. . . "1524"^^ . . . . . . . . "La conquista de Guatemala fue un conflicto que forma parte de la colonizaci\u00F3n espa\u00F1ola de Am\u00E9rica en el territorio de lo que hoy es la rep\u00FAblica de Guatemala en Centroam\u00E9rica. Antes de la conquista, este territorio comprend\u00EDa varios reinos mesoamericanos, la mayor\u00EDa de los cuales pertenec\u00EDa a la civilizaci\u00F3n maya.Muchos conquistadores vieron a los mayas como \u00ABinfieles\u00BB que necesitaban ser pacificados y convertidos a la fuerza al cristianismo, sin tener en cuenta los logros de su civilizaci\u00F3n.\u200B El primer contacto entre los mayas y los exploradores europeos se dio en el siglo xvi, cuando un barco espa\u00F1ol que navegaba de Panam\u00E1 a Santo Domingo, naufrag\u00F3 en la costa este de la pen\u00EDnsula de Yucat\u00E1n en 1511.\u200B En 1517 y 1519 siguieron varias expediciones espa\u00F1olas que tocaron tierra en diferentes"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "25"^^ . . "Penaklukan Guatemala oleh Spanyol adalah konflik panjang yang berlangsung selama upaya kolonisasi Spanyol di Amerika. Dalam konflik ini, penjajah Spanyol berusaha menguasai wilayah yang kini merupakan bagian dari Guatemala. Sebelum penaklukan, wilayah ini terdiri dari sejumlah kerajaan Mesoamerika yang saling beseteru, dan sebagian besar negara tersebut merupakan negara Maya. Banyak conquistador yang merasa bahwa bangsa Maya adalah \"kafir\" yang harus dipaksa menjadi Katolik dan didamaikan tanpa memedulikan pencapaian peradaban Maya. Kontak pertama antara bangsa Maya dengan penjelajah Eropa berlangsung pada awal abad ke-16 ketika kapal Spanyol yang berlayar dari Panama ke Santo Domingo karam di pesisir timur Semenanjung Yucat\u00E1n pada tahun 1511. Ekspedisi Spanyol kemudian dilancarkan pada ta"@in . . . "20"^^ . . . . . "147052"^^ . . . "left"@en . . . . . "In a protracted conflict during the Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish colonisers gradually incorporated the territory that became the modern country of Guatemala into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. Before the conquest, this territory contained a number of competing Mesoamerican kingdoms, the majority of which were Maya. Many conquistadors viewed the Maya as \"infidels\" who needed to be forcefully converted and pacified, disregarding the achievements of their civilization. The first contact between the Maya and European explorers came in the early 16th century when a Spanish ship sailing from Panama to Santo Domingo was wrecked on the east coast of the Yucat\u00E1n Peninsula in 1511. Several Spanish expeditions followed in 1517 and 1519, making landfall on various parts of the Yucat\u00E1n coast. The Spanish conquest of the Maya was a prolonged affair; the Maya kingdoms resisted integration into the Spanish Empire with such tenacity that their defeat took almost two centuries. Pedro de Alvarado arrived in Guatemala from the newly conquered Mexico in early 1524, commanding a mixed force of Spanish conquistadors and native allies, mostly from Tlaxcala and Cholula. Geographic features across Guatemala now bear Nahuatl placenames owing to the influence of these Mexican allies, who translated for the Spanish. The Kaqchikel Maya initially allied themselves with the Spanish, but soon rebelled against excessive demands for tribute and did not finally surrender until 1530. In the meantime the other major highland Maya kingdoms had each been defeated in turn by the Spanish and allied warriors from Mexico and already subjugated Maya kingdoms in Guatemala. The Itza Maya and other lowland groups in the Pet\u00E9n Basin were first contacted by Hern\u00E1n Cort\u00E9s in 1525, but remained independent and hostile to the encroaching Spanish until 1697, when a concerted Spanish assault led by Mart\u00EDn de Urs\u00FAa y Arizmendi finally defeated the last independent Maya kingdom. Spanish and native tactics and technology differed greatly. The Spanish viewed the taking of prisoners as a hindrance to outright victory, whereas the Maya prioritised the capture of live prisoners and of booty. The indigenous peoples of Guatemala lacked key elements of Old World technology such as a functional wheel, horses, iron, steel, and gunpowder; they were also extremely susceptible to Old World diseases, against which they had no resistance. The Maya preferred raiding and ambush to large-scale warfare, using spears, arrows and wooden swords with inset obsidian blades; the Xinca of the southern coastal plain used poison on their arrows. In response to the use of Spanish cavalry, the highland Maya took to digging pits and lining them with wooden stakes."@en . "Spanish conquest of Guatemala"@en . . . 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"Spanish conquest of Guatemala"@en . . . . . "Painting of Pedro de Alvarado"@en . . 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"Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado led the initial efforts to conquer Guatemala."@en . . . . . . . . . "Mart\u00EDn de Urs\u00FAa"@en . . . . . . "Spanish victory"@en . . "Tecun Uman"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras"@en . "La conquista spagnola del Guatemala fu un lungo conflitto nel corso della colonizzazione spagnola delle Americhe, nel quale gli spagnoli gradualmente incorporarono il territorio che divenne poi il moderno Guatemala nel vicereame della Nuova Spagna. Prima della conquista, questo territorio conteneva un gran numero di regni mesoamericani in lotta tra loro, la maggioranza dei quali erano maya. Molti conquistadores vedevano i Maya come \"\" che dovevano essere convertiti e pacificati, disgregando le strutture della loro societ\u00E0. Il primo contatto tra Maya e esploratori europei avvenne all'inizio del XVI secolo quando una nave spagnola salpata da Panama e diretta a Santo Domingo si incagli\u00F2 nella costa orientale della Penisola dello Yucat\u00E1n nel 1511. Gli spagnoli fecero seguire altre spedizioni n"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Beleheb-Tzy"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "The ruins of Iximche, burnt by Spanish deserters"@en . "In a protracted conflict during the Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish colonisers gradually incorporated the territory that became the modern country of Guatemala into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. Before the conquest, this territory contained a number of competing Mesoamerican kingdoms, the majority of which were Maya. Many conquistadors viewed the Maya as \"infidels\" who needed to be forcefully converted and pacified, disregarding the achievements of their civilization. The first contact between the Maya and European explorers came in the early 16th century when a Spanish ship sailing from Panama to Santo Domingo was wrecked on the east coast of the Yucat\u00E1n Peninsula in 1511. Several Spanish expeditions followed in 1517 and 1519, making landfall on various parts of the"@en . . . . . . . . . . "one could make a whole book ... out of the atrocities, barbarities, murders, clearances, ravages and other foul injustices perpetrated ... by those that went to Guatemala"@en . "Spanish Empire, includingIndian auxiliaries" . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Spanish victory" . . . "200"^^ . . . . . . "Lienzo de Tlaxcala Iximche.gif"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Hern\u00E1n Cort\u00E9s"@en . . . . . "Spanish conquest of Guatemala"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "La conquista spagnola del Guatemala fu un lungo conflitto nel corso della colonizzazione spagnola delle Americhe, nel quale gli spagnoli gradualmente incorporarono il territorio che divenne poi il moderno Guatemala nel vicereame della Nuova Spagna. Prima della conquista, questo territorio conteneva un gran numero di regni mesoamericani in lotta tra loro, la maggioranza dei quali erano maya. Molti conquistadores vedevano i Maya come \"\" che dovevano essere convertiti e pacificati, disgregando le strutture della loro societ\u00E0. Il primo contatto tra Maya e esploratori europei avvenne all'inizio del XVI secolo quando una nave spagnola salpata da Panama e diretta a Santo Domingo si incagli\u00F2 nella costa orientale della Penisola dello Yucat\u00E1n nel 1511. Gli spagnoli fecero seguire altre spedizioni nel 1517 e nel 1519, raggiungendo diverse parti della costa dello Yucatan. La conquista spagnola di questo territorio fu ad ogni modo lunga per l'opposizione dei Maya che richiesero quasi due secoli per essere soggiogati dagli spagnoli. Pedro de Alvarado giunse in Guatemala dalla Messico da poco conquistato all'inizio del 1524, comandando una forza mista di conquistadores spagnoli e alleati locali, in gran parte da Tlaxcala e Cholula. I inizialmente si allearono anch'essi con gli spagnoli, ma ben presto gli si ribellarono per l'eccessiva richiesta di tributi e non si arresero sino al 1530. Nel frattempo gli spagnoli erano riusciti coi loro alleati a soggiogare la maggior parte dei regni maya del Guatemala. Gli Itza e altri gruppi locali del bacino di Pet\u00E9n entrarono in contatto per la prima volta con Hern\u00E1n Cort\u00E9s nel 1525, ma rimasero indipendenti e ostili sino al 1697, quando un assalto spagnolo guidato da Mart\u00EDn de Urs\u00FAa y Arizmendi riusc\u00EC a sconfiggere gli ultimi regni indipendenti maya. Le tattiche e le tecnologie spagnole e indiane differivano notevolmente tra loro. Gli spagnoli vedevano la cattura dei prigionieri come una perdita di tempo, mentre i Maya davano priorit\u00E0 alla cattura di nemici vivi e a fare bottino. I popoli indigeni del Guatemala non avevano per\u00F2 gli elementi chiave della tecnologia del Vecchio Mondo come ad esempio la ruota, i cavalli, il ferro, l'acciaio, la polvere da sparo; essi non erano inoltre immuni alle malattie pi\u00F9 banali del Vecchio Mondo cui non potevano opporsi. I Maya avevano preferenza alle razzie ed alle imboscate come tecniche di guerra, utilizzando lance, frecce e spade di legno con innestate lame di ossidiana; gli delle pianure del sud usavano anche del veleno sulle loro frecce. In risposta all'uso della cavalleria da parte degli spagnoli, i Maya erano soliti scavare delle buche con pali acuminati che poi venivano ricoperte."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Oxib-Keh"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Conquista de Guatemala"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "... we waited until they came close enough to shoot their arrows, and then we smashed into them; as they had never seen horses, they grew very fearful, and we made a good advance ... and many of them died."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Pedro de Alvarado"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Page from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala depicting the conquest of Iximche"@en . . . . "1104904913"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . "Annals of the Kaqchikels"@en . . . . . . . . . . "Independent indigenous kingdoms and city-states, including those of theChajoma,Chuj,Itza,Ixil,Kakchiquel,Kejache,K\u02BCiche\u02BC,Kowoj,Lakandon Ch\u02BCol,Mam,Manche Ch\u02BCol,Pipil,Poqomam,Q\u02BCanjob\u02BCal,Q\u02BCeqchi\u02BC,Tz\u02BCutujil,Xinca, andYalain" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "We came here to serve God and the King, and also to get rich."@en . . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . "Penaklukan Guatemala oleh Spanyol adalah konflik panjang yang berlangsung selama upaya kolonisasi Spanyol di Amerika. Dalam konflik ini, penjajah Spanyol berusaha menguasai wilayah yang kini merupakan bagian dari Guatemala. Sebelum penaklukan, wilayah ini terdiri dari sejumlah kerajaan Mesoamerika yang saling beseteru, dan sebagian besar negara tersebut merupakan negara Maya. Banyak conquistador yang merasa bahwa bangsa Maya adalah \"kafir\" yang harus dipaksa menjadi Katolik dan didamaikan tanpa memedulikan pencapaian peradaban Maya. Kontak pertama antara bangsa Maya dengan penjelajah Eropa berlangsung pada awal abad ke-16 ketika kapal Spanyol yang berlayar dari Panama ke Santo Domingo karam di pesisir timur Semenanjung Yucat\u00E1n pada tahun 1511. Ekspedisi Spanyol kemudian dilancarkan pada tahun 1517 dan 1519 di berbagai wilayah di pesisir Yucat\u00E1n. Upaya Spanyol untuk menaklukkan bangsa Maya berlangsung lama karena kerajaan-kerajaan Maya melawan upaya Imperium Spanyol sehingga Spanyol memerlukan waktu hingga dua abad untuk menguasai mereka. Pedro de Alvarado tiba di Guatemala pada awal tahun 1524 dan membawa tentara gabungan Spanyol dan penduduk asli (yang sebagian besar berasal dari Tlaxcala dan Cholula. Beberapa kenampakan geografis di Guatemala kini memiliki nama Nahuatl karena pengaruh penduduk asli yang menjadi sekutu Spanyol yang menerjemahkannya untuk bangsa Spanyol. Suku Maya Kaqchikel awalnya bersekutu dengan bangsa Spanyol, namun segera memberontak karena permintaan upeti yang berlebihan; mereka baru menyerah pada tahun 1530. Sementara itu, kerajaan-kerajaan Maya lain di dataran tinggi telah dikalahkan oleh bangsa Spanyol dan sekutu penduduk aslinya. Suku Maya Itza dan kelompok Maya lainnya di Cekungan Pet\u00E9n pertama kali berhubungan dengan Hern\u00E1n Cort\u00E9s pada tahun 1525, namun tetap merdeka dan bermusuhan dengan bangsa Spanyol hingga tahun 1697, ketika serangan Spanyol yang dipimpin oleh Mart\u00EDn de Urz\u00FAa y Arizmendi akhirnya berhasil menundukkan kerajaan Maya terakhir. Taktik dan teknologi Spanyol dengan penduduk asli sangat berbeda. Spanyol merasa bahwa tawanan hanya menghambat kemenangan, sementara bangsa Maya mengutamakan tawanan dan barang rampasan. Penduduk asli Guatemala tidak memiliki teknologi dari Dunia Lama seperti roda, kuda, besi, dan mesiu; mereka juga rentan terhadap penyakit-penyakit dari Dunia Lama. Suku Maya lebih suka menyergap daripada terlibat dalam peperangan berskala besar, dan untuk itu mereka menggunakan tombak, panah, dan pedang; di selatan menggunakan racun di panahnya. Untuk melawan kavaleri Spanyol, suku Maya di dataran tinggi menggali lubang."@in . "La conqu\u00EAte du Guatemala fut un \u00E9pisode de la colonisation espagnole des Am\u00E9riques dans les territoires dans l'actuel Guatemala en Am\u00E9rique centrale. Avant la conqu\u00EAte, la r\u00E9gion \u00E9tait contr\u00F4l\u00E9e par des cit\u00E9s-\u00C9tats m\u00E9soam\u00E9ricaines, principalement mayas. De nombreux conquistadors consid\u00E9raient les Mayas comme des \"infid\u00E8les\" qui devaient \u00EAtre pacifi\u00E9s et convertis de force sans \u00E9gards pour les r\u00E9alisations de leur civilisation. Le premier contact entre les Mayas et les explorateurs europ\u00E9ens eut lieu en 1511 lorsqu'un navire espagnol reliant Panama \u00E0 Saint-Domingue s'\u00E9choua sur la c\u00F4te orientale de la p\u00E9ninsule du Yucat\u00E1n. Cet incident fut suivi par plusieurs exp\u00E9ditions espagnoles qui d\u00E9barqu\u00E8rent sur la cote du Yucat\u00E1n en 1517 et 1519. La conqu\u00EAte espagnole des Mayas fut longue et \u00E2pre et les royaumes mayas r\u00E9sist\u00E8rent \u00E0 l'int\u00E9gration au sein de l'Empire espagnol durant pr\u00E8s de deux si\u00E8cles. Pedro de Alvarado arriva au Guatemala depuis le Mexique r\u00E9cemment conquis au d\u00E9but de l'ann\u00E9e 1524 \u00E0 la t\u00EAte d'une arm\u00E9e compos\u00E9e de conquistadors espagnols et d'alli\u00E9s indig\u00E8nes en majorit\u00E9 originaires de Tlaxcala et de Cholula. Des villes dans tout le Guat\u00E9mala portent des noms Nahuatl du fait de l'influence de ces alli\u00E9s mexicains qui servaient d'interpr\u00E8tes pour les Espagnols. Malgr\u00E9 leur alliance initiale avec les Espagnols, les Kaqchikels se r\u00E9volt\u00E8rent contre les exigences espagnoles et ne furent pas vaincus avant 1530. Dans le m\u00EAme temps, les autres principaux royaumes azt\u00E8ques des hautes-terres furent battus par les Espagnols, leurs alli\u00E9s mexicains et par les royaumes mayas vaincus du Guatemala. Les Itz\u00E1s et les autres groupes des basses-terres du bassin du Pet\u00E9n entr\u00E8rent en contact avec Hern\u00E1n Cort\u00E9s en 1525 mais rest\u00E8rent ind\u00E9pendants et hostiles \u00E0 la colonisation espagnole jusqu'en 1697 lorsqu'une offensive espagnole mit fin \u00E0 l'existence du dernier royaume maya ind\u00E9pendant. Les technologies et les tactiques espagnoles et m\u00E9soam\u00E9ricaines \u00E9taient tr\u00E8s diff\u00E9rentes. Les Espagnols consid\u00E9raient le fait de faire des prisonniers comme une entrave \u00E0 une victoire totale alors que les Mayas mettaient l'accent sur les prisonniers et le butin. Les Am\u00E9rindiens ne disposaient pas des \u00E9l\u00E9ments cl\u00E9s de la sup\u00E9riorit\u00E9 technologique de l'ancien monde comme les chevaux, l'acier et la poudre \u00E0 canon ; ils \u00E9taient \u00E9galement tr\u00E8s vuln\u00E9rables aux maladies import\u00E9es contre lesquelles ils n'avaient aucune d\u00E9fense. Les Mayas privil\u00E9giaient les raids et les embuscades aux batailles rang\u00E9es et ils utilisaient des lances, des fl\u00E8ches et des \u00E9p\u00E9es en bois avec un tranchant en obsidienne ; les Xincas de la plaine c\u00F4ti\u00E8re du sud appliquaient du poison sur leurs fl\u00E8ches. En r\u00E9ponse \u00E0 l'usage de la cavalerie espagnole, les Mayas des hautes-terres creusaient des foss\u00E9s \u00E9quip\u00E9s de rang\u00E9es de pieux en bois."@fr . . . . . . . "La conquesta de Guatemala fou un conflicte que forma part de la colonitzaci\u00F3 espanyola d'Am\u00E8rica al territori del que avui \u00E9s la Rep\u00FAblica de Guatemala, a l'Am\u00E8rica Central. Abans de la conquesta, aquest territori comprenia diversos regnes mesoamericans, la majoria dels quals pertanyia a la civilitzaci\u00F3 maia. Molts conqueridors veieren els maies com \u00ABinfidels\u00BB que calia pacificar i convertir a la for\u00E7a al cristianisme, sense tenir en compte les fites de la seva civilitzaci\u00F3. El primer contacte entre els maies i els exploradors europeus es don\u00E0 al segle xvi, quan un vaixell espanyol que navegava del Panam\u00E0 a Santo Domingo naufrag\u00E0 a la costa est de la pen\u00EDnsula de Yucat\u00E1n el 1511. El 1517 i el 1519 hi hagu\u00E9 diverses expedicions espanyoles que tocaren terra a diferents parts de la costa del "@ca . . "Conquesta de Guatemala"@ca . . . . . . . . . . "The Plains of Urbina, scene of a decisive battle against the K\u02BCiche\u02BC"@en . . . . . . "Conqu\u00EAte du Guatemala"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "200"^^ . . . . "La conquesta de Guatemala fou un conflicte que forma part de la colonitzaci\u00F3 espanyola d'Am\u00E8rica al territori del que avui \u00E9s la Rep\u00FAblica de Guatemala, a l'Am\u00E8rica Central. Abans de la conquesta, aquest territori comprenia diversos regnes mesoamericans, la majoria dels quals pertanyia a la civilitzaci\u00F3 maia. Molts conqueridors veieren els maies com \u00ABinfidels\u00BB que calia pacificar i convertir a la for\u00E7a al cristianisme, sense tenir en compte les fites de la seva civilitzaci\u00F3. El primer contacte entre els maies i els exploradors europeus es don\u00E0 al segle xvi, quan un vaixell espanyol que navegava del Panam\u00E0 a Santo Domingo naufrag\u00E0 a la costa est de la pen\u00EDnsula de Yucat\u00E1n el 1511. El 1517 i el 1519 hi hagu\u00E9 diverses expedicions espanyoles que tocaren terra a diferents parts de la costa del Yucat\u00E1n. La conquesta espanyola del territori dels maies fou un conflicte que s'allarg\u00E0 durant gaireb\u00E9 dos segles per la tenacitat de la resist\u00E8ncia dels regnes maies a llur integraci\u00F3 a l'Imperi Espanyol. La tecnologia i les t\u00E0ctiques espanyoles i nadiues eren molt diferents. Els pobles ind\u00EDgenes de Guatemala no nom\u00E9s mancaven d'elements claus de la tecnologia del Vell M\u00F3n com una roda funcional, cavalls, ferro, acer i p\u00F3lvora, sin\u00F3 que tamb\u00E9 eren molt susceptibles a les malalties del Vell M\u00F3n contra les quals no tenien cap resist\u00E8ncia. Els maies preferien les incursions i l'emboscada a la guerra a gran escala, i empraven llances, fletxes i espases de fusta amb fulles d'obsidiana. Els xinques de la plana costanera del sud empraven fletxes enverinades. En resposta a la cavalleria espanyola, els maies de l'altipl\u00E0 recorregueren a cavar forats amb estaques de fusta. Els espanyols veieren la presa de presoners com un impediment per a la vict\u00F2ria final; en canvi, els maies donaren prioritat a la captura de presoners vius i l'apropiaci\u00F3 de botins. Pedro de Alvarado arrib\u00E0 a Guatemala a comen\u00E7aments del 1524 al comandament d'una for\u00E7a mixta composta de conqueridors espanyols i dels seus aliats nadius, en la seva majoria de Tlaxcala i . Els noms geogr\u00E0fics al llarg de Guatemala tenen top\u00F2nims en n\u00E0huatl a causa de la influ\u00E8ncia d'aquests aliats mexicans que tamb\u00E9 serviren com guies i traductors per als espanyols. A l'inici de la conquesta, els kaqtxikels s'aliaren amb els conqueridors, per\u00F2 aviat s'hi rebel\u00B7laren a causa de les excessives exig\u00E8ncies tribut\u00E0ries; no es rendiren fins al 1530. Mentrestant, cadascun dels altres regnes maies de l'altipl\u00E0 havia estat derrotat pels espanyols i per llurs guerrers aliats, tant de M\u00E8xic com dels regnes maies pr\u00E8viament subjugats. El poble itz\u00E1 i altres pobles maies de les terres baixes de la conca del Pet\u00E9n establiren contacte amb Hern\u00E1n Cort\u00E9s per primer cop el 1525, per\u00F2 el regne itz\u00E1 era hostil a la invasi\u00F3 dels espanyols i mantingu\u00E9 la seva independ\u00E8ncia fins al 1697, quan un atac dels espanyols finalment derrot\u00E0 l'\u00FAltim regne maia independent, acabant aix\u00ED amb la conquesta de tot el territori."@ca . . . . "The Kaqchikel began to fight the Spanish. They opened shafts and pits for the horses and put sharp stakes in them to kill them ... Many Spanish and their horses died in the horse traps. Many K\u02BCiche\u02BC and Tz\u02BCutujil also died; in this way the Kaqchikel destroyed all these peoples."@en . "Bernal D\u00EDaz del Castillo"@en . . . "\u0627\u0644\u063A\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0644\u063A\u0648\u0627\u062A\u064A\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627"@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Conquista spagnola del Guatemala"@it . . "212"^^ . . . . "Llanos de Urbina 02.JPG"@en . . . . . "Penaklukan Guatemala oleh Spanyol"@in . . . . . . . . . . "the Spanish colonization of the Americas"@en . "right"@en . . . . . . . "250"^^ . . . . . "View across a series of neatly maintained low ruins, consisting of a labyrinthine series of overlapping rectangular basal platforms. Two small pyramid structures dominate the view, with pine forest providing the backdrop."@en . . . . . . . . "La conquista de Guatemala fue un conflicto que forma parte de la colonizaci\u00F3n espa\u00F1ola de Am\u00E9rica en el territorio de lo que hoy es la rep\u00FAblica de Guatemala en Centroam\u00E9rica. Antes de la conquista, este territorio comprend\u00EDa varios reinos mesoamericanos, la mayor\u00EDa de los cuales pertenec\u00EDa a la civilizaci\u00F3n maya.Muchos conquistadores vieron a los mayas como \u00ABinfieles\u00BB que necesitaban ser pacificados y convertidos a la fuerza al cristianismo, sin tener en cuenta los logros de su civilizaci\u00F3n.\u200B El primer contacto entre los mayas y los exploradores europeos se dio en el siglo xvi, cuando un barco espa\u00F1ol que navegaba de Panam\u00E1 a Santo Domingo, naufrag\u00F3 en la costa este de la pen\u00EDnsula de Yucat\u00E1n en 1511.\u200B En 1517 y 1519 siguieron varias expediciones espa\u00F1olas que tocaron tierra en diferentes partes de la costa de Yucat\u00E1n.\u200B La conquista espa\u00F1ola del territorio de los mayas fue un conflicto prolongado que dur\u00F3 casi dos siglos\u200B por la tenacidad de la resistencia de los reinos mayas a su integraci\u00F3n en el imperio espa\u00F1ol.\u200B La tecnolog\u00EDa y las t\u00E1cticas espa\u00F1olas y nativas eran muy diferentes. Los pueblos ind\u00EDgenas de Guatemala no solamente carec\u00EDan de elementos claves de la tecnolog\u00EDa del Viejo Mundo como una rueda funcional, caballos, hierro, acero y p\u00F3lvora, sino que tambi\u00E9n eran muy susceptibles a las enfermedades del Viejo Mundo contra las cuales no ten\u00EDan resistencia alguna. Los mayas prefer\u00EDan las incursiones y la emboscada a la guerra a gran escala, y utilizaban lanzas, flechas y espadas de madera con hojas de obsidiana. Los xincas de la llanura costera del sur utilizaban flechas envenenadas. En respuesta a la caballer\u00EDa espa\u00F1ola, los mayas del altiplano recurrieron a cavar hoyos con estacas de madera. Los espa\u00F1oles vieron la toma de prisioneros como un estorbo para la victoria final; en cambio, los mayas dieron prioridad a la captura de prisioneros vivos y la apropiaci\u00F3n de bot\u00EDn. Pedro de Alvarado lleg\u00F3 a Guatemala a principios de 1524 al mando de una fuerza mixta compuesta de conquistadores espa\u00F1oles y sus aliados nativos, en su mayor\u00EDa de Tlaxcala y Cholula. Los nombres geogr\u00E1ficos a lo largo de Guatemala tienen top\u00F3nimos en n\u00E1huatl debido a la influencia de estos aliados mexicanos que tambi\u00E9n sirvieron como gu\u00EDas y traductores para los espa\u00F1oles.\u200B Al inicio de la conquista, los kakchiqueles se aliaron con los conquistadores, pero pronto se rebelaron contra las excesivas exigencias tributarias de los espa\u00F1oles; no se rindieron hasta 1530. Mientras tanto, cada uno de los dem\u00E1s reinos mayas del altiplano hab\u00EDa sido derrotado por los espa\u00F1oles y sus guerreros aliados, tanto de M\u00E9xico como de los reinos mayas previamente subyugados. El pueblo itza' y otros pueblos mayas de las tierras bajas en la cuenca del Pet\u00E9n establecieron contacto con Hern\u00E1n Cort\u00E9s por primera vez en 1525, pero el reino itza' era hostil a la invasi\u00F3n de los espa\u00F1oles y mantuvo su independencia hasta 1697, cuando un resuelto ataque de los espa\u00F1oles finalmente derrot\u00F3 el \u00FAltimo reino maya independiente."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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"La conqu\u00EAte du Guatemala fut un \u00E9pisode de la colonisation espagnole des Am\u00E9riques dans les territoires dans l'actuel Guatemala en Am\u00E9rique centrale. Avant la conqu\u00EAte, la r\u00E9gion \u00E9tait contr\u00F4l\u00E9e par des cit\u00E9s-\u00C9tats m\u00E9soam\u00E9ricaines, principalement mayas. De nombreux conquistadors consid\u00E9raient les Mayas comme des \"infid\u00E8les\" qui devaient \u00EAtre pacifi\u00E9s et convertis de force sans \u00E9gards pour les r\u00E9alisations de leur civilisation. Le premier contact entre les Mayas et les explorateurs europ\u00E9ens eut lieu en 1511 lorsqu'un navire espagnol reliant Panama \u00E0 Saint-Domingue s'\u00E9choua sur la c\u00F4te orientale de la p\u00E9ninsule du Yucat\u00E1n. Cet incident fut suivi par plusieurs exp\u00E9ditions espagnoles qui d\u00E9barqu\u00E8rent sur la cote du Yucat\u00E1n en 1517 et 1519. La conqu\u00EAte espagnole des Mayas fut longue et \u00E2pre et"@fr . . . . . . . . "1916598"^^ . . . "Line drawing of a conquistador on horseback charging to the right accompanied by two native warriors on foot in feathered battledress. On the right hand side more simply dressed natives shoot arrows at the attackers."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Page from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala showing the conquest of Quetzaltenango"@en . . . "Iximch\u00E9.JPG"@en . . . . "right"@en . . . . . . . . . "Pedro de Alvarado describing the approach to Quetzaltenango in his 3rd letter to Hern\u00E1n Cort\u00E9s"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Spanish Empire, including Indian auxiliaries"@en . "Independent indigenous kingdoms and city-states, including those of the Chajoma, Chuj, Itza, Ixil, Kakchiquel, Kejache, K\u02BCiche\u02BC, Kowoj, Lakandon Ch\u02BCol, Mam, Manche Ch\u02BCol, Pipil, Poqomam, Q\u02BCanjob\u02BCal, Q\u02BCeqchi\u02BC, Tz\u02BCutujil, Xinca, and Yalain"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Lienzo de Tlaxcala Quetzaltenango.gif"@en . . . . . . . . . . . .