. "Radama II (23 September 1829 \u2013 12 Mei 1863) adalah putra dan pewaris dari Ratu Ranavalona I. Ia memerintah dari tahun 1861 hingga tahun 1863 atas Kerajaan Madagaskar, yang hampir mengontrol seluruh pulau. Kepemimpinan Radama, meskipun singkat, merupakan periode penting dalam sejarah Kerajaan Madagaskar."@in . . . . . . . . . "Madagascar: Its Mission and Its Martyrs"@en . "\"It is most remarkable that Radama II should have formed views of policy so large and liberal, so enlightened, humane and patriotic as those which form the foundation of his throne; that the son of such a mother, trained up under a despotism so dark, and restrictive and cruel, should have adopted such principles of religious freedom and political economy, as equal civil liberty and universal free trade principles, which our own nation has been so slow to learn, and which are still repudiated in many lands where civilization is far advanced.\""@en . "Radama II."@de . . . . . . . . "271490"^^ . "Radama II (Antananarivo, 23 settembre 1829 \u2013 Antananarivo, 12 maggio 1863) \u00E8 stato il terzo re del Madagascar unito dal 1861 al 1863."@it . "1829-09-23"^^ . . . . . . "\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0430 II (\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0433. Radama), \u0434\u043E \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0420\u0430\u043A\u0443\u0442\u0443 (23 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043D\u044F 1829 \u2014 12 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044F 1863, \u0410\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432\u0443, \u041C\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0440) \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0406\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0437 1861 \u043F\u043E 12.05.1863 \u0440\u0440."@uk . "Ebenezer Prout"@en . . . "\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0430 II"@ru . "\"For the future the word of the sovereign alone was not to be law, but that the sovereign, the nobles and the heads of the people were to unite in making the laws; that the friendship with foreigners was to be maintained; that no one was to be put to death on the word of the sovereign alone, but that the nobles and the heads of the people must concur in the sentence before it could be inflicted; that religion and worship were to be equally free to all \u2013 to natives and foreigners, to Christians and non-Christians \u2013 excepting in Ambohimanga where there should be no public worship. The ordeal of tangena was not to be used, but death should be inflicted for great crimes.\""@en . . . "Radama II (ur. 23 wrze\u015Bnia 1829, zm. 12 maja 1863) \u2013 w\u0142adca kr\u00F3lestwa Imerina, kt\u00F3re kontrolowa\u0142o prawie ca\u0142y Madagaskar; panowa\u0142 od 1861 do \u015Bmierci."@pl . . . "--08-16"^^ . . "Radama II"@in . . . . . . . . "1863"^^ . . "Radama II"@es . . "Radama II"@it . . "Radama II (ur. 23 wrze\u015Bnia 1829, zm. 12 maja 1863) \u2013 w\u0142adca kr\u00F3lestwa Imerina, kt\u00F3re kontrolowa\u0142o prawie ca\u0142y Madagaskar; panowa\u0142 od 1861 do \u015Bmierci."@pl . . . "Radama II"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Marie Rasoamieja"@en . . . . . . . "19620"^^ . "Radama II"@en . . . "Radama II (23 de septiembre de 1829 - 12 de mayo de 1863) fue el cuarto rey de Madagascar. Su reinado se caracteriz\u00F3 por la reapertura a las potencias europeas y la firma de un monopolio comercial con un agente franc\u00E9s, que fue el casus belli que llevar\u00EDa d\u00E9cadas despu\u00E9s a la invasi\u00F3n de Madagascar por tropas francesas tras la guerra franco-malgache (1883-1895)."@es . . . . . "Rova of Antananarivo \u2013 contested"@en . . . . . . . . "Radama II van Madagaskar"@nl . . . "\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0430 II (\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0433. Radama), \u0434\u043E \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0420\u0430\u043A\u0443\u0442\u0443 (23.09.1829 \u0433. \u2014 12.05.1863 \u0433., \u0410\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0443, \u041C\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0440) \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0418\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044B \u0441 1861 \u043F\u043E 12.05.1863 \u0433\u0433."@ru . . . "\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0430 II (\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0433. Radama), \u0434\u043E \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0420\u0430\u043A\u0443\u0442\u0443 (23.09.1829 \u0433. \u2014 12.05.1863 \u0433., \u0410\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0443, \u041C\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0440) \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0418\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u044B \u0441 1861 \u043F\u043E 12.05.1863 \u0433\u0433."@ru . . . . . . . . . . . . "Radama II, n\u00E9 le 23 septembre 1829 et d\u00E9c\u00E9d\u00E9 le 11 mai 1863, est un roi malgache. Il r\u00E8gne sur le royaume de Madagascar de 1861 \u00E0 1863. Cette p\u00E9riode est marqu\u00E9e par l'ouverture de son pays aux grandes puissances occidentales. le roi Radama II s'est n\u00E9anmoins toujours attach\u00E9 \u00E0 respecter l'\u00E9quilibre entre les influences fran\u00E7aises et anglaises."@fr . . "0016"^^ . "Radama II"@sv . . . . . "Radama II. (* 23. September 1829; \u2020 12. Mai 1863) war Herrscher des K\u00F6nigreichs Madagaskar und regierte von 1861 bis 1863. Er war der Sohn von Ranavalona I. und h\u00F6rte auf den Geburtsnamen Rakoto. Obwohl er erst 14 Monate nach dem Tod von Radama I. geboren wurde, galt er als dessen Sohn. Nach dem Tod Radamas I. \u00FCbernahm Ranavalona I. den Thron von Madagaskar. Im Jahre 1861 folgte er ihr auf den Thron nach."@de . . "Hova"@en . "0016"^^ . "Radama II"@pl . . . . "Radama II (23 September 1829 \u2013 12 Mei 1863) adalah putra dan pewaris dari Ratu Ranavalona I. Ia memerintah dari tahun 1861 hingga tahun 1863 atas Kerajaan Madagaskar, yang hampir mengontrol seluruh pulau. Kepemimpinan Radama, meskipun singkat, merupakan periode penting dalam sejarah Kerajaan Madagaskar."@in . . "Radama II (Antananarivo, 23 settembre 1829 \u2013 Antananarivo, 12 maggio 1863) \u00E8 stato il terzo re del Madagascar unito dal 1861 al 1863."@it . "Radama II with crown, 1861"@en . . . . . . . . . . "\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0430 II (\u043C\u0430\u043B\u0430\u0433. Radama), \u0434\u043E \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0420\u0430\u043A\u0443\u0442\u0443 (23 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043D\u044F 1829 \u2014 12 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u044F 1863, \u0410\u043D\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432\u0443, \u041C\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0440) \u2014 \u043A\u043E\u0440\u043E\u043B\u044C \u0406\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0438 \u0437 1861 \u043F\u043E 12.05.1863 \u0440\u0440."@uk . "\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043C\u0430 II"@uk . . "1095225828"^^ . "Radama II, n\u00E9 le 23 septembre 1829 et d\u00E9c\u00E9d\u00E9 le 11 mai 1863, est un roi malgache. Il r\u00E8gne sur le royaume de Madagascar de 1861 \u00E0 1863. Cette p\u00E9riode est marqu\u00E9e par l'ouverture de son pays aux grandes puissances occidentales. le roi Radama II s'est n\u00E9anmoins toujours attach\u00E9 \u00E0 respecter l'\u00E9quilibre entre les influences fran\u00E7aises et anglaises. Pendant son court r\u00E8gne, il a donn\u00E9 de plus en plus d'importance \u00E0 ses amis d'enfance les Menamaso favorable au progr\u00E8s, au d\u00E9triment de la vieille caste conservatrice qui l'avait mis sur le tr\u00F4ne. Rainivoninahitriniony, chef de file des conservateurs, exc\u00E9d\u00E9, fit \u00E9liminer les Menamaso et envoya ses officiers assassiner le Roi."@fr . . . . "Radama II, f\u00F6dd 23 september 1829, d\u00F6d 12 maj 1863 i Antananarivo, Madagaskar, var kung av Madagaskar fr\u00E5n 16 augusti 1861 till sin d\u00F6d. Innan han kr\u00F6ntes till kung hette han prins Rakoto. Hans f\u00F6reg\u00E5ngare p\u00E5 tronen var hans mor Ranavalona I. Hans far var officiellt Radama I, men denne avled mer \u00E4n nio m\u00E5nader f\u00F6re hans f\u00F6dsel. Hans verkliga far var troligen Andrianmihaja, en officer som var hans mors \u00E4lskare. Ranavalona I hade strikt f\u00F6rs\u00F6kt h\u00E5lla utl\u00E4ndska krafter och kristendomen fr\u00E5n \u00F6n. \u00C5r 1857 hade Radama (d\u00E5 prins Rakoto) varit inblandad i ett misslyckat kuppf\u00F6rs\u00F6k mot sin mor. N\u00E4r han blev kung \u00F6ppnade Radama II upp landet igen och sl\u00F6t v\u00E4nskapsavtal med fransm\u00E4nnen och britterna samt avslutade f\u00F6rf\u00F6ljelsen av kristna, varp\u00E5 kristna mission\u00E4rer \u00E5terv\u00E4nde till landet. Vissa ogillade Radamas reformer, bland andra premi\u00E4rminister Rainivoninahitriniony, och kungen m\u00F6rdades 1863 och eftertr\u00E4ddes p\u00E5 tronen av sin hustru, Rasoherina. Hon gifte sig senare med premi\u00E4rministern Rainilaiarivony. Han var senare gift med hennes eftertr\u00E4dare och var Madagaskars verkliga makthavare efter Radamas d\u00F6d."@sv . "Radama II, f\u00F6dd 23 september 1829, d\u00F6d 12 maj 1863 i Antananarivo, Madagaskar, var kung av Madagaskar fr\u00E5n 16 augusti 1861 till sin d\u00F6d. Innan han kr\u00F6ntes till kung hette han prins Rakoto. Hans f\u00F6reg\u00E5ngare p\u00E5 tronen var hans mor Ranavalona I. Hans far var officiellt Radama I, men denne avled mer \u00E4n nio m\u00E5nader f\u00F6re hans f\u00F6dsel. Hans verkliga far var troligen Andrianmihaja, en officer som var hans mors \u00E4lskare."@sv . . . . . . . . "Radama II (Antananarivo, 23 de setembro de 1829 - Antananarivo, 12 de maio de 1863) foi o rei de Madagascar de 1861 at\u00E9 seu assassinato em 1863. Radama II sucedeu sua m\u00E3e Ranavalona I e foi sucedido por sua principal esposa, Rasoherina. Seu reinado foi marcado pelo fortalecimento das rela\u00E7\u00F5es malgaxes com franceses e brit\u00E2nicos, assinando v\u00E1rios acordos e dando um in\u00EDcio ao processo de industrializa\u00E7\u00E3o do pa\u00EDs. O rei tamb\u00E9m \u00E9 muito lembrado por ter tido uma pol\u00EDtica oposta de sua tirana m\u00E3e, que visava a liberdade de culto, abertura comercial ao estrangeiro e o fim do escambo, introduzindo as primeiras moedas no pa\u00EDs. O soberano foi morto estrangulado em 1863 durante um golpe de estado, mesmo assim, existem rumores de que tenha sobrevivido ao golpe e tenha vivido o resto da vida como campo"@pt . . "--08-16"^^ . . . . . "Imasoandro, Rova of Antananarivo"@en . . "Radama II (September 23, 1829 \u2013 May 12, 1863 [contested]) was the son and heir of Queen Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the Kingdom of Madagascar, which controlled virtually the entire island. Radama's rule, although brief, was a pivotal period in the history of the Kingdom of Madagascar. Under the unyielding and often harsh 33-year rule of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, Madagascar had successfully preserved its cultural and political independence from European colonial designs. Rejecting the queen's policy of isolationism and persecution of Christians, Radama II permitted religious freedom and re-opened Madagascar to European influence. Under the terms of the Lambert Charter, which Radama secretly contracted in 1855 with French entrepreneur Joseph-Fran\u00E7ois Lambert while Ranavalona still ruled, the French were awarded exclusive rights to the exploitation of large tracts of valuable land and other lucrative resources and projects. This agreement, which was later revoked by Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, was key to establishing France's claim over Madagascar as a protectorate and, in 1896, as a colony. The dramatic contrast between Ranavalona's isolationism and her son's pro-European stance represented an abrupt reversal of policy that threatened the traditional sociopolitical order. Radama's absolutism in pursuing dramatic reforms in disregard of the advice of his ministers ultimately turned them against him. In a coup led by his prime minister, Rainivoninahitriniony, Radama II was strangled on May 12, 1863. His wife Rabodo, who took the throne name Rasoherina, was allowed by the ministers to succeed her husband on the condition that she and future sovereigns would no longer rule unilaterally, but rather in concert with the Hova (the class of free citizens) as represented by the position of prime minister. The public was informed that Radama had committed suicide and that his body had been unceremoniously interred in a tomb in Ilafy. However, there soon emerged rumors \u2013 believed by prominent foreigners Jean Laborde and William Ellis \u2013 that Radama lived and was making plans to reclaim the throne. A strong case has since been made on the basis of significant evidence that Radama may indeed have revived after the strangling and lived to old age in anonymity near Lake Kinkony in the northwestern part of the island."@en . . . "Radama II (23 de septiembre de 1829 - 12 de mayo de 1863) fue el cuarto rey de Madagascar. Su reinado se caracteriz\u00F3 por la reapertura a las potencias europeas y la firma de un monopolio comercial con un agente franc\u00E9s, que fue el casus belli que llevar\u00EDa d\u00E9cadas despu\u00E9s a la invasi\u00F3n de Madagascar por tropas francesas tras la guerra franco-malgache (1883-1895)."@es . . . "Radama II van Madagaskar (23 september 1829 - vermoedelijk 11 mei 1863) was koning van Madagaskar van 1861 tot zijn dood in 1863. Hij werd geboren als Prins Rakoto in de Rova van Antananarivo en volgde op zijn 32e verjaardag zijn moeder Ranavalona I op als monarch. Net als zijn moeder was Radama II een directe afstammeling van Andriamanelo, de grondlegger van het Koninkrijk Imerina. In tegenstelling tot zijn moeder stond Radama II open voor westerse moderniseringen en voerde tijdens zijn korte regeringsperiode een groot aantal veranderingen in op het eiland. Men vermoedt dat hij degene was die in 1855 het Lambert-charter met de Franse ondernemer Joseph-Fran\u00E7ois Lambert sloot, een verdrag dat Frankrijk later als excuus gebruikte voor de Eerste Expeditie naar Madagaskar en de daarop volgende"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Radama II"@fr . . . . . . . "Radama II van Madagaskar (23 september 1829 - vermoedelijk 11 mei 1863) was koning van Madagaskar van 1861 tot zijn dood in 1863. Hij werd geboren als Prins Rakoto in de Rova van Antananarivo en volgde op zijn 32e verjaardag zijn moeder Ranavalona I op als monarch. Net als zijn moeder was Radama II een directe afstammeling van Andriamanelo, de grondlegger van het Koninkrijk Imerina. In tegenstelling tot zijn moeder stond Radama II open voor westerse moderniseringen en voerde tijdens zijn korte regeringsperiode een groot aantal veranderingen in op het eiland. Men vermoedt dat hij degene was die in 1855 het Lambert-charter met de Franse ondernemer Joseph-Fran\u00E7ois Lambert sloot, een verdrag dat Frankrijk later als excuus gebruikte voor de Eerste Expeditie naar Madagaskar en de daarop volgende kolonisatie van het eiland. Ontevreden over Radama's drastische veranderingen pleegden zijn ministers een staatsgreep tegen Radama en lieten hem vermoorden. Radama's vrouw Rabodo volgde hem op als koningin Rasoherina."@nl . . "--05-12"^^ . . . . . "Radama II"@pt . . "Radama II. (* 23. September 1829; \u2020 12. Mai 1863) war Herrscher des K\u00F6nigreichs Madagaskar und regierte von 1861 bis 1863. Er war der Sohn von Ranavalona I. und h\u00F6rte auf den Geburtsnamen Rakoto. Obwohl er erst 14 Monate nach dem Tod von Radama I. geboren wurde, galt er als dessen Sohn. Nach dem Tod Radamas I. \u00FCbernahm Ranavalona I. den Thron von Madagaskar. Im Jahre 1861 folgte er ihr auf den Thron nach. Er regierte milde und begann w\u00E4hrend seiner kurzen Regierungszeit wieder Kontakte zum Ausland aufzunehmen. Den Franzosen, von denen er als K\u00F6nig von Madagaskar anerkannt wurde, r\u00E4umte er besondere Rechte ein (\u201E\u201C) und legte damit den Grundstein f\u00FCr die sp\u00E4tere franz\u00F6sische Kolonialisierung der Insel, beg\u00FCnstigte aber auch die Briten. Er verk\u00FCndete die Religionsfreiheit, wodurch die katholischen Missionare der Franzosen und die protestantischen Missionare der Briten wieder aktiv werden konnten. Sein liberaler Kurs stie\u00DF jedoch auf den Widerstand der Aristokraten, die w\u00E4hrend der Herrschaft seiner Mutter die wahre Macht innegehabt hatten. Am 9. Mai brach eine Revolution aus. 5.000\u20136.000 Offiziere versammelten sich und legten Radama eine Liste von 33 wichtigen Pers\u00F6nlichkeiten (sogenannten Manamasses, darunter sieben enge Vertraute des K\u00F6nigs) vor, deren Tod sie forderten. Radama verschanzte sich daraufhin mit seinen Vertrauten im Palast. Am 11. Mai stellten die Aufst\u00E4ndischen ein Ultimatum zur Auslieferung der Manamasses, die sie am Leben lassen, jedoch in Ketten legen wollten. Radama lehnte ab und wollte lieber zusammen mit seinen Vertrauten sterben. Daraufhin drangen Truppen in den Palast ein. Vermutlich wurde Radama bereits bei dieser Gelegenheit, sp\u00E4testens jedoch am 12. Mai ermordet. Er wurde erdrosselt, weil es verboten war, das Blut eines K\u00F6nigs zu vergie\u00DFen. Am 12. Mai 1863 wurde seine Witwe Rasoherina zur K\u00F6nigin proklamiert."@de . . . . . . . . "1862-09-23"^^ . . . "Ilafy/Tomb of the Kings, Rovan'Antananarivo \u2013 contested"@en . . . "Radama II"@en . "Radama II (Antananarivo, 23 de setembro de 1829 - Antananarivo, 12 de maio de 1863) foi o rei de Madagascar de 1861 at\u00E9 seu assassinato em 1863. Radama II sucedeu sua m\u00E3e Ranavalona I e foi sucedido por sua principal esposa, Rasoherina. Seu reinado foi marcado pelo fortalecimento das rela\u00E7\u00F5es malgaxes com franceses e brit\u00E2nicos, assinando v\u00E1rios acordos e dando um in\u00EDcio ao processo de industrializa\u00E7\u00E3o do pa\u00EDs. O rei tamb\u00E9m \u00E9 muito lembrado por ter tido uma pol\u00EDtica oposta de sua tirana m\u00E3e, que visava a liberdade de culto, abertura comercial ao estrangeiro e o fim do escambo, introduzindo as primeiras moedas no pa\u00EDs. O soberano foi morto estrangulado em 1863 durante um golpe de estado, mesmo assim, existem rumores de que tenha sobrevivido ao golpe e tenha vivido o resto da vida como campon\u00EAs ao noroeste de Madagascar, perto do ."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . "Radama II (September 23, 1829 \u2013 May 12, 1863 [contested]) was the son and heir of Queen Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the Kingdom of Madagascar, which controlled virtually the entire island. Radama's rule, although brief, was a pivotal period in the history of the Kingdom of Madagascar. Under the unyielding and often harsh 33-year rule of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, Madagascar had successfully preserved its cultural and political independence from European colonial designs. Rejecting the queen's policy of isolationism and persecution of Christians, Radama II permitted religious freedom and re-opened Madagascar to European influence. Under the terms of the Lambert Charter, which Radama secretly contracted in 1855 with French entrepreneur Joseph-Fran\u00E7ois Lambert while Ran"@en . .