. . . "1065617143"^^ . . . "Skaz \u2013 jedna z form narracji ludowej literatury rosyjskiej, na\u015Bladuj\u0105ca \u017Cyw\u0105 mow\u0119 lub, wedle s\u0142\u00F3w Borisa Eichenbauma, stanowi\u0105ca iluzj\u0119 narracji m\u00F3wionej, w kt\u00F3rej uwidacznia si\u0119 nastawienie na s\u0142owo narratora, natomiast konstrukcja fabularna schodzi na dalszy plan, ust\u0119puj\u0105c miejsca konkretno\u015Bci s\u0142owa. Szczeg\u00F3\u0142ow\u0105 teori\u0119 skazu rozwin\u0105\u0142 Eichenbaum w rozprawach Jak jest zrobiony P\u0142aszcz Gogola (1919), Illuzija skaza (1924) oraz Leskow i proza wsp\u00F3\u0142czesna (1925)."@pl . "Skaz"@it . . . . "\u0421\u043A\u0430\u0437 \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E-\u0445\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043B\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0435\u043C, \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0430\u043D\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435. \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043A\u0430, \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C, \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0439. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437, \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0438 \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043B\u044F\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0444\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043B\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0435 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0430\u043D\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0437\u044B (\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043B\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0434\u044B, \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043A\u0438)."@ru . . . . "Skaz (rusky c\u043A\u0430\u0437) je v rusk\u00E9 liter\u00E1rn\u00ED v\u011Bd\u011B druh liter\u00E1rn\u00EDho um\u011Bleck\u00E9ho vypr\u00E1v\u011Bn\u00ED, napodobuj\u00EDc\u00ED \u017Eivou \u0159e\u010D ni\u017E\u0161\u00EDch soci\u00E1ln\u00EDch vrstev \u2013 sedl\u00E1k\u016F, zem\u011Bd\u011Blc\u016F, slu\u017Eebn\u00FDch. V\u00FDrazn\u00E1 charakteristika skazu je p\u0159\u00EDtomnost vyprav\u011B\u010De, kter\u00FD nen\u00ED autorem, ale sp\u00ED\u0161e interpretem, a jeho\u017E styl projevu nezapad\u00E1 do modern\u00ED liter\u00E1rn\u00ED normy. Term\u00EDn skaz, stejn\u011B jako skazanije, se m\u016F\u017Ee ve folkloristice vyskytovat tak\u00E9 jako definice pro r\u016Fzn\u00E9 ne-poh\u00E1dkov\u00E9 styly \u00FAstn\u00ED tradice (pov\u011Bsti, legendy, pou\u010Dn\u00E9 p\u0159\u00EDb\u011Bhy - exempla)."@cs . . "Skaz \u00E4r en ber\u00E4ttarteknik med ursprung i rysk litteratur. Skaz utm\u00E4rker sig genom att utnyttja en ber\u00E4ttare med utpr\u00E4glad dialekt, slang och individuellt ordf\u00F6rr\u00E5d. Ofta \u00E4r ber\u00E4ttaren simpel person av folket med begr\u00E4nsat intellekt och enkelt spr\u00E5k, som talar till personer ur sin egen milj\u00F6 p\u00E5 ett utpr\u00E4glat talspr\u00E5kligt s\u00E4tt. Bland v\u00E4lk\u00E4nda f\u00F6rfattare som anv\u00E4nt sig av denna teknik kan n\u00E4mnas Nikolaj Leskov, , och Jevgenij Zamjatin."@sv . . . "Der Skas [skas] (russisch \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437, von \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044C \u201Esagen\u201C; eine \u201EErz\u00E4hlung\u201A die von der Person des Erz\u00E4hlers gef\u00FChrt wird\u201C) bezeichnet einen Erz\u00E4hlungsstil, der eine M\u00FCndlichkeit der Kommunikation zwischen Erz\u00E4hler und Leser simuliert. Der Erz\u00E4hler gibt sich als kommunikative Instanz zu erkennen, die bisweilen gar \u00FCber die Art und Weise der Wiedergabe des Sujets sinniert. So gibt er stellenweise sein Unwissen \u00FCber den Verlauf der Handlung, die Nichtpreisgabe von Information oder seine Einsch\u00E4tzung der handelnden Personen explizit preis."@de . "Skaz \u2013 jedna z form narracji ludowej literatury rosyjskiej, na\u015Bladuj\u0105ca \u017Cyw\u0105 mow\u0119 lub, wedle s\u0142\u00F3w Borisa Eichenbauma, stanowi\u0105ca iluzj\u0119 narracji m\u00F3wionej, w kt\u00F3rej uwidacznia si\u0119 nastawienie na s\u0142owo narratora, natomiast konstrukcja fabularna schodzi na dalszy plan, ust\u0119puj\u0105c miejsca konkretno\u015Bci s\u0142owa. Szczeg\u00F3\u0142ow\u0105 teori\u0119 skazu rozwin\u0105\u0142 Eichenbaum w rozprawach Jak jest zrobiony P\u0142aszcz Gogola (1919), Illuzija skaza (1924) oraz Leskow i proza wsp\u00F3\u0142czesna (1925)."@pl . . . "Skas"@de . . . . . "Skaz (rusky c\u043A\u0430\u0437) je v rusk\u00E9 liter\u00E1rn\u00ED v\u011Bd\u011B druh liter\u00E1rn\u00EDho um\u011Bleck\u00E9ho vypr\u00E1v\u011Bn\u00ED, napodobuj\u00EDc\u00ED \u017Eivou \u0159e\u010D ni\u017E\u0161\u00EDch soci\u00E1ln\u00EDch vrstev \u2013 sedl\u00E1k\u016F, zem\u011Bd\u011Blc\u016F, slu\u017Eebn\u00FDch. V\u00FDrazn\u00E1 charakteristika skazu je p\u0159\u00EDtomnost vyprav\u011B\u010De, kter\u00FD nen\u00ED autorem, ale sp\u00ED\u0161e interpretem, a jeho\u017E styl projevu nezapad\u00E1 do modern\u00ED liter\u00E1rn\u00ED normy. Term\u00EDn skaz, stejn\u011B jako skazanije, se m\u016F\u017Ee ve folkloristice vyskytovat tak\u00E9 jako definice pro r\u016Fzn\u00E9 ne-poh\u00E1dkov\u00E9 styly \u00FAstn\u00ED tradice (pov\u011Bsti, legendy, pou\u010Dn\u00E9 p\u0159\u00EDb\u011Bhy - exempla)."@cs . . . . . . "5418"^^ . "Skaz"@cs . . . . "Skaz"@pl . . "Der Skas [skas] (russisch \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437, von \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044C \u201Esagen\u201C; eine \u201EErz\u00E4hlung\u201A die von der Person des Erz\u00E4hlers gef\u00FChrt wird\u201C) bezeichnet einen Erz\u00E4hlungsstil, der eine M\u00FCndlichkeit der Kommunikation zwischen Erz\u00E4hler und Leser simuliert. Der Erz\u00E4hler gibt sich als kommunikative Instanz zu erkennen, die bisweilen gar \u00FCber die Art und Weise der Wiedergabe des Sujets sinniert. So gibt er stellenweise sein Unwissen \u00FCber den Verlauf der Handlung, die Nichtpreisgabe von Information oder seine Einsch\u00E4tzung der handelnden Personen explizit preis. Der Skas in der Pr\u00E4gung der russischen Literatur hatte seine wohl bedeutendsten Vertreter in Nikolai Wassiljewitsch Gogol und Nikolai Semjonowitsch Leskow. Ersterer f\u00FChrte besonders in seiner 1842 publizierten Erz\u00E4hlung Der Mantel diese stilistische Methode zur Perfektion. Die Erz\u00E4hlung beginnt gleich mit einer Bemerkung des Erz\u00E4hlers, die seine Existenz als selektierende Instanz f\u00FCr den vermittelten Inhalt offenbart: \u201EIm Departement \u2026 doch tun wir besser, das Departement nicht zu nennen. Es gibt nichts Empfindlicheres als aller Art Departements, Regimenter, Kanzeleien und, mit einem Wort, jeder Art Berufsverb\u00E4nde. Heutzutage glaubt ja schon jeder Privatmann, in seiner Person werde die ganze Gesellschaft beleidigt. [\u2026] Also, um allen Unannehmlichkeiten zu entgehen, nennen wir das Departement, um das es sich handelt, einfach e i n Departement.\u201C \u2013 Nikolai Gogol: Der Mantel (nach der \u00DCbersetzung von Arthur Luther, Karl Rauch Verlag zu Jena 1947)"@de . . "Lo skaz (in russo: c\u043A\u0430\u0437?) \u00E8 la riproduzione di una narrazione orale. Un testo costruito secondo la tecnica dello skaz \u00E8 un testo in cui \"vediamo parlare\" qualcuno. Nel 1918 Ejchenbaum pubblic\u00F2 \u201CL\u2019illusione dello skaz\u201D, in cui scrisse che l'influenza dello skaz \u00E8 visibile nella composizione, nella costruzione sintattica, nella scelta delle parole e nella loro distribuzione. Quello che viene tradotto come \u201Cracconto\u201D si dice \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u043A\u0430, inteso come fiaba, collegato al verbo \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044C (parlare), di cui il narratore \u00E8 detto \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C, colui che racconta."@it . . "Skaz (Russian: \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437, IPA: [\u02C8skas]) is a Russian oral form of narrative. The word comes from skaz\u00E1t\u02B9, \"to tell\", and is also related to such words as rasskaz, \"short story\" and skazka, \"fairy tale\". The speech makes use of dialect and slang in order to take on the persona of a particular character. The peculiar speech, however, is integrated into the surrounding narrative, and not presented in quotation marks. Skaz is not only a literary device, but is also used as an element in Russian monologue comedy."@en . "Skaz \u00E4r en ber\u00E4ttarteknik med ursprung i rysk litteratur. Skaz utm\u00E4rker sig genom att utnyttja en ber\u00E4ttare med utpr\u00E4glad dialekt, slang och individuellt ordf\u00F6rr\u00E5d. Ofta \u00E4r ber\u00E4ttaren simpel person av folket med begr\u00E4nsat intellekt och enkelt spr\u00E5k, som talar till personer ur sin egen milj\u00F6 p\u00E5 ett utpr\u00E4glat talspr\u00E5kligt s\u00E4tt. Begreppet kommer fr\u00E5n ryskans skazat\u2019 som betyder \"att ber\u00E4tta\" eller \"att prata\" och \u00E4r sl\u00E4kt med ord som rasskaz (kort ber\u00E4ttelse) och skazka (saga). Skaz har f\u00F6rekommit i rysk litteratur sedan 1830-talet, och kan \u00E4ven \u00E5terfinnas i annan slavisk litteratur och \u00E4ven i v\u00E4steuropeisk och amerikansk litteratur. Ber\u00E4ttartekniken har anv\u00E4nts f\u00F6r att ge ett intryck av att ber\u00E4ttelser har ett gammalt muntligt ursprung. Bland v\u00E4lk\u00E4nda f\u00F6rfattare som anv\u00E4nt sig av denna teknik kan n\u00E4mnas Nikolaj Leskov, , och Jevgenij Zamjatin."@sv . "\u0421\u043A\u0430\u0437 \u2014 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E-\u0445\u0443\u0434\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043B\u043E\u0440\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0435\u043C, \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0430\u043D\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0449\u0435. \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043A\u0430, \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043C, \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043D\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043E\u0439. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0438\u043D \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437, \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0438 \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u043C\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043B\u044F\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0444\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043B\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0435 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0436\u0430\u043D\u0440\u043E\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0437\u044B (\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F, \u043B\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043D\u0434\u044B, \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438\u0447\u043A\u0438)."@ru . . . . . . . . . . "\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0632"@ar . "\u0421\u043A\u0430\u0437"@ru . . . . . . "Lo skaz (in russo: c\u043A\u0430\u0437?) \u00E8 la riproduzione di una narrazione orale. Un testo costruito secondo la tecnica dello skaz \u00E8 un testo in cui \"vediamo parlare\" qualcuno. Nel 1918 Ejchenbaum pubblic\u00F2 \u201CL\u2019illusione dello skaz\u201D, in cui scrisse che l'influenza dello skaz \u00E8 visibile nella composizione, nella costruzione sintattica, nella scelta delle parole e nella loro distribuzione. Quello che viene tradotto come \u201Cracconto\u201D si dice \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u043A\u0430, inteso come fiaba, collegato al verbo \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044C (parlare), di cui il narratore \u00E8 detto \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C, colui che racconta. Gogol \u00E8 considerato il pi\u00F9 grande utilizzatore dello skaz. Lui stesso ha creato una particolare forma di skaz con esclamazioni e giochi di parole. La prosa ornamentale, sviluppatasi nel XX secolo, assorbe insieme lo skaz molto violento, e una raffinata prosa poetica."@it . "Skaz"@sv . . 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"Skaz"@en . . "24238994"^^ . . "\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0632 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A\u0629: \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437)\u200F \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A. \u062A\u0623\u062A\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u060C \u00AB\u064A\u062D\u0643\u064A\u00BB\u060C \u0648\u062A\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062A \u0645\u062B\u0644 rasskaz\u060C \u00AB\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064A\u0631\u0629\u00BB \u0648 skazka\u060C \u00AB\u062D\u0643\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u062E\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629\u00BB. \u064A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064A \u0644\u0647\u062C\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062C\u0644 \u062A\u0648\u0644\u064A \u0634\u062E\u0635\u064A\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062A \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064A\u0646. \u064A\u062A\u0645 \u062F\u0645\u062C \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0643\u0627\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062C\u064A\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u064A\u0637\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0642\u062F\u0645 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0646\u0635\u064A\u0635. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064A\u0633 \u0645\u062C\u0631\u062F \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u062F\u064A \u0628\u0644 \u064A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u064B\u0627 \u0643\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0648\u0645\u064A\u062F\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064A."@ar . . . "Skaz (Russian: \u0441\u043A\u0430\u0437, IPA: [\u02C8skas]) is a Russian oral form of narrative. The word comes from skaz\u00E1t\u02B9, \"to tell\", and is also related to such words as rasskaz, \"short story\" and skazka, \"fairy tale\". The speech makes use of dialect and slang in order to take on the persona of a particular character. The peculiar speech, however, is integrated into the surrounding narrative, and not presented in quotation marks. Skaz is not only a literary device, but is also used as an element in Russian monologue comedy. Skaz was first described by the Russian formalist Boris Eikhenbaum in the late 1910s. In a couple of articles published at the time, Eikhenbaum described the phenomenon as a form of unmediated or improvisational speech. He applied it specifically to Nikolai Gogol's short story The Overcoat, in a 1919 essay titled How Gogol's \"Overcoat\" Is Made. Eikhenbaum saw skaz as central to Russian culture, and believed that a national literature could not develop without a strong attachment to oral traditions. Among the literary critics who elaborated on this theory in the 1920s were Yury Tynyanov, Viktor Vinogradov, and Mikhail Bakhtin. The latter insists on the importance of skaz in stylization, and distinguishes between skaz as a simple form of objectified discourse (as found in Turgenev or Leskov), and double-voiced skaz, where an author's parodistic intention is evident (as found in Gogol or Dostoevsky). In the nineteenth century, the style was most prominently used by Nikolai Leskov, in addition to Gogol. Twentieth-century proponents include Aleksey Remizov, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Andrei Platonov, and Isaac Babel. The term is also used to describe elements in the literature of other countries; in recent times it has been popularised by the British author and literary critic David Lodge. John Mullan, a professor of English at University College London, finds examples of skaz in J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye and DBC Pierre's Vernon God Little."@en .