. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439 (\u044F\u043F. \u4F8D,\u3000\u3055\u3080\u3089\u3044, \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439, \u00AB\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0433\u0430\u00BB; \u044F\u043F. \u6B66\u58EB, \u3076\u3057, \u0431\u0443\u0448\u0456, \u00AB\u0432\u043E\u0457\u043D\u00BB) \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0443 \u0432 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457 X\u2014XIX \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F. \u0412\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0447\u0447\u044F \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0457 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0456\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0456\u044E \u0437 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0446\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0438 \u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u043A\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043F\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u2014 \u0441\u044C\u043E\u0491\u0443\u043D\u0430\u0442. \u0417\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0442\u044F \u00AB\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u00BB \u0437\u043C\u0456\u043D\u044E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0437\u0433\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E \u0437 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0438, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0457\u0432 \u0456\u0437 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0431\u043E\u044E, \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0448\u043D\u043E\u044E."@uk . . . . . . . "Samurai (\u4F8D samurai?, em portugu\u00EAs \"servo\", masculino) ou Bushi (\u6B66\u58EB Bushi? em portugu\u00EAs \"guerreiro\") e Onna-bugeisha (\u5973\u6B66\u82B8\u8005 Onna-bugeisha? , feminino), Inicialmente era um servidor civil do imp\u00E9rio japon\u00EAs, com as fun\u00E7\u00F5es de cobrador de impostos (coletoria) e administrador de terras (daimy\u014D). Durante o per\u00EDodo do Jap\u00E3o feudal, ganhou fun\u00E7\u00F5es militares e virou um soldado da aristocracia imperial, no per\u00EDodo de 930 a 1877, terminando a era como um ronin duelista (samurai desonrado) ou mestre de artes, como artesanato, pintura, ou de ch\u00E1."@pt . . . . . . . . . . "Samurai"@en . "\u4F8D\u662F\u65E5\u672C\u6743\u95E8\u4F53\u5236\u65F6\u4EE3\u5230\u6C5F\u6237\u65F6\u4EE3\u4E4B\u95F4\uFF0C\u8ECD\u5B98\u548C\u8ECD\u968A\u8CB4\u65CF\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u968E\u7D1A\u3002\u5728\u65E5\u6587\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4F8D\u5E38\u7A31\u201C\u6B66\u58EB\u201D\u6216\u8005\u201C\u6B66\u5BB6\u201D\u3002\u5230\u4E8612\u4E16\u7EAA\u5DE6\u53F3\uFF0C\u201C\u4F8D\u201D\u548C\u201C\u6B66\u58EB\u201D\u7684\u610F\u601D\u51E0\u4E4E\u5B8C\u5168\u76F8\u540C\uFF0C\u8BCD\u8BED\u672C\u8EAB\u548C\u4E2D\u9AD8\u9636\u519B\u4EBA\u5BC6\u5207\u76F8\u5173\u3002\u4F8D\u901A\u5E38\u4F1A\u670D\u4F8D\u6C0F\u65CF\u548C\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u65CF\u957F\uFF0C\u53D7\u8BAD\u6210\u4E3A\u8ECD\u4E8B\u6230\u8853\u548C\u5927\u6218\u7565\u7684\u519B\u5B98\u3002\u867D\u7136\u4F8D\u7684\u6570\u91CF\u5728\u5F53\u65F6\u65E5\u672C\u5360\u5230\u4E0D\u523010%\uFF0C\u4F46\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u601D\u60F3\u7684\u8EAB\u5F71\u5728\u5982\u4ECA\u7684\u73B0\u4EE3\u793E\u4F1A\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u5F53\u4EE3\u4F9D\u7136\u5B58\u5728\u3002"@zh . . . "La palabra samur\u00E1i (\u4F8D samurai?)\u200B o samuray \u200B generalmente se utiliza para designar una gran variedad de guerreros del antiguo Jap\u00F3n, aunque su verdadero significado es el de una \u00E9lite militar que gobern\u00F3 el pa\u00EDs durante cientos de a\u00F1os.\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samurai"@ca . . . . . . . . "\u03A3\u03B1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03AC\u03B9"@el . . . . . . "Samurai (\u4F8D o de vegades \u58EB) \u00E9s un terme generalment utilitzat per referir-se als guerrers del Jap\u00F3 abans que aquest pa\u00EDs comenc\u00E9s el proc\u00E9s d'industrialitzaci\u00F3. El significat del mot Samurai \u00E9s servir. Un nom m\u00E9s adient \u00E9s bushi (\u6B66\u58EB), terme que data del Per\u00EDode Edo i que significa literalment home de guerra. Tot i aix\u00F2, ara \u00E9s habitual que la paraula samurai es refereixi a l'aristocr\u00E0cia militar i no als ashigaru (peus lleugers), els soldats d'infanteria reclutats entre els camperols, que duien una armadura lleugera i usaven com a arma principal el yari (una mena de llan\u00E7a). Es creu que els guerrers rasos japonesos del segle vi es podrien considerar presamurais."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samurai (\u4F8D), atau dalam bahasa Jepang disebut bushi (\u6B66\u58EB), adalah bangsawan militer abad pertengahan dan awal-modern Jepang yang menggunakan senjata jenis pedang. Menurut penerjemah William Scott Wilson: \"Di Tiongkok, \u4F8D adalah kata yang berarti menunggu atau menemani seseorang di jajaran masyarakat, dan ini juga sebenarnya dari istilah aslinya dalam bahasa Jepang, kata kerja saburau dan kata benda saburai. Di kedua negara tersebut istilah ini biasanya berarti \"mereka yang melayani hadir dekat dengan kaum bangsawan,\" kemudian lafal tersebut berganti menjadi samurai. Menurut Wilson, referensi awal untuk kata \"samurai\" muncul di (905-914), kekaisaran pertama antologi puisi, selesai pada bagian pertama abad ke-10."@in . . . . . . . . . "Samur\u00E1i"@es . . . . . . . . . . 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\u03C0\u03AC\u03C1\u03BF\u03B4\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03C7\u03C1\u03CC\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5, \u03CE\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5 \u03BD\u03B1 \u03BC\u03C0\u03BF\u03C1\u03BF\u03CD\u03BD \u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03BF\u03C3\u03C4\u03B1\u03C4\u03AD\u03C8\u03BF\u03C5\u03BD \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B8\u03C1\u03CE\u03C0\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5\u03C2. \u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03AE\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03BF \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1\u03C5\u03C3\u03BC\u03B1 \u03B3\u03B9\u03B1 \u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03AC\u03C0\u03C4\u03C5\u03BE\u03B7 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03AC\u03BE\u03B7\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C3\u03B1\u03BC\u03BF\u03C5\u03C1\u03AC\u03B9, \u03C0\u03AC\u03BD\u03C9 \u03C3\u03B5 \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1\u03BD \u03B1\u03C1\u03C7\u03B1\u03B9\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03BF \u03BA\u03CE\u03B4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1 \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03AE\u03B4\u03B7 \u03B5\u03AF\u03C7\u03B1\u03BD \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C0\u03C4\u03CD\u03BE\u03B5\u03B9 \u03BF\u03B9 \u03C0\u03BF\u03BB\u03B5\u03BC\u03B9\u03C3\u03C4\u03AD\u03C2 ."@el . . . "\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064A (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629: \u4F8D) \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0634\u064A (\u6B66\u58EB) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062F\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u062A\u0639\u0646\u064A \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00AB\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064A\u00BB \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062E\u062F\u0645\u0629\u00BB. \u0631\u063A\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064A \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u00AB\u0641\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064A\u062F\u0648\u00BB \u0644\u062A\u0645\u064A\u064A\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064A\u0633\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062D\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u060C \u0641\u0642\u062F \u062A\u0645 \u062A\u0639\u0645\u064A\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062D\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062C\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u064A\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u064A\u0639\u0648\u062F \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u00AB\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064A\u00BB \u0641\u064A \u0643\u0648\u0643\u064A\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0648 (905 - 914) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629."@ar . . "Bushi"@fr . . . . . . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uBB34\uC0AC (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uBB34\uC0AC(\uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u6B66\u58EB \uBD80\uC2DC[*])\uB294 10\uC138\uAE30\uC5D0\uC11C 19\uC138\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC77C\uBCF8\uC5D0 \uC874\uC7AC\uD55C, \uC885\uAC00\uC758 \uC8FC\uC778\uC744 \uC815\uC810\uC73C\uB85C \uD55C \uAC00\uC871\uACF5\uB3D9\uCCB4\uC758 \uAD6C\uC131\uC6D0\uC774\uB2E4. \uBB34\uC0AC\uB294 \uD5E4\uC774\uC548 \uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD588\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8 \uAD70\uC0AC\uB825\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uADC0\uC871 \uC9C0\uBC30 \uC0AC\uD68C\uB97C \uC804\uBCF5\uD558\uC5EC \uC77C\uBCF8\uC758 \uACE0\uB300\uB97C \uC885\uC2DD\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4\uB294 \uC774\uD574\uAC00 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC774\uB2E4. \uAE30\uC874\uC758 \uCC9C\uD669-\uADC0\uC871 \uC815\uAD8C\uC744 \uAD34\uB8B0\uB85C \uC720\uC9C0\uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uBB34\uC0AC \uACC4\uCE35\uC774 \uC2E4\uC9C8\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC8FC\uB3C4\uD558\uB294 \uC911\uC138 \uC0AC\uD68C\uB97C \uAD6C\uCD95\uD55C \uB4A4\uC5D0\uB294 \uADFC\uC138\uC758 \uB05D(\uB9C9\uB9D0)\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC77C\uBCF8\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB97C \uACAC\uC778\uD558\uB294 \uC911\uC2EC \uC874\uC7AC\uB85C \uACC4\uC18D\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADFC\uB300\uC5D0 \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uBB34\uC0AC\uB77C\uB294 \uC874\uC7AC \uC790\uCCB4\uB97C \uD3D0\uC9C0\uD55C \uAC83\uB3C4 \uBB34\uC0AC \uCD9C\uC2E0\uB4E4\uB85C \uC774\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uBA54\uC774\uC9C0 \uC815\uBD80\uC600\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samuraj (japanska \u4F8D, samurai, \u201Datt tj\u00E4na\u201D) avser vanligen adliga krigare i det feodala Japan (700\u20131800-talet). De tillh\u00F6rde den h\u00F6gsta samh\u00E4llsklassen, den feodala krigaradeln buke. \u00C4ven termen bushi, \u201Dkrigare\u201D, f\u00F6rekommer. En hederskodex, Bushid\u014D (\u201Dkrigarens v\u00E4g\u201D), som beskrev hur en samuraj skulle leva och d\u00F6 publicerades av Inaz\u014D Nitobe i hans bok \u201CBushido: The Soul of Japan\u201D \u00E5ret 1899. Dock finns det v\u00E4ldigt lite konkreta historiska bevis p\u00E5 att en s\u00E5dan kodex fans under feodala Japans tid. Nitobes bok blev mycket popul\u00E4r utomlands trots detta, och bidrog till en positiv bild av den japanska krigarkulturen bland k\u00E4nda v\u00E4sterl\u00E4ndska personer, till exempel Theodore Roosevelt. Nitobes beskrivning av Bushido var viktigt i den japanska arm\u00E9n \u00E4nda fram till andra v\u00E4rldskrigets slut, och f\u00F6rb"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samoura\u00EF"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439"@uk . . . . . . "Con Samurai (\u4F8D?) s'indicano i membri della casta militare del Giappone feudale; simili sotto certi aspetti ai cavalieri dell'Europa medievale, questi guerrieri giocarono per diversi secoli un ruolo fondamentale nella storia giapponese. Il loro declino coincise con l'inizio dello Shogunato Tokugawa, che con la fine dell'epoca dei conflitti vide fortemente ridimensionata la loro figura, per poi essere completamente accantonata durante il Rinnovamento Meiji nel XIX secolo in favore di un esercito regolare di stampo europeo."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u6B66\u58EB\u662F10\u4E16\u7D00\u523019\u4E16\u7D00\u5728\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u4E00\u500B\u793E\u6703\u968E\u7D1A\uFF0C\u539F\u70BA\u63A5\u53D7\u6587\u6B66\u5408\u4E00\u6559\u80B2\u3001\u8CA0\u8CAC\u6587\u653F\u6216\u6253\u4ED7\u7684\u8CB4\u65CF\u968E\u5C64\uFF1B\u5F8C\u4F86\u4E5F\u884D\u4F38\u7528\u4F86\u6307\u901A\u66C9\u5200\u6CD5\u3001\u4F69\u5200\u4E0D\u96E2\u8EAB\u7684\u7684\u65E5\u672C\u528D\u5BA2\u3002\u9664\u4E86\u65E5\u672C\u53CA\u53D7\u5230\u6F22\u8A9E\u8A9E\u7CFB\u5F71\u97FF\u7684\u570B\u5BB6\u4EE5\u5916\uFF0C\u591A\u7A2E\u8A9E\u8A00\u4EE5\u65E5\u8A9E\u7684\u300C\u4F8D\u300D\uFF08 Samurai\uFF09\u4F86\u8868\u793A\u3002\u6B66\u58EB\u7684\u7CBE\u795E\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u6B66\u58EB\u9053\u201D\uFF08Bushido\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "Samurai (\u4F8D), atau dalam bahasa Jepang disebut bushi (\u6B66\u58EB), adalah bangsawan militer abad pertengahan dan awal-modern Jepang yang menggunakan senjata jenis pedang. Menurut penerjemah William Scott Wilson: \"Di Tiongkok, \u4F8D adalah kata yang berarti menunggu atau menemani seseorang di jajaran masyarakat, dan ini juga sebenarnya dari istilah aslinya dalam bahasa Jepang, kata kerja saburau dan kata benda saburai. Di kedua negara tersebut istilah ini biasanya berarti \"mereka yang melayani hadir dekat dengan kaum bangsawan,\" kemudian lafal tersebut berganti menjadi samurai. Menurut Wilson, referensi awal untuk kata \"samurai\" muncul di (905-914), kekaisaran pertama antologi puisi, selesai pada bagian pertama abad ke-10. Pada akhir abad ke-12, samurai menjadi hampir seluruhnya identik dengan Bushi, dan kata itu terkait erat dengan ksatria kelas menengah dan atas. Samurai mengikuti seperangkat aturan yang kemudian dikenal sebagai bushido. Walaupun samurai masih kurang dari 10% dari populasi Jepang, ajaran mereka masih dapat ditemukan hingga hari ini baik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari maupun dalam seni bela diri modern Jepang. Istilah yang lebih tepat adalah bushi (\u6B66\u58EB) (harfiah: \"orang bersenjata\") yang digunakan semasa zaman Edo. Bagaimanapun, istilah samurai digunakan untuk prajurit elit dari kalangan bangsawan, dan bukan contohnya, ashigaru atau tentara berjalan kaki. Samurai yang tidak terikat dengan klan atau bekerja untuk majikan (daimyo) disebut ronin (harfiah: \"orang ombak\"). Samurai yang bertugas di wilayah disebut hanshi. Samurai harus sopan dan terpelajar, dan semasa Keshogunan Tokugawa berangsur-angsur kehilangan fungsi ketentaraan mereka. Pada akhir era Tokugawa, samurai secara umumnya adalah kakitangan umum bagi daimyo, dengan pedang mereka hanya untuk tujuan istiadat. Dengan reformasi Meiji pada akhir abad ke-19, samurai dihapuskan sebagai kelas berbeda dan digantikan dengan tentara nasional menyerupai negara Barat. Bagaimanapun juga, sifat samurai yang ketat yang dikenal sebagai bushido masih tetap ada dalam masyarakat Jepang masa kini, sebagaimana aspek cara hidup mereka yang lain."@in . . . . . . . . . "Samurai (\u4F8D o de vegades \u58EB) \u00E9s un terme generalment utilitzat per referir-se als guerrers del Jap\u00F3 abans que aquest pa\u00EDs comenc\u00E9s el proc\u00E9s d'industrialitzaci\u00F3. El significat del mot Samurai \u00E9s servir. Un nom m\u00E9s adient \u00E9s bushi (\u6B66\u58EB), terme que data del Per\u00EDode Edo i que significa literalment home de guerra. Tot i aix\u00F2, ara \u00E9s habitual que la paraula samurai es refereixi a l'aristocr\u00E0cia militar i no als ashigaru (peus lleugers), els soldats d'infanteria reclutats entre els camperols, que duien una armadura lleugera i usaven com a arma principal el yari (una mena de llan\u00E7a). Es creu que els guerrers rasos japonesos del segle vi es podrien considerar presamurais."@ca . . . . . . . . "Bushi (\u6B66\u58EB), aussi lu de fa\u00E7on archa\u00EFque \u00AB mononofu \u00BB, est un terme d'origine japonaise signifiant litt\u00E9ralement \u00AB guerrier gentilhomme \u00BB en japonais. Le terme appara\u00EEt pour la premi\u00E8re fois dans le livre d'histoire japonaise Shoku nihongi \u00E9crit sous l'\u00E8re Heian, vers l'an 800. Il provient du chinois \u00AB wushi \u00BB (\u6B66\u58EB, pinyin \u00AB w\u01D4sh\u00EC \u00BB, voir l'article Jiang hu). Bushi et samoura\u00EFs sont souvent confondus mais ils correspondent \u00E0 des p\u00E9riodes et \u00E0 des fonctions diff\u00E9rentes."@fr . . . . "Bushi"@pl . . . . "Samurai"@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Bushi (jap. \u6B66\u58EB) \u2013 w Japonii z okresu przed restauracj\u0105 Meiji termin ten oznacza\u0142 wszystkich ludzi zajmuj\u0105cych si\u0119 wojaczk\u0105. Od okre\u015Blenia bushi pochodzi nazwa kodeksu moralnego japo\u0144skich wojownik\u00F3w \u2013 Bushid\u014D. Cz\u0119sto mylnie u\u017Cywa si\u0119 okre\u015Blenia bushi jako synonimu samuraja. Tymczasem bushi by\u0142o terminem szerszym."@pl . . "28288"^^ . . "Bushi"@pt . . . . . . . "Samurai"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samuraj (jap. \u4F8D samurai; \u201Ewojownik\u201D) \u2013 pierwotnie \u015Bwita s\u0142u\u017C\u0105ca najwy\u017Cszym dostojnikom japo\u0144skim, tak\u017Ce gwardia cesarska (gosho-zamurai); dziedziczna szlachta wojskowa; kasta wojownik\u00F3w, kt\u00F3ra utrzymywa\u0142a si\u0119 od XII wieku do Restauracji Meiji w 1868 roku. Udzia\u0142 samuraj\u00F3w w populacji kraju wynosi\u0142 co najwy\u017Cej 10%. Klasa samuraj\u00F3w wykszta\u0142ci\u0142a si\u0119 z oddzia\u0142\u00F3w milicji, utworzonych na mocy edyktu w 792 roku. Do w\u0142adzy doszli na prze\u0142omie XII i XIII wieku za spraw\u0105 wprowadzenia siogunatu. Okres Edo przyni\u00F3s\u0142 regres umiej\u0119tno\u015Bci samuraj\u00F3w i schy\u0142ek czas\u00F3w ich \u015Bwietno\u015Bci. Za ostatniego samuraja uznaje si\u0119 Saigo Takamoriego, kt\u00F3ry w 1877 roku (okres Meiji) pope\u0142ni\u0142 samob\u00F3jstwo. Symbolem pozycji samuraj\u00F3w by\u0142 samurajski miecz katana i kr\u00F3tki miecz wakizashi, razem stanowi\u0105ce komplet zwany daish\u014D. Ich noszenie by\u0142o prawem i obowi\u0105zkiem japo\u0144skich wojownik\u00F3w. Daish\u014D nie by\u0142y tylko broni\u0105. M\u00F3wiono o nich, \u017Ce stanowi\u0105 dusz\u0119 samuraja, tote\u017C samurajowie byli silnie zwi\u0105zani ze swoimi mieczami i otaczali je g\u0142\u0119bok\u0105 czci\u0105."@pl . . . . . "Samuraj"@sv . "\uBB34\uC0AC"@ko . . . . . . . . "\u4F8D\uFF08\u3055\u3080\u3089\u3044\u3001\u30B5\u30E0\u30E9\u30A4\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u53E4\u4EE3\u304B\u3089\u4E2D\u4E16\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u306E\u65E5\u672C\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u5B98\u4EBA\u306E\u8EAB\u5206\u547C\u79F0\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u305D\u3053\u304B\u3089\u767A\u5C55\u7684\u306B\u751F\u3058\u305F\u6B66\u58EB\u306E\u5225\u540D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u300C\u4F3A\u5019\uFF08\u3057\u3053\u3046\uFF09\u3059\u308B\u300D\u300C\u5F93\u3046\u300D\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u300C\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3046\u300D\uFF08\u65E7\u4EEE\u540D\u9063\u3044\u3067\u306F\u300C\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3075\u300D\u3008\u5019\u3075\uFF0F\u4F8D\u3075\u3009\uFF09\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC0AC\uBB34\uB77C\uC774 (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uC0AC\uBB34\uB77C\uC774(\uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u4F8D, \u3055\u3080\u3089\u3044)\uB294 \uC77C\uBCF8 \uBD09\uAC74 \uC2DC\uB300\uC758 \uBB34\uC0AC(\u6B66\u58EB)\uB97C \uB73B\uD55C\uB2E4. \uBCF8\uB514 \uAC00\uAE4C\uC774\uC5D0\uC11C \uBAA8\uC2E0\uB2E4\uB294 \uB73B\uC758 \uB2E8\uC5B4 \uC2DC(\u4F8D)\uC5D0\uC11C \uB098\uC628 \uB9D0\uB85C\uC368 \uADC0\uC778\uC744 \uACBD\uD638\uD558\uB294 \uC0AC\uB78C\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uD5E4\uC774\uC548 \uC2DC\uB300 \uC774\uD6C4 \uBB34\uC0AC\uACC4\uAE09\uC774 \uBC1C\uB2EC\uD558\uC5EC \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uBB34\uC0AC\uB97C \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC5D0\uB3C4\uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0\uB294 \uC0AC\uB18D\uACF5\uC0C1(\u58EB\u8FB2\u5DE5\u5546)\uC758 \uB124 \uC2E0\uBD84\uC774 \uACE0\uC815\uB418\uC5B4, \uADF8 \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370 \uC0AC(\u58EB)\uC5D0 \uC18D\uD558\uB294 \uC790\uB97C \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uB807\uAC8C \uCE6D\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC8FC\uAD70\uC744 \uC783\uC740 \uC0AC\uBB34\uB77C\uC774\uB294 \uB85C\uB2CC\uC774\uB77C \uBD88\uB9AC\uBA70, \uCE7C\uC19C\uC528\uB97C \uC81C\uC678\uD55C \uAE30\uC220\uC774 \uC5C6\uC5B4 \uD2B9\uBCC4\uD55C \uC9C1\uC5C5 \uC5C6\uC774 \uC720\uB791\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uAC78\uC2DD\uD558\uBA70 \uC0B4\uC778\uCCAD\uBD80\uC640 \uB3C4\uC801\uC9C8 \uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uC0DD\uACC4\uB97C \uC720\uC9C0\uD588\uB2E4. \uC0AC\uBB34\uB77C\uC774\uB4E4\uC740 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC2EC\uC9C0\uC5B4 \uADFC\uD604\uB300\uC758 \uBBFC\uC911\uB4E4\uBCF4\uB2E4\uB3C4 \uC6D4\uB4F1\uD55C \uAD70\uC0AC\uAE30\uC220\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uD544\uC694\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574\uC11C \uB099\uC218 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB97C \uC8FC\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD588\uB2E4."@ko . . "Ba th\u00E9arma d'uasal-aicme na Seap\u00E1ine r\u00E9amh-thionsclaithe \u00E9 Sam\u00FAra\u00ED. Tagann an focal \u00F3n mbriathar \u00E1rsa samorau, a d'athraigh go saburau, a chialla\u00EDonn \"chun freastal\" mar sin is searbh\u00F3nta at\u00E1 sa Sam\u00FAra\u00ED, s\u00E9 sin le r\u00E1 gur searbh\u00F3nta Thiarna at\u00E1 ann. Bh\u00ED ardghradam acu agus pribhl\u00E9id\u00ED speisialta ar n\u00F3s dh\u00E1 chla\u00EDomh a chaitheamh. Chothaigh siad na c\u00F3id bushido de bhuanna comhraic, neamhshuim i bpian, agus d\u00EDlseacht gan stad, ag gabh\u00E1il do go leor cathanna \u00E1iti\u00FAla. C\u00E9 go raibh r\u00E9amhtheachtaithe acu in oifigigh mh\u00EDleata agus riarach\u00E1in n\u00EDos luaithe, th\u00E1inig na sam\u00FAra\u00ED chun cinn go f\u00EDrinneach le linn shogunate Kamakura, ag rial\u00FA \u00F3 c.1185\u20131333. Rinneadh an aicme pholaiti\u00FAil d\u00EDobh, le cumhacht nach beag ach freagracht shuntasach freisin. Le linn an 13\u00FA haois, bhunaigh na samurai iad f\u00E9in mar laochra cumasacha i gcoinne na Mongols ionradh. Sna 1870id\u00ED b'ionann teaghlaigh samurai agus 5% den daonra. De r\u00E9ir mar a th\u00E1inig m\u00EDleataigh nua-aimseartha chun cinn sa 19\u00FA haois, bh\u00ED na Sam\u00FAra\u00ED imithe i l\u00E9ig agus an-chostasach le coinne\u00E1il i gcompar\u00E1id leis an ngn\u00E1thshaighdi\u00FAir coinscr\u00EDofa. Chuir Athch\u00F3iri\u00FA Meiji deireadh lena r\u00F3il fheodacha, agus bhog siad isteach i r\u00F3il ghairmi\u00FAla agus fiontra\u00EDochta. Fanann a gcuimhne agus a n-arm chun suntais i gcult\u00FAr m\u00F3r\u00E9ilimh na Seap\u00E1ine."@ga . . . "Sam\u00FAra\u00ED"@ga . . . . . . . . . . . "128898"^^ . . . . . "La palabra samur\u00E1i (\u4F8D samurai?)\u200B o samuray \u200B generalmente se utiliza para designar una gran variedad de guerreros del antiguo Jap\u00F3n, aunque su verdadero significado es el de una \u00E9lite militar que gobern\u00F3 el pa\u00EDs durante cientos de a\u00F1os.\u200B El origen del samur\u00E1i data de alrededor del siglo X y se fortaleci\u00F3 al concluir las Guerras Genpei a finales del siglo XII, cuando fue instituido un gobierno militar bajo la figura del sh\u014Dgun, por el cual el Emperador de Jap\u00F3n qued\u00F3 a su sombra como un mero espectador de la situaci\u00F3n pol\u00EDtica del pa\u00EDs. Su momento cumbre tuvo lugar durante el per\u00EDodo Sengoku, una \u00E9poca de gran inestabilidad y continuas luchas de poder entre los distintos clanes existentes, por lo que esta etapa de la historia de Jap\u00F3n es referida como \u00ABper\u00EDodo de los estados en guerra\u00BB. El liderazgo militar del pa\u00EDs continuar\u00EDa a manos de esta \u00E9lite hasta la instituci\u00F3n del shogunato Tokugawa en el siglo XVII por parte de un poderoso terrateniente samur\u00E1i (conocidos como daimy\u014D) llamado Tokugawa Ieyasu, quien parad\u00F3jicamente, al convertirse en la m\u00E1xima autoridad al ser nombrado como sh\u014Dgun, luch\u00F3 por reducir los privilegios y estatus social de la clase guerrera, proceso que finalmente culmin\u00F3 con su desaparici\u00F3n cuando el emperador retom\u00F3 su papel de gobernante durante la Restauraci\u00F3n Meiji en el siglo XIX. Hist\u00F3ricamente la imagen de un samur\u00E1i estuvo m\u00E1s relacionada con la de un arquero a caballo que con la de un espadach\u00EDn, y no fue sino hasta que rein\u00F3 una relativa paz que la espada adquiri\u00F3 la importancia con la que se la relaciona actualmente; la fantas\u00EDa y la realidad de los samur\u00E1is se ha entremezclado e idealizado y sus historias han servido de base tanto de novelas, como de pel\u00EDculas, historietas y hasta videojuegos."@es . . . . . . . . . . "\u4F8D"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . "Samoerai"@nl . . . . . . "Samuraj"@pl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samurajo"@eo . . . . . "Bushi (\u6B66\u58EB), aussi lu de fa\u00E7on archa\u00EFque \u00AB mononofu \u00BB, est un terme d'origine japonaise signifiant litt\u00E9ralement \u00AB guerrier gentilhomme \u00BB en japonais. Le terme appara\u00EEt pour la premi\u00E8re fois dans le livre d'histoire japonaise Shoku nihongi \u00E9crit sous l'\u00E8re Heian, vers l'an 800. Il provient du chinois \u00AB wushi \u00BB (\u6B66\u58EB, pinyin \u00AB w\u01D4sh\u00EC \u00BB, voir l'article Jiang hu). Bushi et samoura\u00EFs sont souvent confondus mais ils correspondent \u00E0 des p\u00E9riodes et \u00E0 des fonctions diff\u00E9rentes. Les bushi \u00E9taient des cavaliers en armure dont l'arme principale \u00E9tait le yumi (arc). Ils \u00E9taient charg\u00E9s de la protection des clans familiaux appel\u00E9s uji. C'est cette proximit\u00E9 avec la noblesse qui est \u00E0 l'origine de leur nom de \u00AB guerrier gentilhomme \u00BB. Sous l'\u00E8re Heian, une scission s'op\u00E8re entre la noblesse \u00E0 part enti\u00E8re, la tr\u00E8s raffin\u00E9e aristocratie imp\u00E9riale (kuge) et la classe des bushi (mi-guerri\u00E8re, mi-noble et surtout moins raffin\u00E9e). En 1156, les trois principaux bushidan (\u6B66\u58EB\u56E3, \u00AB clans guerriers \u00BB), Fujiwara, Taira et Minamoto, s'affrontent lors de la r\u00E9bellion de H\u014Dgen pour succ\u00E9der au pouvoir \u00E0 la noblesse imp\u00E9riale, contrainte de se retirer en province. En 1185, \u00E0 l'issue de la r\u00E9bellion de Heiji et de la guerre de Genpei, Minamoto no Yoritomo \u00E9tablit la supr\u00E9matie de la caste guerri\u00E8re et met en place le shogunat de Kamakura."@fr . . . "\u6B66\u58EB\uFF08\u3076\u3057\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u306E\u6226\u95D8\u54E1\u3092\u6307\u3057\u3001\u6226\u95D8\u3092\u5BB6\u696D\u3068\u3057\u5BB6\u7CFB\u3092\u6301\u3064\u8005\u3092\u6307\u3059\u300210\u4E16\u7D00\u304B\u308919\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u5B58\u5728\u3057\u305F\u3002 \u5B97\u5BB6\u306E\u4E3B\u4EBA\uFF08\u5BB6\u9577\u30FB\u5BB6\u4EBA\u300C\u5FA1\u5BB6\u4EBA\u300D\u30FB\u5BB6\u5B50\u30FB\u5F8C\u5BB6\uFF09\u3092\u9802\u70B9\u3068\u3057\u305F\u5BB6\u65CF\u5171\u540C\u4F53\uFF08\u5BB6\u7523\u5B98\u50DA\u5236\u30FB\u5B98\u53F8\u8ACB\u8CA0\u5236\uFF09\u3092\u4F5C\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305F\u7279\u5FB4\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u6B66\u5BB6\u306E\u68DF\u6881\uFF08\u3076\u3051\u306E\u3068\u3046\u308A\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u304C\u6700\u9802\u70B9\u306B\u4F4D\u7F6E\u3059\u308B\u3002\u6B66\u5BB6\u653F\u6A29\u3092\u6A39\u7ACB\u3057\u3001\u5E73\u6C0F\u653F\u6A29\uFF08\u5C71\u57CE\u56FD\u5E73\u5B89\u4EAC\u306E\u516D\u6CE2\u7F85\u3068\u6442\u6D25\u56FD\u798F\u539F\u4EAC\uFF09\u3068\u5BA4\u753A\u5E55\u5E9C\uFF08\u5C71\u57CE\u56FD\u4EAC\u90FD\u306E\u82B1\u306E\u5FA1\u6240\uFF09\u306F\u757F\u5185\uFF08\u304D\u306A\u3044\uFF09\u306B\u672C\u62E0\u5730\u3092\u7F6E\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305F\u304C\u3001\u938C\u5009\u5E55\u5E9C \uFF08\u76F8\u6A21\u56FD\u938C\u5009\uFF09\u3068\u6C5F\u6238\u5E55\u5E9C\uFF08\u6B66\u8535\u56FD\u6C5F\u6238\uFF09\u306F\u95A2\u6771\u306B\u672C\u62E0\u5730\u3092\u7F6E\u304D\u3001\u5BA4\u753A\u5E55\u5E9C\u306F\u95A2\u6771\u306B\u938C\u5009\u5E9C\u3092\u7F6E\u3044\u305F\u3002"@ja . "Samuraj (jap. \u4F8D samurai; \u201Ewojownik\u201D) \u2013 pierwotnie \u015Bwita s\u0142u\u017C\u0105ca najwy\u017Cszym dostojnikom japo\u0144skim, tak\u017Ce gwardia cesarska (gosho-zamurai); dziedziczna szlachta wojskowa; kasta wojownik\u00F3w, kt\u00F3ra utrzymywa\u0142a si\u0119 od XII wieku do Restauracji Meiji w 1868 roku. Udzia\u0142 samuraj\u00F3w w populacji kraju wynosi\u0142 co najwy\u017Cej 10%."@pl . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0439 (\u044F\u043F. \u4F8D, \u043F\u043E-\u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E \u00AB\u0431\u0443\u0441\u0438\u00BB (\u6B66\u58EB)) \u2014 \u0432 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044B-\u043C\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043D\u044B, \u043A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435 \u043E\u043D\u043D\u0430-\u0431\u0443\u0433\u044D\u0439\u0441\u044F, \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0442 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0437\u0435\u0439 (\u0434\u0430\u0439\u043C\u0451) \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044F \u043C\u0435\u043B\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438; \u0432 \u0443\u0437\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E \u0443\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043B\u044F\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043C \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043B\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F\u043D. \u0425\u043E\u0442\u044F \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u00AB\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u00BB \u0438 \u00AB\u0431\u0443\u0441\u0438\u00BB \u043E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0431\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043A\u0438 \u043F\u043E \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E, \u043D\u043E \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0436\u0435 \u00AB\u0431\u0443\u00BB (\u0432\u043E\u0438\u043D) \u2014 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u043E\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u044E. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044E \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C \u0440\u044B\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C, \u043D\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E."@ru . "1123561631"^^ . . "Samurai (japanisch \u4F8D oder seltener \u58EB) ist die im Westen \u00FCbliche Bezeichnung f\u00FCr ein Mitglied des Kriegerstandes im vorindustriellen Japan. Der Begriff l\u00E4sst sich von dem japanischen Wort \u201E\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3046\u201C ableiten, das sinngem\u00E4\u00DF \u00FCbersetzt \u201Edienen\u201C bedeutet. In Japan selbst ist die Bezeichnung Bushi \u00FCblich. Heute wird Samurai einzig f\u00FCr den Kriegeradel jener Zeit verwendet und nicht beispielsweise f\u00FCr Ashigaru (japanisch \u8DB3\u8EFD; leichtger\u00FCstete Fu\u00DFsoldaten; w\u00F6rtlich \u201Eleichtf\u00FC\u00DFig\u201C). Herrenlos gewordene Samurai wurden als R\u014Dnin (deutsch \u201EWellenm\u00E4nner\u201C) bezeichnet."@de . . . . . . . . . . "Samurai (\u4F8D) were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the daimyo (the great feudal landholders). They had high prestige and special privileges such as wearing two swords and Kiri-sute gomen (right to kill anyone of a lower class in certain situations). They cultivated the bushido codes of martial virtues, indifference to pain, and unflinching loyalty, engaging in many local battles. Though they had predecessors in earlier military and administrative officers, the samurai truly emerged during the Kamakura shogunate, ruling from c.1185 to 1333. They became the ruling political class, with significant power but also significant responsibility. During the 13th century, the samurai proved themselves as adept warriors against the invading Mongols. During the peaceful Edo period (1603 to 1868), they became the stewards and chamberlains of the daimyo estates, gaining managerial experience and education. In the 1870s, samurai families comprised 5% of the population. As modern militaries emerged in the 19th century, the samurai were rendered increasingly obsolete and very expensive to maintain compared to the average conscript soldier. The Meiji Restoration ended their feudal roles, and they moved into professional and entrepreneurial roles. Their memory and weaponry remain prominent in Japanese popular culture."@en . . . . . . "\u6B66\u58EB\u662F10\u4E16\u7D00\u523019\u4E16\u7D00\u5728\u65E5\u672C\u7684\u4E00\u500B\u793E\u6703\u968E\u7D1A\uFF0C\u539F\u70BA\u63A5\u53D7\u6587\u6B66\u5408\u4E00\u6559\u80B2\u3001\u8CA0\u8CAC\u6587\u653F\u6216\u6253\u4ED7\u7684\u8CB4\u65CF\u968E\u5C64\uFF1B\u5F8C\u4F86\u4E5F\u884D\u4F38\u7528\u4F86\u6307\u901A\u66C9\u5200\u6CD5\u3001\u4F69\u5200\u4E0D\u96E2\u8EAB\u7684\u7684\u65E5\u672C\u528D\u5BA2\u3002\u9664\u4E86\u65E5\u672C\u53CA\u53D7\u5230\u6F22\u8A9E\u8A9E\u7CFB\u5F71\u97FF\u7684\u570B\u5BB6\u4EE5\u5916\uFF0C\u591A\u7A2E\u8A9E\u8A00\u4EE5\u65E5\u8A9E\u7684\u300C\u4F8D\u300D\uFF08 Samurai\uFF09\u4F86\u8868\u793A\u3002\u6B66\u58EB\u7684\u7CBE\u795E\u88AB\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u6B66\u58EB\u9053\u201D\uFF08Bushido\uFF09\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . "Le samoura\u00EF (\u4F8D, samurai) (\u00E0 ne pas confondre avec le bushi (\u6B66\u58EB)) est un membre de la classe guerri\u00E8re qui a dirig\u00E9 le Japon f\u00E9odal durant pr\u00E8s de 700 ans."@fr . . . . . "Samoerai (Japans: \u4F8D of soms \u58EB, samurai, hij die dient) was de krijgersklasse in het pre-industri\u00EBle Japan. De samoerai waren van de 12e eeuw tot de late 19e eeuw de gewapende troepen van Japan."@nl . . . . "Samurai (\u4F8D samurai?, em portugu\u00EAs \"servo\", masculino) ou Bushi (\u6B66\u58EB Bushi? em portugu\u00EAs \"guerreiro\") e Onna-bugeisha (\u5973\u6B66\u82B8\u8005 Onna-bugeisha? , feminino), Inicialmente era um servidor civil do imp\u00E9rio japon\u00EAs, com as fun\u00E7\u00F5es de cobrador de impostos (coletoria) e administrador de terras (daimy\u014D). Durante o per\u00EDodo do Jap\u00E3o feudal, ganhou fun\u00E7\u00F5es militares e virou um soldado da aristocracia imperial, no per\u00EDodo de 930 a 1877, terminando a era como um ronin duelista (samurai desonrado) ou mestre de artes, como artesanato, pintura, ou de ch\u00E1. A era exercida exclusivamente pelo sexo masculino. O coletor, com porte robusto e semi-alfabetizado, cobrava impostos dos camponeses e estabelecia a ordem em caso de revolta. Na \u00E9poca feudal, j\u00E1 com fun\u00E7\u00F5es militares, o samurai seguia o c\u00F3digo de honra denominado Bushid\u00F4 (caminho do guerreiro, desenvolvido nos s\u00E9culos IX e XII), que ensinava as principais caracter\u00EDsticas do samurai (semelhante ao conceito da cavalaria medieval): frugalidade, grande disciplina, lealdade, honra at\u00E9 a morte, habilidade com a espada katana, coragem extrema diante de qualquer situa\u00E7\u00E3o. Em 1185, Os samurais tornaram-se a classe dominante do Jap\u00E3o, com a funda\u00E7\u00E3o do Primeiro Xogunato (regime militar feudal Per\u00EDodo Kamakura) pelo comandante do ex\u00E9rcito Minamoto no Yoritomo, conhecido como \"Xogunato Kamakura\". Mas em 1868, com a restaura\u00E7\u00E3o Meiji, os samurai perderam o poder para o imperador e declinaram rapidamente, sendo perseguidos e exterminados nove anos depois, no fim da Rebeli\u00E3o Satsuma. Um samurai n\u00E3o ligado a um cl\u00E3 ou daimy\u014D (senhor de terras) era chamado de r\u014Dnin (traduzido do japon\u00EAs significa \"homem onda\"). S\u00E3o tamb\u00E9m samurais desempregados ou que largaram a honra e n\u00E3o cumpriram com o ritual do seppuku (ato de repor a honra do cl\u00E3 ou fam\u00EDlia). Samurai ao servi\u00E7o de um han (propriedade) era chamado de Hanshi (\u7BC4\u58EB Hanshi?) (pessoa experta de alto n\u00EDvel, um instrutor de instrutores). Tal rela\u00E7\u00E3o de suserania e vassalagem era semelhante \u00E0 da Europa medieval, entre os senhores feudais e seus cavaleiros. Entretanto, o que difere o samurai de outros guerreiros da antiguidade \u00E9 o modo de encarar a vida e seu peculiar c\u00F3digo de honra e \u00E9tica. Eram chamados de Ronin (\u6D6A\u4EBA Ronin?) os samurai desempregados, aqueles que ainda n\u00E3o tinham um daimyo (senhor de terras) para servir, ou quando o senhor morria, ou quando eram destitu\u00EDdos do cargo - princ\u00EDpio b\u00E1sico de lealdade do guia bushido. Ronin era considerado a mais profunda forma de penit\u00EAncia de um guerreiro, estando ele preso a uma vida desonrosa - sem um sentido para sua exist\u00EAncia."@pt . . . "Samuraj byl st\u0159edov\u011Bk\u00FD japonsk\u00FD bojovn\u00EDk, zn\u00E1m\u00FD p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm svou oddanost\u00ED. Samurajov\u00E9 byli bojovn\u00EDci slou\u017E\u00EDc\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159i nebo sv\u00E9mu p\u00E1nu. K samuraj\u016Fm pat\u0159ilo necel\u00FDch 10 % obyvatel Japonska. Spole\u010Densk\u00E1 t\u0159\u00EDda samuraj\u016F existovala od 12. stolet\u00ED a zanikla v obdob\u00ED reforem Meid\u017Ei na konci 19. stolet\u00ED. Samostatnou v\u011Btv\u00ED Samuraj\u016F jsou r\u00F3ninov\u00E9, co\u017E jsou samurajov\u00E9, kte\u0159\u00ED p\u0159i\u0161li o sv\u00E9ho p\u00E1na, anebo ztratili jeho p\u0159\u00EDze\u0148 (nap\u0159\u00EDklad poru\u0161en\u00EDm kodexu bu\u0161id\u00F3). Z bojov\u00E9ho um\u011Bn\u00ED samuraj\u016F dodnes p\u0159etrvalo mnoho \u0161kol t\u011Bchto um\u011Bn\u00ED, nap\u0159. kend\u017Eucu \u010Di jeho sportovn\u00ED varianta kend\u00F3, jiu-jitsu, kj\u00FAd\u00F3 aj."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . "Bushi (jap. \u6B66\u58EB) \u2013 w Japonii z okresu przed restauracj\u0105 Meiji termin ten oznacza\u0142 wszystkich ludzi zajmuj\u0105cych si\u0119 wojaczk\u0105. Od okre\u015Blenia bushi pochodzi nazwa kodeksu moralnego japo\u0144skich wojownik\u00F3w \u2013 Bushid\u014D. Cz\u0119sto mylnie u\u017Cywa si\u0119 okre\u015Blenia bushi jako synonimu samuraja. Tymczasem bushi by\u0142o terminem szerszym."@pl . . . . . . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uBB34\uC0AC (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uBB34\uC0AC(\uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u6B66\u58EB \uBD80\uC2DC[*])\uB294 10\uC138\uAE30\uC5D0\uC11C 19\uC138\uAE30\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC77C\uBCF8\uC5D0 \uC874\uC7AC\uD55C, \uC885\uAC00\uC758 \uC8FC\uC778\uC744 \uC815\uC810\uC73C\uB85C \uD55C \uAC00\uC871\uACF5\uB3D9\uCCB4\uC758 \uAD6C\uC131\uC6D0\uC774\uB2E4. \uBB34\uC0AC\uB294 \uD5E4\uC774\uC548 \uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0 \uBC1C\uC0DD\uD588\uC73C\uBA70, \uADF8 \uAD70\uC0AC\uB825\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uADC0\uC871 \uC9C0\uBC30 \uC0AC\uD68C\uB97C \uC804\uBCF5\uD558\uC5EC \uC77C\uBCF8\uC758 \uACE0\uB300\uB97C \uC885\uC2DD\uC2DC\uCF30\uB2E4\uB294 \uC774\uD574\uAC00 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC774\uB2E4. \uAE30\uC874\uC758 \uCC9C\uD669-\uADC0\uC871 \uC815\uAD8C\uC744 \uAD34\uB8B0\uB85C \uC720\uC9C0\uD558\uBA74\uC11C \uBB34\uC0AC \uACC4\uCE35\uC774 \uC2E4\uC9C8\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC8FC\uB3C4\uD558\uB294 \uC911\uC138 \uC0AC\uD68C\uB97C \uAD6C\uCD95\uD55C \uB4A4\uC5D0\uB294 \uADFC\uC138\uC758 \uB05D(\uB9C9\uB9D0)\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC77C\uBCF8\uC758 \uC5ED\uC0AC\uB97C \uACAC\uC778\uD558\uB294 \uC911\uC2EC \uC874\uC7AC\uB85C \uACC4\uC18D\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uADFC\uB300\uC5D0 \uB4E4\uC5B4 \uBB34\uC0AC\uB77C\uB294 \uC874\uC7AC \uC790\uCCB4\uB97C \uD3D0\uC9C0\uD55C \uAC83\uB3C4 \uBB34\uC0AC \uCD9C\uC2E0\uB4E4\uB85C \uC774\uB8E8\uC5B4\uC9C4 \uBA54\uC774\uC9C0 \uC815\uBD80\uC600\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Bushi (jap. \u6B66\u58EB, auch \u3082\u306E\u306E\u3075 Mononofu, bzw. Tsuwamono (\u5175) gelesen) ist die japanische Bezeichnung f\u00FCr ein Mitglied des Kriegerstands, wie er sich zum Ende der Heian-Zeit entwickelte. Anfangs waren die Bushi als Verwalter in milit\u00E4risch zu sichernden Randprovinzen eingesetzt, im Laufe der Zeit steigerte sich jedoch ihr Einfluss und sie wurden zur zweiten Macht neben den Beamten des Kaiserhofs (siehe Tenn\u014D). Mit der Errichtung des Sh\u014Dgunats in der Kamakura-Zeit wurden die Bushi vollends zur m\u00E4chtigsten Gruppierung im Land, auch wenn die Kuge am Kaiserhof nominell einen h\u00F6heren Status besa\u00DFen. Aus den Bushi entwickelte sich der Stand der Samurai. Es wurden und werden bis heute aber beide Begriffe parallel verwendet. Die entsprechenden Bushi-Adelsfamilien werden als Buke bezeichnet."@de . . . . . "Samuraj byl st\u0159edov\u011Bk\u00FD japonsk\u00FD bojovn\u00EDk, zn\u00E1m\u00FD p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm svou oddanost\u00ED. Samurajov\u00E9 byli bojovn\u00EDci slou\u017E\u00EDc\u00ED c\u00EDsa\u0159i nebo sv\u00E9mu p\u00E1nu. K samuraj\u016Fm pat\u0159ilo necel\u00FDch 10 % obyvatel Japonska. Spole\u010Densk\u00E1 t\u0159\u00EDda samuraj\u016F existovala od 12. stolet\u00ED a zanikla v obdob\u00ED reforem Meid\u017Ei na konci 19. stolet\u00ED. Samurajov\u00E9 se \u0159\u00EDdili mor\u00E1ln\u00EDm kodexem bu\u0161id\u00F3 (Cesta v\u00E1le\u010Dn\u00EDka), kter\u00FD se objevil v obdob\u00ED v\u00E1l\u010D\u00EDc\u00EDch st\u00E1t\u016F a m\u011Bl vliv i na japonskou c\u00EDsa\u0159skou arm\u00E1du b\u011Bhem druh\u00E9 sv\u011Btov\u00E9 v\u00E1lky. Nejv\u011Bt\u0161\u00ED hanbou pro samuraje bylo upadnout do zajet\u00ED a mezi samurajsk\u00FD zvyk pat\u0159ilo u\u0159ez\u00E1v\u00E1n\u00ED a sb\u00EDr\u00E1n\u00ED hlav padl\u00FDch nep\u0159\u00E1tel, kter\u00E9 slou\u017Eily jako uk\u00E1zka samurajovy udatnosti v boji. Samostatnou v\u011Btv\u00ED Samuraj\u016F jsou r\u00F3ninov\u00E9, co\u017E jsou samurajov\u00E9, kte\u0159\u00ED p\u0159i\u0161li o sv\u00E9ho p\u00E1na, anebo ztratili jeho p\u0159\u00EDze\u0148 (nap\u0159\u00EDklad poru\u0161en\u00EDm kodexu bu\u0161id\u00F3). Z bojov\u00E9ho um\u011Bn\u00ED samuraj\u016F dodnes p\u0159etrvalo mnoho \u0161kol t\u011Bchto um\u011Bn\u00ED, nap\u0159. kend\u017Eucu \u010Di jeho sportovn\u00ED varianta kend\u00F3, jiu-jitsu, kj\u00FAd\u00F3 aj. Samurajov\u00E9 ovl\u00E1dali tak\u00E9 \u010Dajov\u00FD ob\u0159ad (\u8336\u306E\u6E6F, \u010Danoju), uspo\u0159\u00E1d\u00E1n\u00ED kv\u011Btin ikebana \u010Di skl\u00E1d\u00E1n\u00ED b\u00E1sn\u00ED. Filmov\u00FD hold slo\u017Eil samuraj\u016Fm japonsk\u00FD re\u017Eis\u00E9r Akira Kurosawa, a to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00EDm sv\u00FDm nejslavn\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm filmem Sedm samuraj\u016F. Dal\u0161\u00EDm zn\u00E1m\u00FDm sn\u00EDmkem o samuraj\u00EDch je film Posledn\u00ED samuraj z roku 2003 s Tomem Cruisem v hlavn\u00ED roli."@cs . . . . . . . "Samurajo (japane \u4F8D (\u3055\u3080\u3089\u3044), samurai), anka\u016D nomata bu\u015Di (japane \u6B66\u58EB (\u3076\u3057), bushi), estis ano de la japana militista klaso en \u015Doguna re\u011Dimo anta\u016D la industria epoko. Ili heredis militarton kaj estis rigide hierarkiigitaj per pluraj tavoloj de mastro-servistaj rilatoj. Ili respektis anta\u016D \u0109io honoron, bravecon kaj lojalecon. Dum miloj da jaroj de japana historio ekzistis kaj ekzistas diversformaj glavoj\u2014tran\u0109i- a\u016D pik-armiloj. Sed kiam oni \u011Denerale parolas pri \"japanaj glavoj\", tiu \u0109i esprimo indikas precipe la glavojn uzitajn de japanaj samurajoj, inter ili ta\u0109i, oda\u0109i, katano ktp."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samuraj"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . "\u4F8D"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samurai (japanisch \u4F8D oder seltener \u58EB) ist die im Westen \u00FCbliche Bezeichnung f\u00FCr ein Mitglied des Kriegerstandes im vorindustriellen Japan. Der Begriff l\u00E4sst sich von dem japanischen Wort \u201E\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3046\u201C ableiten, das sinngem\u00E4\u00DF \u00FCbersetzt \u201Edienen\u201C bedeutet. In Japan selbst ist die Bezeichnung Bushi \u00FCblich. Heute wird Samurai einzig f\u00FCr den Kriegeradel jener Zeit verwendet und nicht beispielsweise f\u00FCr Ashigaru (japanisch \u8DB3\u8EFD; leichtger\u00FCstete Fu\u00DFsoldaten; w\u00F6rtlich \u201Eleichtf\u00FC\u00DFig\u201C). Herrenlos gewordene Samurai wurden als R\u014Dnin (deutsch \u201EWellenm\u00E4nner\u201C) bezeichnet."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samurai"@eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064A"@ar . "Le samoura\u00EF (\u4F8D, samurai) (\u00E0 ne pas confondre avec le bushi (\u6B66\u58EB)) est un membre de la classe guerri\u00E8re qui a dirig\u00E9 le Japon f\u00E9odal durant pr\u00E8s de 700 ans."@fr . . . . "Samuraj (japanska \u4F8D, samurai, \u201Datt tj\u00E4na\u201D) avser vanligen adliga krigare i det feodala Japan (700\u20131800-talet). De tillh\u00F6rde den h\u00F6gsta samh\u00E4llsklassen, den feodala krigaradeln buke. \u00C4ven termen bushi, \u201Dkrigare\u201D, f\u00F6rekommer. En hederskodex, Bushid\u014D (\u201Dkrigarens v\u00E4g\u201D), som beskrev hur en samuraj skulle leva och d\u00F6 publicerades av Inaz\u014D Nitobe i hans bok \u201CBushido: The Soul of Japan\u201D \u00E5ret 1899. Dock finns det v\u00E4ldigt lite konkreta historiska bevis p\u00E5 att en s\u00E5dan kodex fans under feodala Japans tid. Nitobes bok blev mycket popul\u00E4r utomlands trots detta, och bidrog till en positiv bild av den japanska krigarkulturen bland k\u00E4nda v\u00E4sterl\u00E4ndska personer, till exempel Theodore Roosevelt. Nitobes beskrivning av Bushido var viktigt i den japanska arm\u00E9n \u00E4nda fram till andra v\u00E4rldskrigets slut, och f\u00F6rblir signifikant f\u00F6r diplomatiska f\u00F6rh\u00E5llanden mellan Japan och utlandet."@sv . . . . 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"Samurai (japonieraz: \u4F8D) Japoniako antzinako gerlaria da, jaun feudal baten zerbitzura izan ohi zena. Bushi izena (\"gerragizon\" esan nahi duena) aproposagoa da berez. Gaur egun, samurai izena aristokrazia militarra izendatzeko erabiltzen da, eta ez, adibidez, infanteriako soldadu soilak. Nagusirik edota talderik gabeko samuraiak ronin (\"olatu gizon\") izenarekin ziren ezagunak. Denborarekin, behar militarrak galtzen joan ziren, funtzionario soil bihurturik. Meiji berrezarkuntzako erreformek samuraiak kendu zituzten, armada modernoago baten mesedetan,"@eu . . . . . . . . . "\u4F8D\u662F\u65E5\u672C\u6743\u95E8\u4F53\u5236\u65F6\u4EE3\u5230\u6C5F\u6237\u65F6\u4EE3\u4E4B\u95F4\uFF0C\u8ECD\u5B98\u548C\u8ECD\u968A\u8CB4\u65CF\u7684\u4E00\u4E2A\u968E\u7D1A\u3002\u5728\u65E5\u6587\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4F8D\u5E38\u7A31\u201C\u6B66\u58EB\u201D\u6216\u8005\u201C\u6B66\u5BB6\u201D\u3002\u5230\u4E8612\u4E16\u7EAA\u5DE6\u53F3\uFF0C\u201C\u4F8D\u201D\u548C\u201C\u6B66\u58EB\u201D\u7684\u610F\u601D\u51E0\u4E4E\u5B8C\u5168\u76F8\u540C\uFF0C\u8BCD\u8BED\u672C\u8EAB\u548C\u4E2D\u9AD8\u9636\u519B\u4EBA\u5BC6\u5207\u76F8\u5173\u3002\u4F8D\u901A\u5E38\u4F1A\u670D\u4F8D\u6C0F\u65CF\u548C\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u65CF\u957F\uFF0C\u53D7\u8BAD\u6210\u4E3A\u8ECD\u4E8B\u6230\u8853\u548C\u5927\u6218\u7565\u7684\u519B\u5B98\u3002\u867D\u7136\u4F8D\u7684\u6570\u91CF\u5728\u5F53\u65F6\u65E5\u672C\u5360\u5230\u4E0D\u523010%\uFF0C\u4F46\u4ED6\u4EEC\u7684\u601D\u60F3\u7684\u8EAB\u5F71\u5728\u5982\u4ECA\u7684\u73B0\u4EE3\u793E\u4F1A\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u5F53\u4EE3\u4F9D\u7136\u5B58\u5728\u3002"@zh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Bushi (jap. \u6B66\u58EB, auch \u3082\u306E\u306E\u3075 Mononofu, bzw. Tsuwamono (\u5175) gelesen) ist die japanische Bezeichnung f\u00FCr ein Mitglied des Kriegerstands, wie er sich zum Ende der Heian-Zeit entwickelte. Anfangs waren die Bushi als Verwalter in milit\u00E4risch zu sichernden Randprovinzen eingesetzt, im Laufe der Zeit steigerte sich jedoch ihr Einfluss und sie wurden zur zweiten Macht neben den Beamten des Kaiserhofs (siehe Tenn\u014D). Mit der Errichtung des Sh\u014Dgunats in der Kamakura-Zeit wurden die Bushi vollends zur m\u00E4chtigsten Gruppierung im Land, auch wenn die Kuge am Kaiserhof nominell einen h\u00F6heren Status besa\u00DFen. Aus den Bushi entwickelte sich der Stand der Samurai. Es wurden und werden bis heute aber beide Begriffe parallel verwendet. Die entsprechenden Bushi-Adelsfamilien werden als Buke bezeichnet."@de . . . . . . . "Samurajo (japane \u4F8D (\u3055\u3080\u3089\u3044), samurai), anka\u016D nomata bu\u015Di (japane \u6B66\u58EB (\u3076\u3057), bushi), estis ano de la japana militista klaso en \u015Doguna re\u011Dimo anta\u016D la industria epoko. Ili heredis militarton kaj estis rigide hierarkiigitaj per pluraj tavoloj de mastro-servistaj rilatoj. Ili respektis anta\u016D \u0109io honoron, bravecon kaj lojalecon. Dum miloj da jaroj de japana historio ekzistis kaj ekzistas diversformaj glavoj\u2014tran\u0109i- a\u016D pik-armiloj. Sed kiam oni \u011Denerale parolas pri \"japanaj glavoj\", tiu \u0109i esprimo indikas precipe la glavojn uzitajn de japanaj samurajoj, inter ili ta\u0109i, oda\u0109i, katano ktp."@eo . "\u6B66\u58EB (\u65E5\u672C)"@zh . . . "Samurai (japonieraz: \u4F8D) Japoniako antzinako gerlaria da, jaun feudal baten zerbitzura izan ohi zena. Bushi izena (\"gerragizon\" esan nahi duena) aproposagoa da berez. Gaur egun, samurai izena aristokrazia militarra izendatzeko erabiltzen da, eta ez, adibidez, infanteriako soldadu soilak. Nagusirik edota talderik gabeko samuraiak ronin (\"olatu gizon\") izenarekin ziren ezagunak. Denborarekin, behar militarrak galtzen joan ziren, funtzionario soil bihurturik. Meiji berrezarkuntzako erreformek samuraiak kendu zituzten, armada modernoago baten mesedetan,"@eu . "Bushi (\u6B66\u58EB - guerreiro) \u00E9 uma outra forma de nomear o samurai (\u4F8D - aquele que serve). S\u00E3o os guerreiros do Jap\u00E3o pr\u00E9 - Restaura\u00E7\u00E3o Meiji. Da palavra Bushi deriva Bushido (\u6B66\u58EB\u9053 - caminho do guerreiro), que \u00E9 o c\u00F3digo de honra dos samurais. Era deles a exclusividade da pr\u00E1tica do Bujutsu (\u6B66\u8853 - t\u00E9cnica marcial), as artes marciais tradicionais (kenjutsu, iaijutsu, sojutsu, etc.)."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samurai (\u4F8D) were the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan from the late 12th century until their abolition in 1876. They were the well-paid retainers of the daimyo (the great feudal landholders). They had high prestige and special privileges such as wearing two swords and Kiri-sute gomen (right to kill anyone of a lower class in certain situations). They cultivated the bushido codes of martial virtues, indifference to pain, and unflinching loyalty, engaging in many local battles."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Samoerai (Japans: \u4F8D of soms \u58EB, samurai, hij die dient) was de krijgersklasse in het pre-industri\u00EBle Japan. De samoerai waren van de 12e eeuw tot de late 19e eeuw de gewapende troepen van Japan."@nl . "Samurai"@it . . . . . . . . "\u4F8D\uFF08\u3055\u3080\u3089\u3044\u3001\u30B5\u30E0\u30E9\u30A4\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u53E4\u4EE3\u304B\u3089\u4E2D\u4E16\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u306E\u65E5\u672C\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u5B98\u4EBA\u306E\u8EAB\u5206\u547C\u79F0\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u305D\u3053\u304B\u3089\u767A\u5C55\u7684\u306B\u751F\u3058\u305F\u6B66\u58EB\u306E\u5225\u540D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u300C\u4F3A\u5019\uFF08\u3057\u3053\u3046\uFF09\u3059\u308B\u300D\u300C\u5F93\u3046\u300D\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u300C\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3046\u300D\uFF08\u65E7\u4EEE\u540D\u9063\u3044\u3067\u306F\u300C\u3055\u3076\u3089\u3075\u300D\u3008\u5019\u3075\uFF0F\u4F8D\u3075\u3009\uFF09\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . "Samurai"@in . . "Ba th\u00E9arma d'uasal-aicme na Seap\u00E1ine r\u00E9amh-thionsclaithe \u00E9 Sam\u00FAra\u00ED. Tagann an focal \u00F3n mbriathar \u00E1rsa samorau, a d'athraigh go saburau, a chialla\u00EDonn \"chun freastal\" mar sin is searbh\u00F3nta at\u00E1 sa Sam\u00FAra\u00ED, s\u00E9 sin le r\u00E1 gur searbh\u00F3nta Thiarna at\u00E1 ann. Bh\u00ED ardghradam acu agus pribhl\u00E9id\u00ED speisialta ar n\u00F3s dh\u00E1 chla\u00EDomh a chaitheamh. Chothaigh siad na c\u00F3id bushido de bhuanna comhraic, neamhshuim i bpian, agus d\u00EDlseacht gan stad, ag gabh\u00E1il do go leor cathanna \u00E1iti\u00FAla. C\u00E9 go raibh r\u00E9amhtheachtaithe acu in oifigigh mh\u00EDleata agus riarach\u00E1in n\u00EDos luaithe, th\u00E1inig na sam\u00FAra\u00ED chun cinn go f\u00EDrinneach le linn shogunate Kamakura, ag rial\u00FA \u00F3 c.1185\u20131333. Rinneadh an aicme pholaiti\u00FAil d\u00EDobh, le cumhacht nach beag ach freagracht shuntasach freisin. Le linn an 13\u00FA haois, bhunaigh na samurai iad f\u00E9in mar laoc"@ga . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439"@ru . . "\u0421\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0439 (\u044F\u043F. \u4F8D, \u043F\u043E-\u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E \u00AB\u0431\u0443\u0441\u0438\u00BB (\u6B66\u58EB)) \u2014 \u0432 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044B-\u043C\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043D\u044B, \u043A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435 \u043E\u043D\u043D\u0430-\u0431\u0443\u0433\u044D\u0439\u0441\u044F, \u043D\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043E\u0442 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u043D\u044F\u0437\u0435\u0439 (\u0434\u0430\u0439\u043C\u0451) \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044F \u043C\u0435\u043B\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438; \u0432 \u0443\u0437\u043A\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E \u0443\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043B\u044F\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043C \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E-\u0444\u0435\u043E\u0434\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u043B\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F\u043D. \u0425\u043E\u0442\u044F \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u00AB\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u00BB \u0438 \u00AB\u0431\u0443\u0441\u0438\u00BB \u043E\u0447\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0431\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043A\u0438 \u043F\u043E \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044E, \u043D\u043E \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0436\u0435 \u00AB\u0431\u0443\u00BB (\u0432\u043E\u0438\u043D) \u2014 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043E\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u043E\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u044E. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0434\u044F\u0442 \u0430\u043D\u0430\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438\u044E \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C \u0440\u044B\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C, \u043D\u043E \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u043C \u043D\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E. \u0421\u0430\u043C\u043E \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E \u00AB\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u00BB \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043E\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0451\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u044B \u0433\u043B\u0430\u0433\u043E\u043B\u0430 \u00AB\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044C\u00BB (\u044F\u043F. \u4F8D\u3075 \u0441\u0430\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0443); \u0442\u043E \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439 \u2014 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043B\u044B\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043A. \u0421\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0438 \u2014 \u043D\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E \u0432\u043E\u0438\u043D\u044B-\u0440\u044B\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u041E\u043D\u0438 \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043B\u043E\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0430\u0439\u043C\u0451 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0441\u044E\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043D\u0430, \u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043E \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0438. \u041E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043E\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435\u043C \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u044F \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u0435\u0447\u0430 \u2014 \u0434\u0430\u0439\u0441\u0451. \u0412 XIV\u2014XIX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u044D\u0442\u043E \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043A\u0438\u0434\u0437\u0430\u0441\u0438. \u041A\u0440\u043E\u043C\u0435 \u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E, \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u043B\u0436\u0435\u043D \u0431\u044B\u043B \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044C \u0434\u043B\u0438\u043D\u043D\u044B\u043C \u043B\u0443\u043A\u043E\u043C. \u0421\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0445\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043D, \u043F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043D\u0443\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043A \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Bushi (\u6B66\u58EB - guerreiro) \u00E9 uma outra forma de nomear o samurai (\u4F8D - aquele que serve). S\u00E3o os guerreiros do Jap\u00E3o pr\u00E9 - Restaura\u00E7\u00E3o Meiji. Da palavra Bushi deriva Bushido (\u6B66\u58EB\u9053 - caminho do guerreiro), que \u00E9 o c\u00F3digo de honra dos samurais. Era deles a exclusividade da pr\u00E1tica do Bujutsu (\u6B66\u8853 - t\u00E9cnica marcial), as artes marciais tradicionais (kenjutsu, iaijutsu, sojutsu, etc.)."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0421\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439 (\u044F\u043F. \u4F8D,\u3000\u3055\u3080\u3089\u3044, \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439, \u00AB\u0441\u043B\u0443\u0433\u0430\u00BB; \u044F\u043F. \u6B66\u58EB, \u3076\u3057, \u0431\u0443\u0448\u0456, \u00AB\u0432\u043E\u0457\u043D\u00BB) \u2014 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0443 \u0432 \u042F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0457 X\u2014XIX \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F. \u0412\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0436 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u044C\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0447\u0447\u044F \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0457 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0456\u0441\u043D\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u044F\u043F\u043E\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0456\u044E \u0437 \u043C\u0456\u0441\u0446\u044F \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0438 \u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C\u0443 \u043A\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043F\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u043C \u2014 \u0441\u044C\u043E\u0491\u0443\u043D\u0430\u0442. \u0417\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0442\u044F \u00AB\u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0439\u00BB \u0437\u043C\u0456\u043D\u044E\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044F \u0437\u0433\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E \u0437 \u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0438, \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u043A \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u043A\u043B\u0430\u0434\u043E\u0432\u0430, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0456\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043C\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0457\u0432 \u0456\u0437 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0436\u0431\u043E\u044E, \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043B\u0430\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0443\u0448\u043D\u043E\u044E."@uk . . . . . . . "\u6B66\u58EB"@ja . . "Bushi"@de . . . "Con Samurai (\u4F8D?) s'indicano i membri della casta militare del Giappone feudale; simili sotto certi aspetti ai cavalieri dell'Europa medievale, questi guerrieri giocarono per diversi secoli un ruolo fondamentale nella storia giapponese. Il loro declino coincise con l'inizio dello Shogunato Tokugawa, che con la fine dell'epoca dei conflitti vide fortemente ridimensionata la loro figura, per poi essere completamente accantonata durante il Rinnovamento Meiji nel XIX secolo in favore di un esercito regolare di stampo europeo."@it . . . . . . "( \uB2E4\uB978 \uB73B\uC5D0 \uB300\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC0AC\uBB34\uB77C\uC774 (\uB3D9\uC74C\uC774\uC758) \uBB38\uC11C\uB97C \uCC38\uACE0\uD558\uC2ED\uC2DC\uC624.) \uC0AC\uBB34\uB77C\uC774(\uC77C\uBCF8\uC5B4: \u4F8D, \u3055\u3080\u3089\u3044)\uB294 \uC77C\uBCF8 \uBD09\uAC74 \uC2DC\uB300\uC758 \uBB34\uC0AC(\u6B66\u58EB)\uB97C \uB73B\uD55C\uB2E4. \uBCF8\uB514 \uAC00\uAE4C\uC774\uC5D0\uC11C \uBAA8\uC2E0\uB2E4\uB294 \uB73B\uC758 \uB2E8\uC5B4 \uC2DC(\u4F8D)\uC5D0\uC11C \uB098\uC628 \uB9D0\uB85C\uC368 \uADC0\uC778\uC744 \uACBD\uD638\uD558\uB294 \uC0AC\uB78C\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uCF30\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB7EC\uB098 \uD5E4\uC774\uC548 \uC2DC\uB300 \uC774\uD6C4 \uBB34\uC0AC\uACC4\uAE09\uC774 \uBC1C\uB2EC\uD558\uC5EC \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC778 \uBB34\uC0AC\uB97C \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uAC8C \uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uC5D0\uB3C4\uC2DC\uB300\uC5D0\uB294 \uC0AC\uB18D\uACF5\uC0C1(\u58EB\u8FB2\u5DE5\u5546)\uC758 \uB124 \uC2E0\uBD84\uC774 \uACE0\uC815\uB418\uC5B4, \uADF8 \uAC00\uC6B4\uB370 \uC0AC(\u58EB)\uC5D0 \uC18D\uD558\uB294 \uC790\uB97C \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC774\uB807\uAC8C \uCE6D\uD558\uC600\uB2E4. \uC8FC\uAD70\uC744 \uC783\uC740 \uC0AC\uBB34\uB77C\uC774\uB294 \uB85C\uB2CC\uC774\uB77C \uBD88\uB9AC\uBA70, \uCE7C\uC19C\uC528\uB97C \uC81C\uC678\uD55C \uAE30\uC220\uC774 \uC5C6\uC5B4 \uD2B9\uBCC4\uD55C \uC9C1\uC5C5 \uC5C6\uC774 \uC720\uB791\uD558\uAC70\uB098 \uAC78\uC2DD\uD558\uBA70 \uC0B4\uC778\uCCAD\uBD80\uC640 \uB3C4\uC801\uC9C8 \uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uC0DD\uACC4\uB97C \uC720\uC9C0\uD588\uB2E4. \uC0AC\uBB34\uB77C\uC774\uB4E4\uC740 \uC77C\uBC18\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uC2EC\uC9C0\uC5B4 \uADFC\uD604\uB300\uC758 \uBBFC\uC911\uB4E4\uBCF4\uB2E4\uB3C4 \uC6D4\uB4F1\uD55C \uAD70\uC0AC\uAE30\uC220\uC744 \uAC00\uC9C0\uACE0 \uC788\uC5C8\uC73C\uBA70 \uD544\uC694\uC5D0 \uC758\uD574\uC11C \uB099\uC218 \uD6A8\uACFC\uB97C \uC8FC\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD588\uB2E4."@ko . . . "\uC0AC\uBB34\uB77C\uC774"@ko . . .