. . . . . . "The Celluloid Closet is a 1995 American documentary film directed and written by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman. The film is based on Vito Russo's 1981 book The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies, and on lecture and film clip presentations he gave in 1972\u20131982. Russo had researched the history of how motion pictures, especially Hollywood films, had portrayed gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender characters."@en . . . . "The Celluloid Closet (Le Placard de cellulo\u00EFd ou L'\u0152il ouvert au Qu\u00E9bec) est un livre de Vito Russo, publi\u00E9 en 1981, puis dans une version modifi\u00E9e en 1987, dont est tir\u00E9 un film documentaire homonyme r\u00E9alis\u00E9 par Rob Epstein et Jeffrey Friedman et sorti en 1995. En France, le film est sorti assorti d'un sous-titre : Les Homosexuels (re)vus par Hollywood. Le livre et le film montrent comment le cin\u00E9ma hollywoodien a \u00E9voqu\u00E9 le th\u00E8me de l\u2019homosexualit\u00E9, comment cette repr\u00E9sentation a \u00E9volu\u00E9 au fil des ans et comment, en retour, elle a influenc\u00E9 la perception de l\u2019homosexualit\u00E9 par le grand public."@fr . . . . . "The Celluloid Closet"@pt . . . . . . . "Rob Epstein"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Celluloid Closet"@fr . "\u0426\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0443\u043B\u043E\u0438\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0448\u043A\u0430\u0444"@ru . . . . "\u96FB\u5F71\u4E2D\u7684\u540C\u5FD7"@zh . . . . . "movie poster for The Celluloid Closet"@en . . . . "107.0"^^ . . "The Celluloid Closet \u2013 Gefangen in der Traumfabrik ist eine Dokumentation der Regisseure Rob Epstein und Jeffrey Friedman aus dem Jahr 1995 \u00FCber Filme mit homosexuellem Inhalt beziehungsweise homosexuellen Andeutungen. Er basiert auf dem 1981 erschienenen filmhistorischen Buch The Celluloid Closet von Vito Russo."@de . . . . "English"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "6420.0"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Howard Rosenman"@en . . . "\u30BB\u30EB\u30ED\u30A4\u30C9\u30FB\u30AF\u30ED\u30FC\u30BC\u30C3\u30C8"@ja . . . "6420.0"^^ . "The Celluloid Closet (Le Placard de cellulo\u00EFd ou L'\u0152il ouvert au Qu\u00E9bec) est un livre de Vito Russo, publi\u00E9 en 1981, puis dans une version modifi\u00E9e en 1987, dont est tir\u00E9 un film documentaire homonyme r\u00E9alis\u00E9 par Rob Epstein et Jeffrey Friedman et sorti en 1995. En France, le film est sorti assorti d'un sous-titre : Les Homosexuels (re)vus par Hollywood."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "El celuloide oculto es un documental estadounidense de 1995 dirigido y escrito por Rob Epstein y Jeffrey Friedman, que analiza la historia de la presencia y el tratamiento a personajes homosexuales en el cine de las grandes productoras de Hollywood.\u200B La pel\u00EDcula est\u00E1 basada en el libro del mismo nombre de Vito Russo publicado por primera vez en 1981 y en presentaciones de conferencias y v\u00EDdeos que dio en 1972-1982. Russo hab\u00EDa investigado la historia de c\u00F3mo las pel\u00EDculas, especialmente las de Hollywood, hab\u00EDan retratado a personajes gays, lesbianas, bisexuales y transexuales."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Celluloid Closet \u00E9 um filme estadunidense de 1995, do g\u00EAnero document\u00E1rio, dirigido e escrito por Rob Epstein e Jeffrey Friedman, baseado no livro hom\u00F4nimo de 1981, de Vito Russo, que pesquisou filmes que retratavam personagens gays, l\u00E9sbicas, bissexuais e transg\u00EAneros. Foi exibido em determinados cinemas nos Estados Unidos. No Brasil, fora exibido ap\u00F3s o t\u00E9rmino do Festival do Rio de cinema, em 1996. Em 2005 foi exibido pelo canal por assinatura GNT, na semana em que se realizava a Marcha do Orgulho Gay de S\u00E3o Paulo. O document\u00E1rio entrevista v\u00E1rios homens e mulheres conectados \u00E0 ind\u00FAstria cinematogr\u00E1fica de Hollywood para comentar v\u00E1rias passagens nos filmes e suas pr\u00F3prias experi\u00EAncias pessoais em como lidar e atuar com e como personagens LGBT. Dos personagens afetados \u00E0 censura do C\u00F3digo de Produ\u00E7\u00E3o de Hollywood, tamb\u00E9m conhecido como C\u00F3digo Hays, dos personagens implicitamente homossexuais, dos cru\u00E9is estere\u00F3tipos aos progressos conquistados na d\u00E9cada de 1990. Vito Russo quis transformar seu livro num document\u00E1rio e ajudou no projeto at\u00E9 sua morte em 1990. Muitos cr\u00EDticos notaram que o tom dado ao filme era menos pol\u00EDtico do que no livro e encerrava-se com mais otimismo. Russo queria assim entreter e refletir as mudan\u00E7as positivas que ocorreram na d\u00E9cada de 1990."@pt . . . . . . "\u300A\u96FB\u5F71\u4E2D\u7684\u540C\u5FD7\u300B\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AThe Celluloid Closet\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u59571995\u5E74\u7684\u7F8E\u570B\u7D00\u9304\u96FB\u5F71\uFF0C\u7531\u52DE\u52C3\u00B7\u4F0A\u666E\u65AF\u6C40\u53CA\u8B1D\u83F2\u00B7\u8CBB\u70C8\u66FC\u57F7\u5C0E\u548C\u7DE8\u5287\u3002\u6B64\u7247\u4EE51981\u5E74\uFF081987\u5E74\u6539\u7248\uFF09\u7684\u70BA\u85CD\u672C\uFF0C\u63A2\u8A0E\u6B77\u5E74\u4F86\u7684\u96FB\u5F71\uFF08\u4E3B\u8981\u662F\u8377\u91CC\u6D3B\u96FB\u5F71\uFF09\u600E\u6A23\u63CF\u7E6A\u53CA\u5C0D\u5F85LGBT\u89D2\u8272\u3002 \u96FB\u5F71\u8AC7\u5230\u4E86\u4E0D\u5C11\u5927\u578B\u96FB\u5F71\u4E2D\u7684\u6697\u55BB\u6216\u5F71\u5C04LGBT\u7684\u60C5\u7BC0\uFF0C\u4E26\u9593\u63A5\u5730\u6307\u51FA\u4E86\u300C\u300D\uFF08Hays Code\uFF09\u5C0D\u8377\u91CC\u6D3B\u96FB\u5F71\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\uFF0C\u66F4\u8A2A\u554F\u4E86\u4E0D\u5C11\u50CF\u6E6F\u00B7\u6F22\u65AF\u53CA\u8607\u73CA\u00B7\u838E\u6717\u9813\u7B49\u7684\u5F71\u661F\u3002 1996\u5E74\uFF0C\u5728\u65E5\u821E\u5F71\u5C55\u4E2D\u8D0F\u5F97\uFF0C\u4E26\u5728\u67CF\u6797\u96FB\u5F71\u7BC0\u4E2D\u8D0F\u5F97\u6CF0\u8FEA\u718A\u734E\u6700\u4F73\u7D00\u9304\u7247\u3002"@zh . . . "The Celluloid Closet"@en . . . . . "The Celluloid Closet is a 1995 American documentary film directed and written by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman. The film is based on Vito Russo's 1981 book The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies, and on lecture and film clip presentations he gave in 1972\u20131982. Russo had researched the history of how motion pictures, especially Hollywood films, had portrayed gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender characters. The film was given a limited release in select theatres, including the Castro Theatre in San Francisco in April 1996, and then shown on cable channel HBO as part of its series America Undercover."@en . . "4% filmov\u00E1 tajemstv\u00ED (The Celluloid Closet) je americk\u00FD dokument\u00E1rn\u00ED film z roku 1996, kter\u00FD re\u017E\u00EDrovali Rob Epstein a Jeffrey Friedman podle stejnojmenn\u00E9 knihy Vitta Russa z roku 1981. Dokument zachycuje v\u00FDvoj v zobrazov\u00E1n\u00ED LGBT osob od po\u010D\u00E1tk\u016F do 90. let. Ve filmu se st\u0159\u00EDdaj\u00ED filmov\u00E9 uk\u00E1zky s vypr\u00E1v\u011Bn\u00EDm filma\u0159\u016F \u2013 herc\u016F, scen\u00E1rist\u016F a re\u017Eis\u00E9r\u016F jako nap\u0159. Tony Curtis, Whoopi Goldbergov\u00E1, Harvey Fierstein, Gore Vidal, Shirley MacLaine, Tom Hanks, John Schlesinger, Susan Sarandonov\u00E1 aj."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "El celuloide oculto es un documental estadounidense de 1995 dirigido y escrito por Rob Epstein y Jeffrey Friedman, que analiza la historia de la presencia y el tratamiento a personajes homosexuales en el cine de las grandes productoras de Hollywood.\u200B La pel\u00EDcula est\u00E1 basada en el libro del mismo nombre de Vito Russo publicado por primera vez en 1981 y en presentaciones de conferencias y v\u00EDdeos que dio en 1972-1982. Russo hab\u00EDa investigado la historia de c\u00F3mo las pel\u00EDculas, especialmente las de Hollywood, hab\u00EDan retratado a personajes gays, lesbianas, bisexuales y transexuales. La pel\u00EDcula se estren\u00F3 de manera limitada en teatros selectos, incluido el Castro Theatre en San Francisco, en abril de 1996, y luego se exhibi\u00F3 en el canal por cable HBO. En Espa\u00F1a fue estrenada en los cines el 23 de enero de 1997 subtitulada, tambi\u00E9n lleg\u00F3 a emitirse en algunos canales de televisi\u00F3n como por ejemplo TCM (Espa\u00F1a)."@es . . . . . . . . "\u300E\u30BB\u30EB\u30ED\u30A4\u30C9\u30FB\u30AF\u30ED\u30FC\u30BC\u30C3\u30C8\u300F\uFF08The Celluloid Closet\uFF09\u306F\u30011995\u5E74\u306E\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306E\u30C9\u30AD\u30E5\u30E1\u30F3\u30BF\u30EA\u30FC\u6620\u753B\u3002 \u30CF\u30EA\u30A6\u30C3\u30C9\u306E\u6620\u753B\u53F2\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6027\u7684\u5C11\u6570\u8005/LGBT\uFF08\u30EC\u30BA\u30D3\u30A2\u30F3\u3001\u30B2\u30A4\u3001\u30D0\u30A4\u30BB\u30AF\u30B7\u30E5\u30A2\u30EB\u3001\u30C8\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u30B8\u30A7\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\uFF09\u306F\u3069\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u63CF\u304B\u308C\u3066\u304D\u305F\u306E\u304B\u3092\u3001\u6620\u753B\u95A2\u4FC2\u8005\u3078\u306E\u30A4\u30F3\u30BF\u30D3\u30E5\u30FC\u3092\u901A\u3057\u3066\u691C\u8A3C\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304F\u3002 1995\u5E749\u6708\u306B\u958B\u50AC\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30C8\u30ED\u30F3\u30C8\u56FD\u969B\u6620\u753B\u796D\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u521D\u4E0A\u6620\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . "1400591.0"^^ . . . "1400591.0"^^ . . . . . "The Celluloid Closet \u00E9 um filme estadunidense de 1995, do g\u00EAnero document\u00E1rio, dirigido e escrito por Rob Epstein e Jeffrey Friedman, baseado no livro hom\u00F4nimo de 1981, de Vito Russo, que pesquisou filmes que retratavam personagens gays, l\u00E9sbicas, bissexuais e transg\u00EAneros. Foi exibido em determinados cinemas nos Estados Unidos. No Brasil, fora exibido ap\u00F3s o t\u00E9rmino do Festival do Rio de cinema, em 1996. Em 2005 foi exibido pelo canal por assinatura GNT, na semana em que se realizava a Marcha do Orgulho Gay de S\u00E3o Paulo."@pt . . . . . . . . "El celuloide oculto"@es . . . . "The Celluloid Closet adalah sebuah film dokumenter Amerika 1995 yang disutradarai dan ditulis oleh dan . Film tersebut berdasarkan pada buku bernama sama karya yang pertama kali terbit pada 1981"@in . . "Sharon Wood"@en . . . . "\uC140\uB8F0\uB85C\uC774\uB4DC \uD074\uB85C\uC9C0\uD2B8(The Celluloid Closet)\uB294 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uC81C\uC791\uB41C \uAC10\uB3C5\uC758 1995\uB144 \uB2E4\uD050\uBA58\uD130\uB9AC \uC601\uD654\uC774\uB2E4. \uB9B4\uB9AC \uD1B0\uB9B0 \uB4F1\uC774 \uC8FC\uC5F0\uC73C\uB85C \uCD9C\uC5F0\uD558\uC600\uACE0 \uB4F1\uC774 \uC81C\uC791\uC5D0 \uCC38\uC5EC\uD558\uC600\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . "Rob Epstein"@en . . . . . "The Celluloid Closet adalah sebuah film dokumenter Amerika 1995 yang disutradarai dan ditulis oleh dan . Film tersebut berdasarkan pada buku bernama sama karya yang pertama kali terbit pada 1981"@in . . . . "Lo schermo velato (The Celluloid Closet) \u00E8 un documentario del 1995 diretto da Rob Epstein e Jeffrey Friedman."@it . . . . . . . . "Jeffrey Friedman"@en . "Lo schermo velato"@it . . . . "The Celluloid Closet"@en . "United States"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The Celluloid Closet \u2013 Gefangen in der Traumfabrik ist eine Dokumentation der Regisseure Rob Epstein und Jeffrey Friedman aus dem Jahr 1995 \u00FCber Filme mit homosexuellem Inhalt beziehungsweise homosexuellen Andeutungen. Er basiert auf dem 1981 erschienenen filmhistorischen Buch The Celluloid Closet von Vito Russo."@de . . . "Jeffrey Friedman"@en . "4% filmov\u00E1 tajemstv\u00ED (The Celluloid Closet) je americk\u00FD dokument\u00E1rn\u00ED film z roku 1996, kter\u00FD re\u017E\u00EDrovali Rob Epstein a Jeffrey Friedman podle stejnojmenn\u00E9 knihy Vitta Russa z roku 1981. Dokument zachycuje v\u00FDvoj v zobrazov\u00E1n\u00ED LGBT osob od po\u010D\u00E1tk\u016F do 90. let. Ve filmu se st\u0159\u00EDdaj\u00ED filmov\u00E9 uk\u00E1zky s vypr\u00E1v\u011Bn\u00EDm filma\u0159\u016F \u2013 herc\u016F, scen\u00E1rist\u016F a re\u017Eis\u00E9r\u016F jako nap\u0159. Tony Curtis, Whoopi Goldbergov\u00E1, Harvey Fierstein, Gore Vidal, Shirley MacLaine, Tom Hanks, John Schlesinger, Susan Sarandonov\u00E1 aj."@cs . "The Celluloid Closet"@in . . . "The Celluloid Closet"@en . "\u00AB\u0426\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0443\u043B\u043E\u0438\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0448\u043A\u0430\u0444\u00BB (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. The Celluloid Closet) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043C \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0451\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0420\u043E\u0431\u043E\u043C \u042D\u043F\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0438 , \u0441\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E \u043C\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043C \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0438\u043C\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u043E \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043E. \u0424\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043C \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B \u0432\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0432\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0442\u043A\u0440\u044B\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0447\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0434 \u0433\u043E\u043C\u043E\u044D\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043C\u043E\u0432. \u0412 \u043B\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0431 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u044D\u0442\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0413\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0434\u043E\u043C \u043B\u0438\u0446 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438:"@ru . . . . . . . . "Lo schermo velato (The Celluloid Closet) \u00E8 un documentario del 1995 diretto da Rob Epstein e Jeffrey Friedman."@it . . . . . . . . . . "18296"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "\u300A\u96FB\u5F71\u4E2D\u7684\u540C\u5FD7\u300B\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1AThe Celluloid Closet\uFF09\u662F\u4E00\u59571995\u5E74\u7684\u7F8E\u570B\u7D00\u9304\u96FB\u5F71\uFF0C\u7531\u52DE\u52C3\u00B7\u4F0A\u666E\u65AF\u6C40\u53CA\u8B1D\u83F2\u00B7\u8CBB\u70C8\u66FC\u57F7\u5C0E\u548C\u7DE8\u5287\u3002\u6B64\u7247\u4EE51981\u5E74\uFF081987\u5E74\u6539\u7248\uFF09\u7684\u70BA\u85CD\u672C\uFF0C\u63A2\u8A0E\u6B77\u5E74\u4F86\u7684\u96FB\u5F71\uFF08\u4E3B\u8981\u662F\u8377\u91CC\u6D3B\u96FB\u5F71\uFF09\u600E\u6A23\u63CF\u7E6A\u53CA\u5C0D\u5F85LGBT\u89D2\u8272\u3002 \u96FB\u5F71\u8AC7\u5230\u4E86\u4E0D\u5C11\u5927\u578B\u96FB\u5F71\u4E2D\u7684\u6697\u55BB\u6216\u5F71\u5C04LGBT\u7684\u60C5\u7BC0\uFF0C\u4E26\u9593\u63A5\u5730\u6307\u51FA\u4E86\u300C\u300D\uFF08Hays Code\uFF09\u5C0D\u8377\u91CC\u6D3B\u96FB\u5F71\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\uFF0C\u66F4\u8A2A\u554F\u4E86\u4E0D\u5C11\u50CF\u6E6F\u00B7\u6F22\u65AF\u53CA\u8607\u73CA\u00B7\u838E\u6717\u9813\u7B49\u7684\u5F71\u661F\u3002 1996\u5E74\uFF0C\u5728\u65E5\u821E\u5F71\u5C55\u4E2D\u8D0F\u5F97\uFF0C\u4E26\u5728\u67CF\u6797\u96FB\u5F71\u7BC0\u4E2D\u8D0F\u5F97\u6CF0\u8FEA\u718A\u734E\u6700\u4F73\u7D00\u9304\u7247\u3002"@zh . . . . . "2069950"^^ . "The Celluloid Closet \u2013 Gefangen in der Traumfabrik"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1115444668"^^ . . . . . . . . . "4% filmov\u00E1 tajemstv\u00ED"@cs . . . . "\uC140\uB8F0\uB85C\uC774\uB4DC \uD074\uB85C\uC9C0\uD2B8"@ko . . . . . . . . . . "\u300E\u30BB\u30EB\u30ED\u30A4\u30C9\u30FB\u30AF\u30ED\u30FC\u30BC\u30C3\u30C8\u300F\uFF08The Celluloid Closet\uFF09\u306F\u30011995\u5E74\u306E\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306E\u30C9\u30AD\u30E5\u30E1\u30F3\u30BF\u30EA\u30FC\u6620\u753B\u3002 \u30CF\u30EA\u30A6\u30C3\u30C9\u306E\u6620\u753B\u53F2\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6027\u7684\u5C11\u6570\u8005/LGBT\uFF08\u30EC\u30BA\u30D3\u30A2\u30F3\u3001\u30B2\u30A4\u3001\u30D0\u30A4\u30BB\u30AF\u30B7\u30E5\u30A2\u30EB\u3001\u30C8\u30E9\u30F3\u30B9\u30B8\u30A7\u30F3\u30C0\u30FC\uFF09\u306F\u3069\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u63CF\u304B\u308C\u3066\u304D\u305F\u306E\u304B\u3092\u3001\u6620\u753B\u95A2\u4FC2\u8005\u3078\u306E\u30A4\u30F3\u30BF\u30D3\u30E5\u30FC\u3092\u901A\u3057\u3066\u691C\u8A3C\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304F\u3002 1995\u5E749\u6708\u306B\u958B\u50AC\u3055\u308C\u305F\u30C8\u30ED\u30F3\u30C8\u56FD\u969B\u6620\u753B\u796D\u306B\u304A\u3044\u3066\u521D\u4E0A\u6620\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002"@ja . . "\u00AB\u0426\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0443\u043B\u043E\u0438\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0448\u043A\u0430\u0444\u00BB (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. The Celluloid Closet) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0443\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043C \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0451\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0420\u043E\u0431\u043E\u043C \u042D\u043F\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0438 , \u0441\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044B\u0439 \u043F\u043E \u043C\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043C \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0438\u043C\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u043D\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u043E \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043E. \u0424\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043C \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B \u0432\u0435\u0445\u043E\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0432\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0442\u043A\u0440\u044B\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u043B\u0447\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0434 \u0433\u043E\u043C\u043E\u044D\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043C \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043C\u043E\u0432. \u0412 \u043B\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043E\u0431 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u044D\u0442\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0413\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0434\u043E\u043C \u043B\u0438\u0446 \u043D\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \n* \u0413\u0435\u0438 \u0432 \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 (1910-\u0435 \u0438 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.) \n* \u0413\u0435\u0438 \u0432 \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0437\u043B\u043E\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 (1930-\u0435, 1940-\u0435 \u0438 1950-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.) \n* \u0413\u0435\u0438 \u0432 \u043A\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432, \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 (1960-\u0435 \u0438 1970-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.) \u0412 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043C\u0435 \u0441\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u044B \u043E\u0442\u0440\u044B\u0432\u043A\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044F\u0442\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u043A\u0438\u043D\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0442, \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u044F \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u2014 (1895). \u041A\u043E\u043C\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044E\u0442 \u043E\u0442\u0440\u044B\u0432\u043A\u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u041B\u043E\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0441, \u0424\u0430\u0440\u043B\u0438 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043D\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440, \u0428\u0438\u0440\u043B\u0438 \u041C\u0430\u043A\u043B\u0435\u0439\u043D, \u0414\u0436\u043E\u043D \u0428\u043B\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0435\u0440, \u0422\u043E\u043C \u0425\u044D\u043D\u043A\u0441, \u0421\u044C\u044E\u0437\u0430\u043D \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0434\u043E\u043D, \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438 \u0424\u0430\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044F\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0438\u043D\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041D\u0430\u043F\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u0440, \u0422\u043E\u043D\u0438 \u041A\u0451\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043E \u0433\u043E\u043C\u043E\u044D\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043D\u0435 \u0441 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C, \u0432\u044B\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u044C\u043C\u0430 \u0421. \u041A\u0443\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u00AB\u0421\u043F\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043A\u00BB, \u0430 \u0413\u043E\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043B \u2014 \u043E \u0433\u0435\u0439-\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u0435\u043F\u043B\u0443\u043C\u0430 \u00AB\u0411\u0435\u043D \u0413\u0443\u0440\u00BB, \u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u043D \u043F\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043B \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435. \u00AB\u0426\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0443\u043B\u043E\u0438\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0448\u043A\u0430\u0444\u00BB \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0443\u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0435\u043D \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u041F\u0438\u0431\u043E\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044B \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u043E\u0432\u044B\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0435 \u00AB\u0421\u0430\u043D\u0434\u044D\u043D\u0441\u00BB, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 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\u0433\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0444\u043E\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0439."@ru .