. . . . . . "Stratigraphie (Arch\u00E4ologie)"@de . . . "Wykopaliska stratygraficzne \u2013 jest to jedna z dw\u00F3ch metod eksploracji stanowiska archeologicznego. Polega na usuwaniu warstw archeologicznych zgodnie z ich uk\u0142adem i konturami. Warstwy s\u0105 usuwane w kolejno\u015Bci odwrotnej do tej w jakiej powstawa\u0142y. Historia stanowiska jest ods\u0142aniana od czas\u00F3w najnowszych do czas\u00F3w najdawniejszych.Archeolodzy pos\u0142uguj\u0105 si\u0119 t\u0105 metod\u0105 prowadzenia wykopalisk, kiedy tylko mo\u017Cliwe jest rozr\u00F3\u017Cnienie warstw. Warstwy archeologiczne maj\u0105 r\u00F3\u017Cne kszta\u0142ty, niejednakow\u0105 mi\u0105\u017Cszo\u015B\u0107 oraz r\u00F3\u017Cny przebieg. Warstwy cz\u0119sto s\u0105 zaburzone, przemieszane przez dzia\u0142alno\u015B\u0107 cz\u0142owieka. Prowadzenie bada\u0144 t\u0105 metod\u0105 jest pracoch\u0142onne i \u017Cmudne, przynosi jednak najlepsze efekty."@pl . "Estratigrafia \u00E9 um conceito chave para a pr\u00E1tica e teoria arqueol\u00F3gica moderna. T\u00E9cnicas modernas de escava\u00E7\u00E3o s\u00E3o baseadas em princ\u00EDpios estratigr\u00E1ficos. O conceito deriva do princ\u00EDpio geol\u00F3gico de que a sedimenta\u00E7\u00E3o ocorre de acordo com princ\u00EDpios uniformes. A formula\u00E7\u00E3o dos princ\u00EDpios da estratigrafia \u00E9 atribu\u00EDda ao bispo e cientista dinamarqu\u00EAs Nicolaus Steno, que observou e sintetizou em 1669 a ideia da sucess\u00E3o do tempo atrav\u00E9s da observa\u00E7\u00E3o dos dep\u00F3sitos geol\u00F3gicos. O uso desses princ\u00EDpios em arqueologia foi adotado a princ\u00EDpio para data\u00E7\u00E3o de objetos pr\u00E9-hist\u00F3ricos, e adotado por Sir Mortimer Wheeler e Kathleen Kenyon na d\u00E9cada de 1950."@pt . . . . . . . . . "\u039C\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1 (stratigraphy) \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BD\u03BF\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03BB\u03AD\u03C4\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD \u03AE \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD, \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1\u03B4\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 (stratification), \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC (\u03B2\u03BB. \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1) \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC, \u03AE \u03BC\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD \u03B3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC (\u03C3\u03B5 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03CC\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03C8\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD). \u0391\u03BD\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03AE \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C7\u03CE\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B5\u03B9\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03AF\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03AC\u03C7\u03BF\u03C2, \u03C4\u03B7 \u03C3\u03CD\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7, \u03C4\u03BF \u03C7\u03C1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03B5\u03C7\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03BF."@el . . "La estratigraf\u00EDa arqueol\u00F3gica es el estudio de la superposici\u00F3n de capas o estratos de la tierra en el terreno con una finalidad arqueol\u00F3gica. Cada capa tiene una edad diferente, y seg\u00FAn donde encontremos un objeto podemos establecer su antig\u00FCedad."@es . . . . "10596"^^ . . . . . . . "Stratigraphy is a key concept to modern archaeological theory and practice. Modern excavation techniques are based on stratigraphic principles. The concept derives from the geological use of the idea that sedimentation takes place according to uniform principles.When archaeological finds are below the surface of the ground (as is most commonly the case), the identification of the context of each find is vital in enabling the archaeologist to draw conclusions about the site and about the nature and date of its occupation. It is the archaeologist's role to attempt to discover what contexts exist and how they came to be created. Archaeological stratification or sequence is the dynamic superimposition of single units of stratigraphy, or contexts."@en . "Estratigrafia (arqueologia)"@pt . . "1082175"^^ . . "Estratigraf\u00EDa arqueol\u00F3gica"@es . . . "Stratigraphy is a key concept to modern archaeological theory and practice. Modern excavation techniques are based on stratigraphic principles. The concept derives from the geological use of the idea that sedimentation takes place according to uniform principles.When archaeological finds are below the surface of the ground (as is most commonly the case), the identification of the context of each find is vital in enabling the archaeologist to draw conclusions about the site and about the nature and date of its occupation. It is the archaeologist's role to attempt to discover what contexts exist and how they came to be created. Archaeological stratification or sequence is the dynamic superimposition of single units of stratigraphy, or contexts. Contexts are single events or actions that leave discrete, detectable traces in the archaeological sequence or stratigraphy. They can be deposits (such as the back-fill of a ditch), structures (such as walls), or \"zero thickness surfaciques\", better known as \"cuts\". Cuts represent actions that remove other solid contexts such as fills, deposits, and walls. An example would be a ditch \"cut\" through earlier deposits. Stratigraphic relationships are the relationships created between contexts in time, representing the chronological order in which they were created. One example would be a ditch and the back-fill of said ditch. The temporal relationship of \"the fill\" context to the ditch \"cut\" context is such that \"the fill\" occurred later in the sequence; you have to dig a ditch before you can back-fill it. A relationship that is later in the sequence is sometimes referred to as \"higher\" in the sequence, and a relationship that is earlier, \"lower\", though this does not refer necessarily to the physical location of the context. It is more useful to think of \"higher\" as it relates to the context's position in a Harris matrix, a two-dimensional representation of a site's formation in space and time."@en . . . . . "Estratigrafia \u00E9 um conceito chave para a pr\u00E1tica e teoria arqueol\u00F3gica moderna. T\u00E9cnicas modernas de escava\u00E7\u00E3o s\u00E3o baseadas em princ\u00EDpios estratigr\u00E1ficos. O conceito deriva do princ\u00EDpio geol\u00F3gico de que a sedimenta\u00E7\u00E3o ocorre de acordo com princ\u00EDpios uniformes."@pt . . "1073669692"^^ . . "La stratigrafia \u00E8 la scienza che descrive gli strati archeologici. In particolare, sono oggetto di analisi, per ricostruire la storia degli strati, forma, concatenamento, divisione e successione. Le basi di questa scienza furono gettate da Niccol\u00F2 Stenone nel XVII secolo, il quale dimostr\u00F2 che gli strati geologici si sovrapponevano nel tempo e che quelli pi\u00F9 antichi erano i pi\u00F9 profondi. Fondamentale fu anche il contributo di William Smith (XIX secolo), che sottoline\u00F2 l'importanza dei fossili per distinguere adeguatamente gli strati. Il metodo \u00E8 stato elaborato a partire dal concetto di stratigrafia individuato in geologia, per cui le rocce si depositano in strati sovrapposti, con quelle pi\u00F9 antiche alla base e quelle via via pi\u00F9 recenti che le vanno a coprire."@it . . . "La estratigraf\u00EDa arqueol\u00F3gica es el estudio de la superposici\u00F3n de capas o estratos de la tierra en el terreno con una finalidad arqueol\u00F3gica. Cada capa tiene una edad diferente, y seg\u00FAn donde encontremos un objeto podemos establecer su antig\u00FCedad. En una excavaci\u00F3n es muy importante tener cuidado de extraer la tierra de forma ordenada para saber exactamente en qu\u00E9 estrato se encontr\u00F3 ya que nos dar\u00E1 informaci\u00F3n sobre el contexto, lugar y orientaci\u00F3n para poder sacar conclusiones v\u00E1lidas. Una vez distinguidos los niveles, hay que ordenarlos en una secuencia cronol\u00F3gica, que ser\u00E1 la de un yacimiento."@es . . "La stratigrafia \u00E8 la scienza che descrive gli strati archeologici. In particolare, sono oggetto di analisi, per ricostruire la storia degli strati, forma, concatenamento, divisione e successione. Le basi di questa scienza furono gettate da Niccol\u00F2 Stenone nel XVII secolo, il quale dimostr\u00F2 che gli strati geologici si sovrapponevano nel tempo e che quelli pi\u00F9 antichi erano i pi\u00F9 profondi. Fondamentale fu anche il contributo di William Smith (XIX secolo), che sottoline\u00F2 l'importanza dei fossili per distinguere adeguatamente gli strati."@it . "\u03A3\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1 (\u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1)"@el . . . "Die Erfassung der Stratigraphie eines arch\u00E4ologischen Befundes ist eine wissenschaftliche Methode der Arch\u00E4ologie und hilft bei der relativen Altersbestimmung von Ablagerungen. Ihr Gegenstand ist die bei einer Ausgrabung in einem vertikalen Profil feststellbare Abfolge von Straten (lat. stratum, Pl. strata, zu sternere \u201Eausbreiten\u201C: \u201ESchicht\u201C), die durch nat\u00FCrliche und anthropogene Ablagerungen sowie Bauma\u00DFnahmen (Aufsch\u00FCttung, Graben, Schacht, Brunnen, Pfostenloch, Planierung, Verf\u00FCllung etc.) entstanden ist. Auch die Abfolge der Straten selbst wird als arch\u00E4ologische Stratigraphie bezeichnet."@de . . "\u039C\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03CC\u03C1\u03BF \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1 (stratigraphy) \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03AF\u03B1 \u03B5\u03BD\u03BD\u03BF\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03BB\u03AD\u03C4\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD \u03AE \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9\u03BD, \u03B4\u03B7\u03BB\u03B1\u03B4\u03AE \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03B1\u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03AC\u03C4\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2 (stratification), \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7\u03C2. \u03A4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE \u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC (\u03B2\u03BB. \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03C9\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03B3\u03C1\u03B1\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1) \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC, \u03AE \u03BC\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03BD \u03B3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC (\u03C3\u03B5 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03CC\u03B4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B5\u03B3\u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC\u03BB\u03B5\u03B9\u03C8\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B5\u03C9\u03BD). \u0391\u03BD\u03AC\u03BB\u03BF\u03B3\u03B1 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C6\u03C5\u03C3\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03AE \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B9\u03C4\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B2\u03BF\u03BB\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C7\u03CE\u03C1\u03B1 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03BC\u03B9\u03B1 \u03B8\u03AD\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03C1\u03BA\u03B5\u03B9\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2, \u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03C1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03AF\u03BB\u03BB\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03AC\u03C7\u03BF\u03C2, \u03C4\u03B7 \u03C3\u03CD\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C3\u03B7, \u03C4\u03BF \u03C7\u03C1\u03CE\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03B5\u03C7\u03CC\u03BC\u03B5\u03BD\u03BF."@el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Wykopaliska stratygraficzne \u2013 jest to jedna z dw\u00F3ch metod eksploracji stanowiska archeologicznego. Polega na usuwaniu warstw archeologicznych zgodnie z ich uk\u0142adem i konturami. Warstwy s\u0105 usuwane w kolejno\u015Bci odwrotnej do tej w jakiej powstawa\u0142y. Historia stanowiska jest ods\u0142aniana od czas\u00F3w najnowszych do czas\u00F3w najdawniejszych.Archeolodzy pos\u0142uguj\u0105 si\u0119 t\u0105 metod\u0105 prowadzenia wykopalisk, kiedy tylko mo\u017Cliwe jest rozr\u00F3\u017Cnienie warstw. Warstwy archeologiczne maj\u0105 r\u00F3\u017Cne kszta\u0142ty, niejednakow\u0105 mi\u0105\u017Cszo\u015B\u0107 oraz r\u00F3\u017Cny przebieg. Warstwy cz\u0119sto s\u0105 zaburzone, przemieszane przez dzia\u0142alno\u015B\u0107 cz\u0142owieka. Prowadzenie bada\u0144 t\u0105 metod\u0105 jest pracoch\u0142onne i \u017Cmudne, przynosi jednak najlepsze efekty."@pl . . . "Stratigraphy (archaeology)"@en . "Die Erfassung der Stratigraphie eines arch\u00E4ologischen Befundes ist eine wissenschaftliche Methode der Arch\u00E4ologie und hilft bei der relativen Altersbestimmung von Ablagerungen. Ihr Gegenstand ist die bei einer Ausgrabung in einem vertikalen Profil feststellbare Abfolge von Straten (lat. stratum, Pl. strata, zu sternere \u201Eausbreiten\u201C: \u201ESchicht\u201C), die durch nat\u00FCrliche und anthropogene Ablagerungen sowie Bauma\u00DFnahmen (Aufsch\u00FCttung, Graben, Schacht, Brunnen, Pfostenloch, Planierung, Verf\u00FCllung etc.) entstanden ist. Auch die Abfolge der Straten selbst wird als arch\u00E4ologische Stratigraphie bezeichnet."@de . . . . . . "Wykopaliska stratygraficzne"@pl . "Stratigrafia (archeologia)"@it . . .