"Science and technology in Venezuela includes research based on exploring Venezuela's diverse ecology and the lives of its indigenous peoples. Under the Spanish rule, the monarchy made very little effort to promote education in the American colonies and in particular in those in which they had less commercial interest, as in Venezuela. The country only had its first university some two hundred years later than Mexico, Colombia or Peru. Other major research institutions include the Central University of Venezuela and the University of the Andes, Venezuela."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1105649582"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Science and technology in Venezuela includes research based on exploring Venezuela's diverse ecology and the lives of its indigenous peoples. Under the Spanish rule, the monarchy made very little effort to promote education in the American colonies and in particular in those in which they had less commercial interest, as in Venezuela. The country only had its first university some two hundred years later than Mexico, Colombia or Peru. The first studies on the native languages of Venezuela and the indigenous customs were made in the middle of the XVIII century by the Catholic missionaries. The Jesuits Joseph Gumilla and Filippo Salvatore Gilii were the first to theorize about linguistic relations and propose possible language families for the Orinoco river basin. The Swedish botanist Pehr L\u00F6fling, one of the 12 Apostles of Carl Linnaeus, classificated for the first time the exuberant tropical flora of the Orinoco river basin. In the nineteenth century, several scientists visited Venezuela such as Alexander Humboldt, Aim\u00E9 Bonpland, Francisco Javier de Balmis, Agostino Codazzi, Jean-Baptiste Boussingault, Mariano Rivero, , Auguste Sall\u00E9, Robert Hermann Schomburgk, Wilhelm Sievers, Carl Ferdinand Appun, Gustav Karsten, Adolf Ernst, Benedikt Roezl, Karl Moritz, Friedrich Gerst\u00E4cker, Anton Goering, Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert, Augustus Fendler, Federico Johow, Charles Waterton, Alfred Russel Wallace, Everard im Thurn, Fran\u00E7ois D\u00E9sir\u00E9 Roulin, , Frank M. Chapman, , Jules Crevaux and many others, some of whom are buried in Venezuela. The Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC) founded on February 9, 1959, by government decree, has its origins in the Venezuelan Institute of Neurology and Brain Research (IVNIC) which Dr. Humberto Fernandez Moran founded in 1955. Other major research institutions include the Central University of Venezuela and the University of the Andes, Venezuela. Notable Venezuelan scientists include nineteenth century physician Jos\u00E9 Mar\u00EDa Vargas, the chemist and the botanist and geographer Alfredo Jahn (1867\u20131940). More recently, Baruj Benacerraf shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (1955), Aristides Bastidas (1980), Marcel Roche (1987) and (2002) have been recipients of UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for promotion of the public understanding of science. On July 2, 2012, L. Rafael Reif \u2013 a Venezuelan American electrical engineer, inventor and academic administrator \u2013 was elected president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "145055"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "29302481"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Este art\u00EDculo aborda la ciencia y tecnolog\u00EDa en Venezuela. Este pa\u00EDs ha estado rezagado en el desarrollo de ciencia y tecnolog\u00EDa a lo largo de su historia. Es reci\u00E9n con el siglo XX que comienza una inversi\u00F3n perceptible aunque a\u00FAn precaria en la creaci\u00F3n de tecnolog\u00EDa propia."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ciencia y tecnolog\u00EDa en Venezuela"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Science and technology in Venezuela"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Este art\u00EDculo aborda la ciencia y tecnolog\u00EDa en Venezuela. Este pa\u00EDs ha estado rezagado en el desarrollo de ciencia y tecnolog\u00EDa a lo largo de su historia. Es reci\u00E9n con el siglo XX que comienza una inversi\u00F3n perceptible aunque a\u00FAn precaria en la creaci\u00F3n de tecnolog\u00EDa propia."@es . . . . . .