107, ni\u017C gdyby transakcje odbywa\u0142y si\u0119 bezpo\u015Brednio na rynku."@pl . . . . "2016-03-03"^^ . . . . . 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"Transactiekosten zijn de die moeten worden gemaakt om tot een te komen. Dit kan betrekking hebben op de economische markt, maar ook in de politiek en binnen organisaties hanteert men dit begrip. De transactiekostentheorie is een belangrijk onderdeel van de economische denkrichting die nieuwe institutionele economie wordt genoemd, als aanvulling op de neoklassieke economische theorie. In de economie betreft het de kosten boven op de prijs van het product. Binnen de neoklassieke economische theorie wordt alleen rekening gehouden met de prijs van het product zelf en wordt verondersteld dat men volledig rationeel handelt, dat iedereen winstmaximalisatie nastreeft en dat alle partijen beschikken over alle relevante informatie. Coase zag transactiekosten als de kosten voor het gebruik van de markt. Juist doordat niet elke partij over volledige informatie beschikt, treden deze kosten op en ontstaat er een rol voor het bedrijf, een rol die niet duidelijk volgt uit de neoklassieke theorie. De theorie werd uitgebreid door Williamson, volgens welke de kosten voortvloeien uit onzekerheid en opportunisme waarbij ook beperkte rationaliteit een rol speelt. In veel transacties heeft een van de partijen daardoor een informatievoorsprong. North breidde het begrip verder uit door niet elke individuele transactie te beschouwen, maar het raamwerk van instituties dat transactiekosten verlaagt of juist verhoogt. Binnen de ontwikkelingseconomie wordt daarmee duidelijk hoe het kan dat bepaalde landen een grotere economische groei kennen dan anderen."@nl . . . . . "In economics and related disciplines, a transaction cost is a cost in making any economic trade when participating in a market. Oliver E. Williamson defines transaction costs as the costs of running an economic system of companies, and unlike production costs, decision-makers determine strategies of companies by measuring transaction costs and production costs. Transaction costs are the total costs of making a transaction, including the cost of planning, deciding, changing plans, resolving disputes, and after-sales. Therefore, the transaction cost is one of the most significant factors in business operation and management."@en . "\u53D6\u5F15\u30B3\u30B9\u30C8\uFF08\u3068\u308A\u3072\u304D\u3053\u3059\u3068\u3001\u82F1: transaction cost\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5E02\u5834\u306B\u53C2\u52A0\u3057\u3066\u7D4C\u6E08\u53D6\u5F15\u3092\u884C\u3046\u969B\u306B\u304B\u304B\u308B\u8CBB\u7528\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3001\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u5206\u91CE\u306E\u7528\u8A9E\u3002\u91D1\u878D\u5546\u54C1\u3092\u58F2\u8CB7\u3057\u305F\u308A\u4EE3\u91D1\u3092\u53E3\u5EA7\u632F\u8FBC\u3059\u308B\u969B\u306B\u304B\u304B\u308B\u91D1\u878D\u6A5F\u95A2\u7B49\u306E\u624B\u6570\u6599\u304C\u305D\u306E\u4E00\u4F8B\u3060\u304C\u3001\u8CFC\u5165\u5546\u54C1\u3092\u898B\u5B9A\u3081\u308B\u52B4\u529B\u3084\u624B\u9593\u3001\u76F8\u624B\u3068\u306E\u4FA1\u683C\u4EA4\u6E09\u306A\u3069\u3082\u53D6\u5F15\u30B3\u30B9\u30C8\u306B\u3042\u305F\u308B\u3002"@ja . "\u53D6\u5F15\u30B3\u30B9\u30C8"@ja . . 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"Transaktionskostnad"@sv . . "\u53D6\u5F15\u30B3\u30B9\u30C8\uFF08\u3068\u308A\u3072\u304D\u3053\u3059\u3068\u3001\u82F1: transaction cost\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u5E02\u5834\u306B\u53C2\u52A0\u3057\u3066\u7D4C\u6E08\u53D6\u5F15\u3092\u884C\u3046\u969B\u306B\u304B\u304B\u308B\u8CBB\u7528\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3001\u7D4C\u6E08\u5B66\u5206\u91CE\u306E\u7528\u8A9E\u3002\u91D1\u878D\u5546\u54C1\u3092\u58F2\u8CB7\u3057\u305F\u308A\u4EE3\u91D1\u3092\u53E3\u5EA7\u632F\u8FBC\u3059\u308B\u969B\u306B\u304B\u304B\u308B\u91D1\u878D\u6A5F\u95A2\u7B49\u306E\u624B\u6570\u6599\u304C\u305D\u306E\u4E00\u4F8B\u3060\u304C\u3001\u8CFC\u5165\u5546\u54C1\u3092\u898B\u5B9A\u3081\u308B\u52B4\u529B\u3084\u624B\u9593\u3001\u76F8\u624B\u3068\u306E\u4FA1\u683C\u4EA4\u6E09\u306A\u3069\u3082\u53D6\u5F15\u30B3\u30B9\u30C8\u306B\u3042\u305F\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u0301\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0301\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. transaction cost) \u2014 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044B, \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432 (\u0432 \u0442\u043E\u043C \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0440\u044B\u043D\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043C\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432); \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438, \u0441\u043E\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043C\u043E\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F 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\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043A\u0438 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0438\u0437 \u0446\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0438\u043A\u0438."@ru . "\u062A\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062A"@ar . . . . "\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438"@uk . . . . "These individual actions are really trans-actions instead of either individual behavior or the \"exchange\" of commodities. It is this shift from commodities and individuals to transactions and working rules of collective action that marks the transition from the classical and hedonic schools to the institutional schools of economic thinking. The shift is a change in the ultimate unit of economic investigation. The classic and hedonic economists, with their communistic and anarchistic offshoots, founded their theories on the relation of man to nature, but institutionalism is a relation of man to man. The smallest unit of the classic economists was a commodity produced by labor. The smallest unit of the hedonic economists was the same or similar commodity enjoyed by ultimate consumers. One was the objective side, the other the subjective side, of the same relation between the individual and the forces of nature. The outcome, in either case, was the materialistic metaphor of an automatic equilibrium, analogous to the waves of the ocean, but personified as \"seeking their level\". But the smallest unit of the institutional economists is a unit of activity \u2013 a transaction, with its participants. Transactions intervene between the labor of the classic economists and the pleasures of the hedonic economists, simply because it is society that controls access to the forces of nature, and transactions are, not the \"exchange of commodities\", but the alienation and acquisition, between individuals, of the rights of property and liberty created by society, which must therefore be negotiated between the parties concerned before labor can produce, or consumers can consume, or commodities be physically exchanged\"."@en . . "Koszty transakcyjne (ang. transaction cost) \u2013 koszty koordynacji dzia\u0142alno\u015Bci przedsi\u0119biorstwa wynikaj\u0105ce ze wsp\u00F3\u0142dzia\u0142ania wielu podmiot\u00F3w gospodarczych na rynku. Poj\u0119cie wprowadzone przez Ronalda Coase, a rozwini\u0119te przez Olivera Williamsona w . Koszty te mo\u017Cna podzieli\u0107 na nast\u0119puj\u0105ce grupy: \n* koszty gromadzenia informacji o rynku badanie rynku, poszukiwanie ofert, analiza popytu i poda\u017Cy itp., \n* koszty zarz\u0105dzania i zawierania kontrakt\u00F3w \u2013 koszty negocjacji, koszty proceduralne, koszty tworzenia rezerw, \n* koszty kontroli \u2013 koszty monitorowania i realizacji kontrakt\u00F3w, straty wynikaj\u0105ce z nieudanych transakcji i zmarnowanych szans. Koszty transakcyjne przeciwstawia si\u0119 kosztom koordynacji dzia\u0142alno\u015Bci za pomoc\u0105 hierarchii. Przedsi\u0119biorstwo ma sens wtedy, kiedy w ramach swojej struktury potrafi taniej koordynowa\u0107 dzia\u0142alno\u015B\u0107, ni\u017C gdyby transakcje odbywa\u0142y si\u0119 bezpo\u015Brednio na rynku."@pl . "\uAC70\uB798 \uBE44\uC6A9"@ko . . "Un co\u00FBt de transaction est un co\u00FBt li\u00E9 \u00E0 un \u00E9change \u00E9conomique, plus pr\u00E9cis\u00E9ment une transaction sur le march\u00E9. Ce co\u00FBt n'est pas pris en compte dans le cadre de la concurrence pure et parfaite. Il peut \u00EAtre direct (commission de bourse) ou indirect (co\u00FBt de prospection, temps et effort pass\u00E9s \u00E0 la n\u00E9gociation et \u00E0 la v\u00E9rification de la transaction...). On peut le d\u00E9finir de mani\u00E8re g\u00E9n\u00E9rique comme l'ensemble des co\u00FBts engendr\u00E9s par la coordination entre les agents ainsi que les co\u00FBts qui limitent la coordination entre les agents. Il peut s'agir par exemple des co\u00FBts li\u00E9s \u00E0 l'incertitude qui requiert que l'agent s'informe avant de r\u00E9aliser une transaction \u00E9conomique. Il peut s'agir \u00E9galement des co\u00FBts li\u00E9s \u00E0 la n\u00E9gociation et \u00E0 la r\u00E9daction d'un contrat."@fr . . . "En econom\u00EDa y disciplinas relacionadas, un coste de transacci\u00F3n es un coste incurrido para realizar un intercambio econ\u00F3mico, m\u00E1s precisamente una transacci\u00F3n en el mercado. El coste no existe en el marco de una competencia perfecta."@es . "Costi di transazione"@it . . . . . . . . . . "Transak\u010Dn\u00ED n\u00E1klady"@cs . . . "Inom nationalekonomi \u00E4r transaktionskostnader s\u00E5dana kostnader som uppkommer vid ett ekonomiskt utbyte. Exempelvis beh\u00F6ver en k\u00F6pare eller s\u00E4ljare som letar efter en viss tj\u00E4nst eller produkt l\u00E4gga ner en viss tid och ett visst arbete samt eventuella andra kostnader f\u00F6r att f\u00E5 till st\u00E5nd en aff\u00E4r. Ett exempel p\u00E5 transaktionskostnad kan hittas p\u00E5 b\u00F6rser, d\u00E4r betalar man tv\u00E5 sorters transaktionskostnader: courtage och bid-ask spread. Den ena \u00E4r en avgift som fondkommision\u00E4ren tar ut och den andra \u00E4r skillnaden mellan b\u00E4sta k\u00F6p- och s\u00E4ljpris. Det kan gynna samh\u00E4llet och v\u00E4lf\u00E4rden att minska transaktionskostnaderna i ekonomin, eftersom kapital p\u00E5 s\u00E5 vis enklare kan f\u00F6rdelas till den verksamhet d\u00E4r det g\u00F6r st\u00F6rst nytta. Internet och b\u00F6rser \u00E4r exempel p\u00E5 tv\u00E5 fenomen som drastiskt minskar transaktionskostnaderna i ekonomin. Tullar \u00E4r ett exempel som \u00F6kar transaktionskostnaderna. Nationalekonomen Ronald Coase bel\u00F6nades med Sveriges Riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne 1991 bland annat f\u00F6r att han p\u00E5visade att transaktionskostnader \u00E4r viktiga f\u00F6r ekonomin."@sv . . "\u5728\u7D93\u6FDF\u5B78\u548C\u76F8\u95DC\u5B78\u79D1\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ATransaction cost\uFF09\u662F\u6307\u53C3\u8207\u5E02\u5834\u6642\u9032\u884C\u4EFB\u4F55\u7D93\u6FDF\u4EA4\u6613\u7684\u6210\u672C\u3002 \u5965\u5229\u5F17\u00B7\u5A01\u5EC9\u59C6\u68EE\uFF08Oliver E. Williamson\uFF09\u5C07\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u5B9A\u7FA9\u70BA\u904B\u884C\u4E00\u500B\u516C\u53F8\u7D93\u6FDF\u7CFB\u7D71\u7684\u6210\u672C\uFF0C\u8207\u751F\u7522\u6210\u672C\u4E0D\u540C\uFF0C\u6C7A\u7B56\u8005\u901A\u904E\u8861\u91CF\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u548C\u751F\u7522\u6210\u672C\u4F86\u78BA\u5B9A\u516C\u53F8\u7684\u6230\u7565\u3002\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u662F\u9032\u884C\u4EA4\u6613\u7684\u7E3D\u6210\u672C\uFF0C\u5305\u62EC\u8A08\u5283\u3001\u6C7A\u5B9A\u3001\u6539\u8B8A\u8A08\u5283\u3001\u89E3\u6C7A\u7CFE\u7D1B\u548C\u552E\u5F8C\u7684\u6210\u672C\u3002\u56E0\u6B64\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u662F\u4F01\u696D\u7D93\u71DF\u7BA1\u7406\u4E2D\u6700\u91CD\u8981\u7684\u56E0\u7D20\u4E4B\u4E00\u3002 \u9053\u683C\u62C9\u65AF\u00B7\u8AFE\u65AF\uFF08Douglass C. North\uFF09\u8A8D\u70BA\u5236\u5EA6\uFF0C\u88AB\u7406\u89E3\u70BA\u793E\u6703\u4E2D\u7684\u4E00\u5957\u898F\u5247\uFF0C\u662F\u6C7A\u5B9A\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u7684\u95DC\u9375\u3002\u5F9E\u9019\u500B\u610F\u7FA9\u4E0A\u8AAA\uFF0C\u4FC3\u9032\u4F4E\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u7684\u6A5F\u69CB\u53EF\u4EE5\u4FC3\u9032\u7D93\u6FDF\u589E\u9577\u3002 \u8AFE\u65AF\u4E5F\u6307\u51FA\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u6709\u56DB\u500B\u56E0\u7D20\uFF1A\u201C\u8861\u91CF\u201D\u3001\u201C\u57F7\u884C\u201D\u3001\u201C\u610F\u8B58\u5F62\u614B\u614B\u5EA6\u548C\u770B\u6CD5\u201D\u4EE5\u53CA\u201C\u5E02\u5834\u898F\u6A21\u201D\u3002 \u8A08\u91CF\u662F\u6307\u5C0D\u4EA4\u6613\u4E2D\u6D89\u53CA\u7684\u5546\u54C1\u6216\u670D\u52D9\u7684\u5404\u500B\u65B9\u9762\u7684\u50F9\u503C\u7684\u8A08\u7B97\u3002 \u5F37\u5236\u57F7\u884C\u53EF\u4EE5\u88AB\u5B9A\u7FA9\u70BA\u9700\u8981\u4E00\u500B\u516C\u6B63\u7684\u7B2C\u4E09\u65B9\u4F86\u78BA\u4FDD\u4EA4\u6613\u4E2D\u7684\u4EFB\u4F55\u4E00\u65B9\u90FD\u4E0D\u6703\u9055\u80CC\u4ED6\u5011\u7684\u4EA4\u6613\u3002 \u524D\u5169\u500B\u56E0\u7D20\u51FA\u73FE\u5728\u610F\u8B58\u5F62\u614B\u614B\u5EA6\u548C\u89C0\u5FF5\u7684\u6982\u5FF5\u4E2D\uFF0C\u5373\u8AFE\u65AF\u7684\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u7684\u7B2C\u4E09\u500B\u65B9\u9762\u3002 \u610F\u8B58\u5F62\u614B\u614B\u5EA6\u548C\u89C0\u5FF5\u6982\u62EC\u4E86\u6BCF\u500B\u4EBA\u7684\u50F9\u503C\u89C0\uFF0C\u9019\u5F71\u97FF\u4E86\u4ED6\u5011\u5C0D\u4E16\u754C\u7684\u89E3\u91CB\u3002\u8AFE\u65AF\u8A8D\u70BA\uFF0C\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u7684\u6700\u5F8C\u4E00\u500B\u65B9\u9762\u662F\u5E02\u5834\u898F\u6A21\uFF0C\u5B83\u5F71\u97FF\u4EA4\u6613\u7684\u504F\u5411\u6027\u6216\u516C\u6B63\u6027\u3002 \u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C\u53EF\u5206\u70BA\u4E09\u5927\u985E\uFF1A"@zh . . . . . . "\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. transaction cost) \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u043E \u0446\u0456\u043D\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u044F\u043A\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0442\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0456 \u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0456\u0432, \u043E\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0443\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0443\u0433\u043E\u0434, \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0440\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0437\u0430 \u0457\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0456 \u044E\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0456 \u0457\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u0417\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043C\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0456\u0432 \u0444\u0456\u0440\u043C\u0438 \u0448\u043B\u044F\u0445\u043E\u043C \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u043E \u0457\u0457 \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043D\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043E \u0437\u043D\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442. \u041F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0435 \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0444\u0456\u0440\u043C\u0438 \u0456 \u0443\u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0457\u0457 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0437\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F. \u041E\u043F\u0442\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u0456\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u0440\u043C\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u044F\u0433\u043D\u0443\u0442\u043E \u0442\u043E\u0434\u0456, \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0435\u043A\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0456\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0430\u043A\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442, \u043F\u043E\u0432'\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0437 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043C \u0437\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F\u043C \u0444\u0456\u0440\u043C\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u044F\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0434\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043C \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043C \u043D\u0430 \u0443\u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0456\u043D\u043D\u044F."@uk . "Inom nationalekonomi \u00E4r transaktionskostnader s\u00E5dana kostnader som uppkommer vid ett ekonomiskt utbyte. Exempelvis beh\u00F6ver en k\u00F6pare eller s\u00E4ljare som letar efter en viss tj\u00E4nst eller produkt l\u00E4gga ner en viss tid och ett visst arbete samt eventuella andra kostnader f\u00F6r att f\u00E5 till st\u00E5nd en aff\u00E4r. Ett exempel p\u00E5 transaktionskostnad kan hittas p\u00E5 b\u00F6rser, d\u00E4r betalar man tv\u00E5 sorters transaktionskostnader: courtage och bid-ask spread. Den ena \u00E4r en avgift som fondkommision\u00E4ren tar ut och den andra \u00E4r skillnaden mellan b\u00E4sta k\u00F6p- och s\u00E4ljpris."@sv . . . . "\uAC70\uB798 \uBE44\uC6A9(\u53BB\u4F86\u8CBB\u7528, transaction cost)\uC740 \uC5B4\uB5A0\uD55C \uC7AC\uD654 \uB610\uB294 \uC11C\uBE44\uC2A4 \uB4F1\uC744 \uAC70\uB798\uD558\uB294 \uB370 \uC218\uBC18\uB418\uB294 \uBE44\uC6A9\uC774\uB2E4. \uB2E4\uB978 \uB9D0\uB85C \uD558\uBA74, \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC5D0 \uCC38\uC5EC\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574 \uB4DC\uB294 \uBE44\uC6A9\uC774\uB77C \uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4. \uAC00\uCE58\uC758 \uAC00\uACA9\uBFD0 \uC544\uB2C8\uB77C \uAC70\uB798 \uC804\uC5D0 \uD544\uC694\uD55C \uC815\uBCF4\uC218\uC9D1\uB2E8\uACC4, \uD611\uC0C1\uB2E8\uACC4, \uACC4\uC57D\uC774 \uC900\uC218\uD558\uB294 \uB370 \uD544\uC694\uD55C \uBE44\uC6A9, \uCC98\uC74C \uACC4\uC57D\uC758 \uBD88\uC644\uC804\uC73C\uB85C \uC778\uD55C \uBE44\uC6A9\uB4F1 \uC804\uCCB4\uC801\uC778 \uBA74\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uBE44\uC6A9\uC744 \uBAA8\uB450 \uD3EC\uD568\uD55C\uB2E4. 1937\uB144 \uC601\uAD6D\uC758 \uACBD\uC81C\uD559\uC790 \uAC00 \uAE30\uC5C5\uC758 \uC870\uC9C1\uC5D0 \uB300\uD55C \uC124\uBA85\uC5D0\uC11C \uC678\uC801 \uC2DC\uC7A5\uC5D0\uC11C\uC758 \uAC70\uB798\uC640 \uB0B4\uC801 \uAC70\uB798\uC758 \uD6A8\uC6A9\uC131 \uBE44\uAD50\uB97C \uC704\uD55C \uAC1C\uB150\uC778 \uCF54\uC6B0\uC988\uC758 \uBC95\uCE59\uC5D0\uC11C \uCC98\uC74C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uC8FC\uC2DD\uC2DC\uC7A5\uC5D0\uC11C \uC5B4\uB5A4 \uD68C\uC0AC\uC758 \uC8FC\uC2DD\uC744 \uAC70\uB798\uD560 \uB54C\uC5D0 \uC8FC\uC2DD\uC911\uAC1C\uC778\uC5D0\uAC8C \uC911\uAC1C\uB8CC\uB97C \uC9C0\uBD88\uD558\uB294\uB370 \uC774\uAC83\uC774 \uC8FC\uC2DD\uAC70\uB798\uC758 \uAC70\uB798\uBE44\uC6A9\uC774 \uB41C\uB2E4. \uD558\uC9C0\uB9CC 1990\uB144\uB300 \uC774\uD6C4\uC758 \uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uC6F9\uAE30\uBC18 \uACBD\uC81C\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uAC70\uB798 \uBE44\uC6A9\uC5D0\uC11C \uD601\uC2E0\uC744 \uC774\uB8EC \uC0C8\uB85C\uC6B4 \uD615\uD0DC\uC758 \uAE30\uC5C5\uACFC \uC6C0\uC9C1\uC784\uC774 \uB098\uD0C0\uB098\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uADF8\uAC83\uC740 \uB514\uC9C0\uD138 \uAE30\uC220\uC758 \uBC1C\uC804\uACFC \uC6F9 \uCEE4\uBBA4\uB2C8\uD2F0\uC758 \uBC1C\uC804\uB4F1\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uAC70\uB798\uB97C \uC774\uB8E8\uB294 \uBC29\uBC95\uACFC \uBE44\uC6A9\uC774 \uD604\uC800\uD788 \uBCC0\uD654\uD558\uACE0 \uC788\uAE30 \uB54C\uBB38\uC774\uB2E4. \uC608\uB97C \uB4E4\uC5B4 MP3\uC758 \uB4F1\uC7A5\uACFC \uC628\uB77C\uC778 \uC74C\uC545 \uAC70\uB798\uC2DC\uC7A5\uACFC \uBD88\uBC95\uBCF5\uC81C\uB85C \uC778\uD55C \uC74C\uC545\uC2DC\uC7A5\uC758 \uBCC0\uD654\uC774\uB2E4."@ko . . . "A parte da economia que trata dos custos de transa\u00E7\u00E3o teve origem com os trabalhos seminais de Ronald Coase (1937). Ela procura compreender por que as firmas s\u00E3o respons\u00E1veis pela pr\u00F3pria produ\u00E7\u00E3o de bens e servi\u00E7os ou optam por sua terceiriza\u00E7\u00E3o. Os custos de transa\u00E7\u00E3o s\u00E3o os custos totais associados a uma transa\u00E7\u00E3o, executando-se o m\u00EDnimo pre\u00E7o poss\u00EDvel do produto. A an\u00E1lise de transa\u00E7\u00F5es visa obter efici\u00EAncia na gest\u00E3o dessas transa\u00E7\u00F5es ou, em outras palavras, visa \u00E0 minimiza\u00E7\u00E3o dos custos de transa\u00E7\u00E3o. As transa\u00E7\u00F5es e os custos, em se recorrer ao mercado, s\u00E3o exatamente os principais determinantes da forma de organiza\u00E7\u00E3o das empresas produtoras de bens ou servi\u00E7os."@pt . "Transactiekosten zijn de die moeten worden gemaakt om tot een te komen. Dit kan betrekking hebben op de economische markt, maar ook in de politiek en binnen organisaties hanteert men dit begrip. De transactiekostentheorie is een belangrijk onderdeel van de economische denkrichting die nieuwe institutionele economie wordt genoemd, als aanvulling op de neoklassieke economische theorie."@nl . "Transaction cost"@en . "In economics and related disciplines, a transaction cost is a cost in making any economic trade when participating in a market. Oliver E. Williamson defines transaction costs as the costs of running an economic system of companies, and unlike production costs, decision-makers determine strategies of companies by measuring transaction costs and production costs. Transaction costs are the total costs of making a transaction, including the cost of planning, deciding, changing plans, resolving disputes, and after-sales. Therefore, the transaction cost is one of the most significant factors in business operation and management. Oliver E. Williamson's Transaction Cost Economics popularized the concept of transaction costs. Douglass C. North argues that institutions, understood as the set of rules in a society, are key in the determination of transaction costs. In this sense, institutions that facilitate low transaction costs, boost economic growth. Douglass North states that there are four factors that comprise transaction costs \u2013 \"measurement\", \"enforcement\", \"ideological attitudes and perceptions\", and \"the size of the market\". Measurement refers to the calculation of the value of all aspects of the good or service involved in the transaction. Enforcement can be defined as the need for an unbiased third party to ensure that neither party involved in the transaction reneges on their part of the deal. These first two factors appear in the concept of ideological attitudes and perceptions, North's third aspect of transaction costs. Ideological attitudes and perceptions encapsulate each individual's set of values, which influences their interpretation of the world. The final aspect of transaction costs, according to North, is market size, which affects the partiality or impartiality of transactions. Transaction costs can be divided into three broad categories: \n* Search and information costs are costs such as in determining that the required good is available on the market, which has the lowest price, etc. \n* Bargaining and decision costs are the costs required to come to an acceptable agreement with the other party to the transaction, drawing up an appropriate contract and so on. In game theory this is analyzed for instance in the game of chicken. On asset markets and in organizational economics, the transaction cost is some function of the distance between the supply and demand. \n* Policing and enforcement costs are the costs of making sure the other party sticks to the terms of the contract, and taking appropriate action (often through the legal system) if this turns out not to be the case. For example, the buyer of a used car faces a variety of different transaction costs. The search costs are the costs of finding a car and determining the car's condition. The bargaining costs are the costs of negotiating a price with the seller. The policing and enforcement costs are the costs of ensuring that the seller delivers the car in the promised condition."@en . "Transaktionskosten"@de . "Institutional Economics, American Economic Review, Vol.21, pp.648-657, 1931"@en . . "Transak\u010Dn\u00ED n\u00E1klady v ekonomii p\u0159edstavuj\u00ED \u010Das, pr\u00E1ci a ostatn\u00ED zdroje vynalo\u017Een\u00E9 za \u00FA\u010Delem uzav\u0159en\u00ED a vym\u00E1h\u00E1n\u00ED smluv a transakc\u00ED, p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B na \u0159\u00EDzen\u00ED firem \u010Di podobn\u00FDch instituc\u00ED. Transak\u010Dn\u00ED n\u00E1klady jsou v ekonomii n\u00E1klady spojen\u00E9 s pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n\u00EDm cenov\u00E9ho mechanismu, kter\u00FD nefunguje s\u00E1m o sob\u011B. Lid\u00E9 mus\u00ED zji\u0161\u0165ovat ceny, porovn\u00E1vat e-shopy, je nutn\u00E9 smlouvat, sestavit smlouvy (pr\u00E1vn\u00ED posouzen\u00ED), kontrolovat je, vytvo\u0159it mechanismus \u0159e\u0161en\u00ED spor\u016F (sankce p\u0159i nedodr\u017Een\u00ED) a vym\u00E1h\u00E1n\u00ED ji\u017E uzav\u0159en\u00FDch kontrakt\u016F; jedn\u00E1 se o tud\u00ED\u017E o ve\u0161ker\u00E9 vedlej\u0161\u00ED n\u00E1klady spojen\u00E9 se sjedn\u00E1n\u00EDm a realizac\u00ED transakc\u00ED."@cs . . . . "Custo de transa\u00E7\u00E3o"@pt . "A parte da economia que trata dos custos de transa\u00E7\u00E3o teve origem com os trabalhos seminais de Ronald Coase (1937). Ela procura compreender por que as firmas s\u00E3o respons\u00E1veis pela pr\u00F3pria produ\u00E7\u00E3o de bens e servi\u00E7os ou optam por sua terceiriza\u00E7\u00E3o. Os custos de transa\u00E7\u00E3o s\u00E3o os custos totais associados a uma transa\u00E7\u00E3o, executando-se o m\u00EDnimo pre\u00E7o poss\u00EDvel do produto. A an\u00E1lise de transa\u00E7\u00F5es visa obter efici\u00EAncia na gest\u00E3o dessas transa\u00E7\u00F5es ou, em outras palavras, visa \u00E0 minimiza\u00E7\u00E3o dos custos de transa\u00E7\u00E3o. As transa\u00E7\u00F5es e os custos, em se recorrer ao mercado, s\u00E3o exatamente os principais determinantes da forma de organiza\u00E7\u00E3o das empresas produtoras de bens ou servi\u00E7os."@pt . "Transactiekosten"@nl . . "Transak\u010Dn\u00ED n\u00E1klady v ekonomii p\u0159edstavuj\u00ED \u010Das, pr\u00E1ci a ostatn\u00ED zdroje vynalo\u017Een\u00E9 za \u00FA\u010Delem uzav\u0159en\u00ED a vym\u00E1h\u00E1n\u00ED smluv a transakc\u00ED, p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B na \u0159\u00EDzen\u00ED firem \u010Di podobn\u00FDch instituc\u00ED. Transak\u010Dn\u00ED n\u00E1klady jsou v ekonomii n\u00E1klady spojen\u00E9 s pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n\u00EDm cenov\u00E9ho mechanismu, kter\u00FD nefunguje s\u00E1m o sob\u011B. Lid\u00E9 mus\u00ED zji\u0161\u0165ovat ceny, porovn\u00E1vat e-shopy, je nutn\u00E9 smlouvat, sestavit smlouvy (pr\u00E1vn\u00ED posouzen\u00ED), kontrolovat je, vytvo\u0159it mechanismus \u0159e\u0161en\u00ED spor\u016F (sankce p\u0159i nedodr\u017Een\u00ED) a vym\u00E1h\u00E1n\u00ED ji\u017E uzav\u0159en\u00FDch kontrakt\u016F; jedn\u00E1 se o tud\u00ED\u017E o ve\u0161ker\u00E9 vedlej\u0161\u00ED n\u00E1klady spojen\u00E9 se sjedn\u00E1n\u00EDm a realizac\u00ED transakc\u00ED. Transak\u010Dn\u00ED n\u00E1klady se daj\u00ED sni\u017Eovat dob\u0159e nastaven\u00FDmi institucemi a vymahateln\u00FDmi pravidly - kl\u00ED\u010Dov\u00E9 je zejm\u00E9na nastaven\u00ED a vymahatelnost vlastnick\u00FDch pr\u00E1v. N\u00EDzk\u00E9 transak\u010Dn\u00ED n\u00E1klady jsou kl\u00ED\u010Dov\u00E9 pro fungov\u00E1n\u00ED ekonomiky."@cs . "145297"^^ . . . . "Koszt transakcyjny"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Transaktionskosten sind diejenigen Kosten, die durch die Benutzung des Marktes (englisch market transaction costs), also im Zusammenhang mit der Transaktion von Verf\u00FCgungsrechten (z. B. Kauf, Verkauf, Miete), oder einer innerbetrieblichen Hierarchie (englisch managerial transaction costs) entstehen. Die Transaktionskostentheorie besagt, dass bei jeder Transaktion auch Transaktionskosten anfallen. Die Transaktionskostentheorie ist ein elementarer Bestandteil der neuen Institutionen\u00F6konomik."@de . . . . . "\u4EA4\u6613\u6210\u672C"@zh . . "Si fa solitamente risalire la nascita dell'economia dei costi di transazione a Coase, ma questa teoria \u00E8 diventata nota negli anni ottanta per via del lavoro di Williamson. Mentre la microeconomia classica prende l'impresa come una scatola nera (\"black box\"), la teoria dei costi di transazione, assieme ad altre teorie nate gi\u00E0 negli anni cinquanta, nasce per cercare di capire come le imprese si organizzano al loro interno, e in particolar modo si concentra sulla dualit\u00E0 tra gerarchia (insieme delle regole formali che definiscono procedure e meccanismi di funzionamento proprie di una qualunque istituzione anche privata come l'azienda) e mercato (libert\u00E0 di iniziativa lasciata ai singoli di agire anche se spinti dall'individualismo)."@it . "En econom\u00EDa y disciplinas relacionadas, un coste de transacci\u00F3n es un coste incurrido para realizar un intercambio econ\u00F3mico, m\u00E1s precisamente una transacci\u00F3n en el mercado. El coste no existe en el marco de una competencia perfecta. La idea de un coste del sistema de precios fue evocada por primera vez por el economista Ronald Coase en su art\u00EDculo The Nature of the Firm (1937). Coase explica que \"cuando se desea operar una transacci\u00F3n en un mercado, es necesario investigar a los contratistas, proporcionarles ciertas informaciones necesarias y establecer las condiciones del contrato, llevar a cabo las negociaciones que instauren un verdadero mercado, establecer una estructura de control de las respectivas prestaciones de obligaciones de las partes, etc.\"\u200B Este concepto permite explicar, seg\u00FAn Coase, por qu\u00E9 todas las transacciones no son transacciones de mercado y, por lo mismo, la existencia de empresas o firmas que pueden limitar eficazmente sus costos al imponer la cooperaci\u00F3n entre sus empleados; sin embargo, es a John Kenneth Arrow\u200B a quien se debe la expresi\u00F3n \"costo de transacci\u00F3n\". Y fue Oliver Williamson quien va a desarrollar y formalizar la aproximaci\u00F3n de las organizaciones econ\u00F3micas por su sesgo al interno de lo que denomina justamente la teor\u00EDa de los costos de transacci\u00F3n."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . .